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a nd J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
I.A. Marks : 25
Exam Hours: 03
Exam Marks: 100
PART - A
UN IT - 1
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA: Java and Java applications; Java Development Kit (JDK);
Java is interpreted, Byte Code, JVM; Object-oriented programming; Simple Java
programs. Data types and other tokens: Boolean variables, int, long, char, operators,
arrays, white spaces, literals, assigning values; Creating and destroying objects; Access
specifiers. Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic Operators, Bitwise operators,
Relational operators, The Assignment Operator, The? Operator; Operator Precedence;
Logical expression; Type casting; Strings Control Statements: Selection statements,
iteration statements, Jump Statements.
6 Hours
UN IT - 2
CLASSES, INHERITANCE, EXCEPTIONS, APPLETS: Classes: Classes in Java;
Declaring a class; Class name; Super classes; Constructors; Creating instances of class;
Inner classes. Inheritance: Simple, multiple, and multilevel inheritance; Overriding,
overloading. Exception handling: Exception handling in Java. The Applet Class: Two
types of Applets; Applet basics; Applet Architecture; An Applet skeleton; Simple
Applet display methods; Requesting repainting; Using the Status Window; The HTML
APPLET tag; Passing parameters to Applets; getDocumentbase() and getCodebase();
ApletContext and showDocument(); The AudioClip Interface; The AppletStub Interface;
Output to the Console.
6 Hours
UN IT - 3
MULTI THREADED PROGRAMMING, EVENT HANDLING: Multi Threaded
Programming: What are threads? How to make the classes threadable; Extending
threads; Implementing runnable; Synchronization; Changing state of the thread;
Bounded buffer problems, read-write problem, producer-consumer problems. Event
Handling: Two event handling mechanisms; The delegation event model; Event classes;
Sources of events; Event listener interfaces; Using the delegation event model; Adapter
classes; Inner classes.
7 Hours
Dept. of ISE, SJBIT Page 1
J a v a a nd J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
UN IT - 4
SWINGS: Swings: The origins of Swing; Two key Swing features; Components and
Containers; The Swing Packages; A simple Swing Application; Create a Swing Applet;
Jlabel and ImageIcon; JTextField;The Swing Buttons; JTabbedpane; JScrollPane; JList;
JComboBox; JTable.
7 Hours
P AR T - B
UN IT - 5
JAVA 2 ENTERPRISE EDITION OVERVIEW, DATABASE ACCESS: Overview of
J2EE and J2SE. The Concept of JDBC; JDBC Driver Types; JDBC Packages; A Brief
Overview of the JDBC process; Database Connection; Associating the JDBC/ODBC
Bridge with the Database; Statement Objects; ResultSet; Transaction Processing;
Metadata, Data types; Exceptions.
6 Hours
UN IT - 6
SERVLETS: Background; The Life Cycle of a Servlet; Using Tomcat for Servlet
Development; A simple Servlet; The Servlet API; The Javax.servlet Package; Reading
Servlet Parameter; The Javax.servlet.http package; Handling HTTP Requests and
Responses; Using Cookies; Session Tracking.
7 Hours
UN IT - 7
JSP, RMI: Java Server Pages (JSP): JSP, JSP Tags, Tomcat, Request String, User Sessions,
Cookies, Session Objects. Java Remote Method Invocation: Remote Method Invocation
concept; Server side, Client side.
6 Hours
UN IT - 8
ENTERPRISE JAVA BEANS: Enterprise java Beans; Deployment Descriptors; Session
Java Bean, Entity Java Bean; Message-Driven Bean; The JAR File.
7 Hours
J a v a a nd J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
T E X T B O O K S:
1. Java - The Complete Reference Herbert Schildt, 7th Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2007.
2. J2EE - The Complete Reference Jim Keogh, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
R EF E R E N C E B O O K S:
1. Introduction to JAVA Programming Y. Daniel Liang, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education, 2007.
2. The J2EE Tutorial Stephanie Bodoff et al, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education,
2004.
UNIT
No.
1
Index Sheet
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
Java and Java applications; Java Development Kit (JDK);
Java is interpreted, Byte Code.
JVM , Object-oriented programming; Simple Java programs
Data types and other tokens: Boolean variables, int, long,
char, operators, arrays, white spaces, literals,
Assigning values ,Creating and destroying objects; Access
specifiers.
operators and Expressions: Arithmetic Operators, Bitwise
operators, Relational operators, The Assignment Operator,
The ? Operator; Operator Precedence; Logical expression;
Type casting; Strings , Control Statements: Selection
statements, iteration statements, Jump Statements
CLASSES, INHERITANCE, EXCEPTIONS, APPLETS
Classes: Classes in Java; Declaring a class; Class name;
Super classes; Constructors; Creating instances of class;
Inner classes
Inheritance: Simple, multiple, and multilevel inheritance;
Overriding, overloading.
Exception handling: Exception handling in Java.
The Applet Class: Two types of Applets; Applet basics; Applet
Architecture; An Applet skeleton; Simple Applet display
method
Requesting repainting; Using the Status Window; The HTML
APPLET tag; Passing parameters to Applets;
getDocumentbase() and getCodebase()
ApletContext and showDocument(); The AudioClip Interface;
The AppletStub Interface; Output to the Console.
MULTI THREADED PROGRAMMING, EVENT
HANDLING
Multi Threaded Programming: What are threads? How to
make the classes threadable;
Extending threads; Implementing runnable; Synchronization;
Changing state of the thread; Bounded buffer problems
Read-write problem, producer-consumer problems
Page No.
1-12
1
1
3
4
4
6
13-28
13
15
18
20
22
23
29-41
29
30
33
35
36
37
39
SWINGS
Swings: The origins of Swing; Two key Swing features
42-49
42
42
45
46
47
48
49
JAVA
2
ENTERPRISE
DATABASE ACCESS:
EDITION
OVERVIEW,
50
50
51
52
53
SERVLETS
54-60
Background
54
54
55
56
57
Using Cookies
58
Session Tracking.
59
JSP, RMI
Java Server Pages (JSP): JSP, JSP Tags
61-65
62
64
50
50-53
61
64
65
Client side.
65
K SI M C
65
D i c s i n g l e w i n do w s a g e n c y S I S I , N S I C , S I D B I , K S F C
65
66-68
66
67
67
67
68
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
1. Introduction to Java
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems, a company best known for its high-end Unix workstations.
Java is modeled after C++
Java language was designed to be small, simple, and portable across platforms
and operating systems, both at the source and at the binary level (more about
this later).
Java also provides for portable programming with applets. Applets appear in a
Web page much in the same way as images do, but unlike images, applets are
dynamic and interactive.
Applets can be used to create animations, figures, or areas that can respond to
input from the reader, games, or other interactive effects on the same Web
pages among the text and graphics.
1.1 Java Is Platform-Independent
Platform-independence is a program's capability of moving easily from one
computer system to another.
Platform independence is one of the most significant advantages that Java has over
other programming languages, particularly for systems that need to work on many
different platforms.
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
Java includes a set of class libraries that provide basic data types, system input and
output capabilities, and other utility functions.
These basic classes are pa rt of the Java development kit, which also has classes
to support networking, common Internet protocols, and us er interface toolkit
fu n c t ion s .
Because these c lass l ibraries a re written in Java, they are port able ac ross
platforms as all Ja va applicati ons are.
1.4 Creating a simple Java Program
Hello W orld example :
class HelloW orld {
public static void main (String args[]) {
System.out. println ("Hello W orld! ");
}
}
This program has two main pa rts:
All the program is enclosed in a c lass de fini tionhere, a class called
Hello W orld.
Th e body of the progra m (here, just the one line) is contained in a method
(function) called main(). In Java applications, as in a C or C++ program, main() is
the first meth od (function) that is run when the program is executed.
1.5 Compiling the above program :
j a v a c H e l l o Wor l d . j ava
When the program compiles without e rrors , a file called Hell oW orld.class is
cre ated, in the same direct ory as the source f ile. This is the Java bytecode fil e.
Then run that bytecode file using the Java interpreter. In the JDK, the Java
interpreter is call ed simply java.
java HelloW orld
If the program was typed and compiled correctly, the output will
be : "Hello W orld!"
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
2. V a r i a b l e s a n d D a t a Ty p e s
Va riables are locations in memory in which values can be stored. The y have a
na me, a type, and a value.
Java has three kinds of variables: instance variables, class variables, and
local variables.
Instance variables, are used to de fine attributes or the state for a pa rticular
obje c t . Class variables are similar to in stance varia bl es, except thei r values apply
to all that class's instances (and to the class itsel f) rather than h aving different
values for each object.
Local variables are decl a red and used inside method definitions,
for example, for index counters in loops, as temporary variables, or to hold
values that you need onl y inside the method de finition itself
Variable declarations consist of a type and a variable name:
Examples :
i n t m y A ge;
St ri n g
my N a me;
b o o l e a n isT i r e d ;
2.1 I n teg e r types.
T y pe Si z e R a ng e
byte 8 bi ts 128 to 127
short 16 bits 32,7 68 to 32,767
int 32 bits 2,147, 483,648 to 2,147,483,647
922337203685477 5808 to 922337203685477 5807 long 64 bits
2.2 F l o a t i ng- p o i n t
This is used for numbers with a decimal part. Java floating-point numbers are
compliant with IEEE 7 54 (an international stan da rd for defining floating-point
n umbers and a rithmetic).
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
There are two floating-point types: float (32 bits, single-precision) and double (64
bits, double-precision).
2.3 Char
The char type is used for individual characters. Because Java uses the Unicode
character set, the char type has 16 bits of precision, unsigned.
2.4 B o o l e a n
The boolean type can ha ve one of two values, true or fa lse. Note that unlike in
other C-like languages, boolean is not a number, nor can it be treated as one. All
tests of Boolean variables should test for true or fals e.
2.5 Literals
Literals are used to indicate simple values in your Java
p ro g rams. Number Literals
Th e re are several in teger literals. 4, f or examp le, is a decimal integer literal of
type int
A decim al integer literal la rger than an int is automatically of type long.
Floating-point literals usual ly have two parts: the integer part and the decim al
pa rtfor example, 5.67 77 77.
B ool ean Lite rals
Boolean literals consist of the keywords true and false. These keywords can
be used anywhere needed a test or as the onl y possible values f or boolean
variables.
2.6 Character Literals
Character literals are expressed by a single character surrounded by single
quotes: 'a', '#', '3', and so on . Characters are stored as 16- bit Unicode cha racters.
3. E x pressions and O p e rators
Expressions are the simpl est form of statement in Ja va that actually
accomplish es something. E x p ressions are statemen ts that return a value.
Operators are special sym b ols that are commonl y used in expressions .
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
Arithmetic and tests for equality and magnitude are c ommon examples of
expre s s ion s . Because they return a valuethe value can be assi gned to a
va riable or test that value in other Java state ments.
Subtra ction 5
*
Multipl ication 5 * 5
/
Division
14 / 7
%
M odul us 2 0 % 7
Ex a m ple p r o gram :
c l a s s A r i thmet i c Test {
pub l i c static v o i d main ( S tring args[ ] ) {
sh o r t x = 6;
int y = 4;
float a = 12.5f;
float b = 7f;
Syst e m .out.p rintln("x + y = "
+
+
",
y
"
is
(
x
+ y)) ;
- y));
Syst e m .out.p rintln("x - y = " (
+
x / y));
Sy s t e m.out . p ri n t ln("a is " + a + ", b is "
}}
+
y);
+
b;
Assignment operators.
E x p r e s s i o n Me ani ng
x += y
x=x+y
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= y x = x y
x *= y
x=x*y
x = x / y x /= y
Incrementing and Decrementing
x++ inc rements the value of x by 1 just as if you had used the expression x = x + 1.
Similarly x-- d e crem e n ts the val ue of x by 1.
Exercise : w r ite the d i f fere n c e b e tween :
y = x++;
y
= + +x;
Comparison operators.
O p e r a to r M ea ni ng
E x a m pl e
==
x == 3
!=
<
>
<=
Equal
N o t eq u al
Less than
Greater than
Less
than
or
x
x<
x>
x
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For NOT, use the ! ope rat or with a single expression argument. The value of the
NOT expression is the negation of the expression ; if x is true, !x is fals e.
Bitwise Operators
These are used to perform operations on individual bits in integers.
O p erator Meaning
&
Bitwise AND
Bitw ise OR
<<
Le ft shift
>>
Right shift
>>>
<<=
>>=
XOR assignment (x = x ^ y)
O p e r a tor P r e ced e n ce
Operator precedence determines the order in which expressions are evaluated.
This, in some cases, can d ete rmin e the overall value of the expression. For
example, ta ke the following expression:
y= 6+4/2
Depending on whether the 6 + 4 expression or the 4 / 2 expression is evaluated
first, the value of y can end up being 5 or 8. In gen e ral, increm ent and decrement
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J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
a re evaluated bef ore arithmetic, arithmetic expressions a re evalua ted bef ore
comparison s , and comparisons are evaluat e d be f o re logical expression s .
Assignment expressions are evaluat ed last.
4 A r r ays
Arrays in Java are actual objects that can be passed around and treated just like
other objects.
A r r ays are a way to store a list of items. Each sl ot of the a rray holds an
individual element, and you can place elements into or change the contents or
those slots as you need to.
Three steps to create an a rray:
1.
2.
3.
E.g.
String[] n a m e s;
names = new String[10];
names [1] = n1;
names [ 2 ] = n 2;
...
4.1 Mu l t idimensio n a l Arrays
Java does not support multidimension al arrays. However, you can declare and
create an arra y of arra ys (an d those arrays can contain a rrays, and so on, f or
however many dimensions you need), an d access th e m as you would C-style
m ultidimensional arra ys:
int coord s [] [] = new int[12] [1 2];
coord s [ 0] [0] = 1; coo rds[0] [1] = 2;
5 C o ntrol S t a t e m e nt
5.1 if C o n d it i o nals
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Th e if conditional, which ena bles you to execute different bits of code based
on a simple test in Java, is nea rly identical to if statemen ts in C.
if con diti onals contain the ke yword if, followed by a bool ean test,
fol lowed by a statement (often a block statement) to execute if the test is true:
if (x < y)
System.out. println ("x is smaller than y");
An option a l else keyword p rovi des the statem ent to execute if the test is fa lse:
if (x < y)
System.out.println("x is smaller than y"); else
System.out. println("y is b i gger" );
5.2 T h e C o n di t i o n a l Oper a t or
An alternative to using the if and else keywords in a conditional statement is to
use the conditional operator, sometim es called the ternary ope rator.
The conditional operator is a ternary operator because it has three terms.
Syntax : test ? trueresult : fa lseresult
The test is an expression that returns true or false, just like the test in the if
statement. If the test is true, the conditiona l ope rat or returns the value of
tr ueresult; if it's false, it returns the value of falseresult. For example, the following
conditional tests the values of x and y, returns the smaller of the two, and assigns
that value to the variable smaller:
int smal ler = x < y ? x : y;
The con ditional ope rator has a ve ry l ow preceden ce; that is, it's usua lly evaluated
only after all its subexpressions are evaluated. The only operators lower in
precedence are the assignm ent ope rators..
5.3 s w itch Conditio n a ls
This is the switch or case statement; in Java it 's switch and beha ves as it does in C:
switch
(test)
valueOne:
case
re s u ltOne;
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J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
break;
case valueTwo:
re s u ltT w o ;
break;
case valueThree:
re s u ltThree;
break; . . .
defau l t : defau l t result;
}
In the switch statement, the test (a primitive type of byte, char, short, or int) is
compared with each of the case values in turn. If a match is found, the statement, or
statements after the test is executed. If no match is found, the default statement is
executed. The default is optional, so if there isn 't a match in any of the cases and
de fault doesn 't exist, the switch statement completes without doing anything.
5.4 for L o o ps
The f or loop, as in C, repe ats a statement or bl ock of statem ents some number of
times until a condition is matche d. for loops are frequently used f or simpl e
iteration in which you repeat a block of statements a certain number of times and
then stop, but you can use for loops for just about any kind of loop.
The for loop in J a va looks roughl y like this:
for (initial izati on; te st; incre m ent) { s t a t e men t s ;
}
The start of the for loop has three parts:
Initialization is an exp ression that initiali zes the start of the loop. If you have
a loop index, this expression might declare and initialize it, for example, int i = 0.
Variables that you declare in this part of the for loop are local to the loop itself;
the y c ease existing after the loop is finishe d executing. Test is the test that
occurs after each pass of the loop. The test must be a boolean expression or
function that returns a boolean value, for example, i < 10. If the test is true, the
loop executes. Once the test is false, the loop stops exec uting
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Increment is any expression or fun ction call. Commonly, the increment is used
to change the value of the loop index to bring the state of the loop closer to
returning f alse and completing.
The statement pa rt of the for loop is th e statements that are executed each time
the loop iterates. Just as with if, you can include either a single statement here
or a block; the previous example used a block because that is more common.
Here's an example of a for loop that initia lizes all th e values of a String a rray to
null strings:
String strArray[] = new String[10];
int i; // loop index
The con d i t ion is a boolean expression. If it returns true, the while loop
executes the statemen ts in bodyOfLoop and then tests the condition again ,
repeating until the condition is false:
int count = 0;
while ( count < array 1 .length && array 1 [count] !=0)
{ array2[count] = (float) arra y1[coun t++];
}
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5.7 do...wh i l e L o o ps
The do loop is just like a while loop, except that do executes a given statement
or block unti l the condition is false. Th e main difference is that while loops test
the condition
be fore looping, making it possible that th e body of the loop will never execute if
the condition is false the first time it's tested. do loops run the body of the loop at
least once before testing the condition. do loops l ook like this:
do {
bodyOfLoop;
} while (condi t i on);
Here, the bodyOfL oop part is the stat ements that are exec uted with each
int x = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Looping, round " + x); x++;
} while (x <= 10);
Here's the output of these statemen ts:
Looping, round 1 Looping, round 2 Looping, roun d 3 Looping, round 4 Looping,
round 5 Looping, round 6
L o oping, rou n d Looping, roun d Looping, round L o o ping, ro u n d
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
class MyClassName {
... }
If this class is a subclass of another class, use extends to indicate the superclass of
this
class:
class myClassName extends mySuperClassName {
...
}
If this class implements a specific interface, use implements to refer to that
interface: class MyRunnableClassName implements Runnable {
...
}
Super Classes
Each class has a superclass (the class above it in the hierarchy), and each class can
have one or more subclasses (classes below that class in the hierarchy). Classes
further down in the hierarchy are said to inherit from classes further up in the
hierarchy .
Subclasses inherit all the methods and variables from their superclassesthat is, in
any particular class, if the superclass defines behavior that your class needs, you
don't have to redefine it or copy that code from some other class. Your class
automatically gets that behavior from its superclass, that superclass gets behavior
from its superclass, and so on all the way up the hierarchy.
At the top of the Java class hierarchy is the class Object; all classes inherit from
this one superclass. Object is the most general class in the hierarchy; it defines
behavior inherited by all the classes in the Java class hierarchy. Each class farther
down in the hierarchy adds more information and becomes more tailored to a
specific purpose.
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
E.g.
engine is already
on.");
engine
on.");
is
now
boolean engineState;
void startEngine() {
The showAtts method prints the current values of the instance variables in an instance
of your Motorcycle class. Here's what it looks like:
void showAtts() {
System. out .println ("This motorcycle is a " + color + " " + make);
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if (engineState == true)
J a v a a n d J 2 E E 1 0 I S 7 5 3
Inheritance is a powerful mechanism that means when you write a class you only have
to specify how that class is different from some other class; inheritance will give you
automatic access to the information contained in that other class.
With inheritance, all classesthose you write, those from other class libraries that you
use, and those from the standard utility classes as wellare arranged in a strict
hierarchy
3.1 Single and Multiple Inheritance
Single inheritance means that each Java class can have only one superclass (although
any given superclass can have multiple subclasses).
In other object-oriented programming languages, such as C++, classes can have more
than one superclass, and they inherit combined variables and methods from all those
classes. This is called multiple inheritance.
Multiple inheritance can provide enormous power in terms of being able to create
classes that factor just about all imaginable behavior, but it can also significantly
complicate class definitions and the code to produce them. Java makes inheritance
simpler by being only singly inherited.
3.2 Overriding Methods
When a method is called on an object, Java looks for that method definition in the
class of that object, and if it doesn't find one, it passes the method call up the class
hierarchy until a method definition is found.
Method inheritance enables you to define and use methods repeatedly in subclasses
without having to duplicate the code itself.
However, there may be times when you want an object to respond to the same
methods but have different behavior when that method is called. In this case, you
can override that method. Overriding a method involves defining a method in a
subclass that has the same signature as a method in a superclass. Then, when that
method is called, the method in the subclass is found and executed instead of the
one in the superclass.
3.3 Creating Methods that Override Existing Methods
To override a method, all you have to do is create a method in your subclass that has
the same signature (name, return type, and parameter list) as a method defined by one
of your class's superclasses. Because Java executes the first method definition it finds
that matches the signature, this effectively "hides" the original method definition.
Here's a simple example
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class PrintClass {
int x = 0; int y = 1;
void printMe() {
System.out.println("X is " + x + ", Y is " + y);
System.out.println("I am an instance of the class " +
this.getClass().getName());
Create a class called PrintSubClass that is a subclass of (extends) PrintClass.
class PrintSubClass extends PrintClass { int z = 3;
public static void main(String args[]) { PrintSubClass obj = new PrintSubClass(); obj
.printMe();
}
}
Here's the output from PrintSubClass:
X is 0, Y is 1
I am an instance of the class PrintSubClass
In the main() method of PrintSubClass, you create a PrintSubClass object and call the
printMe() method. Note that PrintSubClass doesn't define this method, so Java looks
for it in each of PrintSubClass's superclassesand finds it, in this case, in PrintClass.
because printMe() is still defined in PrintClass, it doesn't print the z instance variable.
To call the original method from inside a method definition, use the super keyword to
pass the method call up the hierarchy:
void myMethod (String a, String b) { // do stuff here
super.myMethod(a, b);
// maybe do more stuff here }
The super keyword, somewhat like the this keyword, is a placeholder for this class's
superclass. You can use it anywhere you can use this, but to refer to the superclass
rather than to the current class.
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4. Exception handling
An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts
the normal flow of instructions.
4.1 The Three Kinds of Exceptions
Checked exceptions are subject to the Catch or Specify Requirement. All exceptions
are checked exceptions, except for those indicated by Error, RuntimeException, and
their subclasses.
Errors are not subject to the Catch or Specify Requirement. Errors are those
exceptions indicated by Error and its subclasses.
Runtime exceptions are not subject to the Catch or Specify Requirement. Runtime
exceptions are those indicated by Runtime Except ion and its subclasses.
Valid Java programming language code must honor the Catch or Specify Requirement.
This means that code that might throw certain exceptions must be enclosed by either
of the following:
A try statement that catches the exception. The try must provide a handler for the
exception, as described in Catching and Handling Exceptions.
A method that specifies that it can throw the exception. The method must provide a
throws clause that lists the exception, as described in Specifying the Exceptions
Thrown by a Method.
Code that fails to honor the Catch or Specify Requirement will not compile.
This example describes how to use the three exception handler components the try,
cat ch, and finally blocks
4.2 try block
The first step in constructing an exception handler is to enclose the code that might
throw an exception within a try block. In general, a try block looks like the following.
try {
code
}
catch and finally blocks . . .
Example :
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} else {
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The AWT notifies the applet about an event by calling event handler that has been
provided by the applet.
The applet takes appropriate action and then quickly return control to AWT All Swing
components descend from the AWT Container class
User initiates interaction with an Applet (and not the other way around) An Applet
Skeleton
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/*
<applet code="AppletSkel" width=300 height=100>
</applet>
*/
public class AppletSkel extends JApplet { // Called first.
public void init() {
// initialization
}
/* Called second, after init(). Also called whenever the applet is restarted. */
public void start() {
// start or resume execution
}
// Called when the applet is stopped. public void stop () {
// suspends execution
}
/* Called when applet is terminated. This is the last
method executed. */
public void destroy() {
// perform shutdown activities }
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The APPLET tag is used to start an applet from both an HTML document and
from an applet viewer.
An applet viewer will execute each APPLET tag that it finds in a separate
window,while web browsers like Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, and
HotJava will allow many applets on a single page.
The syntax for the standard APPLET tag is shown here. Bracketed items are
optional .
< APPLET
[CODEBASE = codebaseURL]
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CODE = appletFile
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pixels, on each side of the applet. Theyre treated the same as the IMG ta gs
VSPACE and HSPACE attributes.
PARAM NAME AND VALUE The PARAM tag all ows you to specify
appletspecific arguments in an HTML pa ge. Applets access their attributes
wi th the getParameter( ) method.
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<APPLET code= "DrawStringApplet" width="3 00" height="50 ">
Gets the base URL. This is the URL of the directory which contains this applet.
Example segments:
The AudioC lip interface is a simple abstraction for playing a sound clip.
Multiple Audi oC lip items can be playing at the same time, and the resulting
sound is mixed together to produce a composite.
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play
public abstract void play()
loop
stop
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The getAppletContext() method returns the current AppletContext of the applet. This
is part of the stub that is set by the system when setStub() is called.
public abstract void appletResize (int width, int height)
The appletResize() method is called by the resize method of the Applet class. The
method changes the size of the applet space to width x height. The browser must
support changing the applet space; if it doesn't, the size remains unchanged
Output To the Console
The drawString method can be used to output strings to the console. The position of
the text can also be specified.
The following prog shows this concept:
public class ConsolePrintApplet1 extends java.applet.Applet
{
public void init () {
// Put code between this line
double x = 5.0; double y = 3.0;
System.out.println( "x * y = "+ (x*y) );
System.out.println( "x / y = "+ (x/y) );
//
}
// Paint message in the applet window. Public
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1.
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MyThread() {
super("My thread");
start();
}
public void run() {
System.out.println("Child thread started");
System.out.println("Child thread terminated");
}}
class Demo {
public static void main (String args[]){ new
MyThread(); System.out.println("Main
thread started");
System.out.println("Main thread terminated");
}}
1.3
Implementing Runnable
The example in the next segment demonstrates the use of Runnable and its
implementation.
Synchronization
1. Two or more threads accessing the same data simultaneously may lead to loss of
data integrity. In order to avoid this java uses the concept of monitor. A monitor is an
object used as a mutually exclusive lock.
2. At a time only one thread can access the Monitor. A second thread cannot enter the
monitor until the first comes out. Till such time the other thread is said to be waiting.
3. The keyword Synchronized is use in the code to enable synchronization and it can
be used along with a method.
Changing the state of thread
There might be times when you need to temporarily stop a thread from processing
and then resume processing, such as when you want to let another thread use the
current resource. You can achieve this objective by defining your own suspend and
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notify();
}
}
class Demo {
public static void main (String args [] ) { MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
try{
Thread.sleep(1000);
Thread.sleep(1000);
t1.suspendThread();
System.out.println("Thread:
Suspended");
Problem Description :
In computer science the producer-consumer problem (also known as the boundedbuffer
problem) is a classical example of a multi-process synchronization problem. The
problem describes two processes, the producer and the consumer, who share a
common, fixed-size buffer.
The producer's job is to generate a piece of data, put it into the buffer and start again.
At the same time the consumer is consuming the data (i.e. removing it from the
buffer) one piece at a time. The problem is to make sure that the producer won't try to
add data into the buffer if it's full and that the consumer won't try to remove data
from an empty buffer. This is the code for solving the above stated:
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class BufferItem {
n ew
IllegalArgumentException("numSlots<=0");
// race condition!!! }
}
}
Read-Write problem
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Many threads can acquire the same read/write lock if they acquire a shared read lock
on the read/write lock object.
Only one thread can acquire an exclusive write lock on a read/write lock object.
When an exclusive write lock is held, no other threads are allowed to hold any lock.
public class Read WriteLock{
private int readers
= 0;
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Producer-Consumer problems
Examples are a message sender and a message receiver, or two machines working
on items in sequence.
The synchronization here must ensure that the consumer process does not
consume more items than have been produced. If necessary, the consumer process
is blocked (must wait) if no item is available to be consumed.
The buffer can be bounded (have a capacity limit) or unbounded (be able to store
an unlimited number of items).
3.
Event Handling
In Java, events represent all activity that goes on between the user and the application.
Two event handling mechanisms :
Delegation event model : It defines standard and consistent mechanisms to generate
and process events. Here the source generates an event and sends it to on or more
listeners. The listener simply waits until it receives an event. Once it is obtained, It
processes this event and returns. Listeners should register themselves with a source in
order to receive an even notification. Notifications are sent only to listeners that want
to receive them.
Events
In the delegation model, an event is an object that describes a state change in a source.
It can be generated as a consequence of a person interacting with the elements in a
graphical user interface. Some of the activities that cause events to be generated are :
pressing a button, entering a character via the keyboard, selecting an item in a list,
and clicking the mouse. Events may also occur that are not directly caused by
interactions with a user interface. For example, an event may be generated when a
timer expires, a counter exceeds a value, a software or hardware failure occurs, or an
operation is completed.
Event Classes
The classes that represent events are at the core of Javas event handling mechanism.
EventObject : It is at the root of the Java event class hierarchy in java.util. It is the
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superclass for all events. Its one constructor is shown here: EventObject(Object src)
Here, src is the object that generates this event. EventObject contains two methods:
getSource( ) and toString( ). The getSource( ) method returns the source of the event.
EventObject is a superclass of all events.
The ActionEvent Class :
An ActionEvent is generated when a button is pressed, a list item is double-clicked, or
a menu item is selected. The ActionEvent class defines four integer constants that can
be used to identify any modifiers associated with an action event: ALT_MASK,
CTRL_MASK, META_MASK, and SHIFT_MASK.
ActionEvent has these three constructors: ActionEvent(Object src,
int type, String cmd) ActionEvent(Object src, int type,
String cmd, int modifiers)
ActionEvent(Object src, int type, String cmd, long when, int modifiers) Here, src is a
reference to the object that generated this event. The type of the event is specified by
type, and its command string is cmd. The argument modifiers indicates which modifier
keys (ALT, CTRL, META, and/or SHIFT) were pressed when the event was
generated. The when parameter specifies when the event occurred
The AdjustmentEvent Class An AdjustmentEvent is generated by a scroll
b ar
The ComponentEvent Class A ComponentEvent is generated when the size,
position, or visibility of a component is changed. There are four types of
component events
The ContainerEvent Class A ContainerEvent is generated when a
component is added to or removed from a container
The FocusEvent Class : A FocusEvent is generated when a component gains
or loses input focus
The InputEvent Class : The abstract class InputEvent is a subclass of
ComponentEvent and is the superclass for component input events. Its
subclasses are KeyEvent and MouseEvent.
The ItemEvent Class : An ItemEvent is generated when a check box or a list
item is clicked or when a checkable menu item is selected or deselected
The KeyEvent Class A KeyEvent is generated when keyboard input occurs.
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When an event occurs, the event source invokes the appropriate method defined by
the listener and provides an event object as its argument.
Interface Description
ActionListener - Defines one method to receive action events.
AdjustmentListener - Defines one method to receive adjustment events.
ComponentListener - Defines four methods to recognize when a component is
hidden, moved, resized, or shown.
ContainerListener - Defines two methods to recognize when a component is added to
or removed from a container.
FocusListener - Defines two methods to recognize when a component gains or loses
keyboard focus.
ItemListener - Defines one method to recognize when the state of an item changes.
KeyListener - Defines three methods to recognize when a key is pressed, released, or
typed.
MouseListener - Defines five methods to recognize when the mouse is clicked, enters
a component, exits a component, is pressed, or is released.
MouseMotionListener - Defines two methods to recognize when the mouse is
dragged or moved.
MouseWheelListener - Defines one method to recognize when the mouse wheel is
moved.
TextListener - Defines one method to recognize when a text value changes.
WindowFocusListener - Defines two methods to recognize when a window gains or
loses input focus.
WindowListener Defines seven methods to recognize when a window is activated,
closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or quit.
Using the Delegation Event Model
Applet programming using the delegation event model is done following these two
steps:
1. Implement the appropriate interface in the listener so that it will receive the type of
event desired.
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2. Implement code to register and unregister (if necessary) the listener as a recipient
for the event notifications.
Adapter Classes
Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process only some of the
events that are handled by a particular event listener interface.
New class to act as an event listener by extending one of the adapter classes and
implementing only those events in which you are interested.
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adapterDemo.showStatus("Mouse clicked");
}}
class MyMouseMotionAdapter extends MouseMotionAdapter {
AdapterDemo adapterDemo;
public MyMouseMotionAdapter(AdapterDemo adapterDemo) {
this.adapterDemo = adapterDemo;
}
// Handle mouse dragged.
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) {
adapterDemo.showStatus("Mouse dragged");
}}
Inner Classes
Consider the applet shown in the following listing. It does not use an inner class. Its
goal is to display the string
Mouse Pressed in the status bar of the applet viewer or browser when the mouse is
pressed. There are two top-level classes in this program. MousePressedDemo extends
Applet, and MyMouseAdapter extends MouseAdapter. The init( ) method of
MousePressedDemo instantiates MyMouseAdapter and provides this object as an
argument to the addMouseListener( ) method .
Notice that a reference to the applet is supplied as an argument to the
MyMouseAdapter constructor. This reference is stored in an instance variable for
later use by the mousePressed( )
method.
// This applet does NOT use an inner class.
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import java.applet. *;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*
<applet code="MousePressedDemo" width=200 height=100> </applet>
*/
public class MousePressedDemo extends Applet {
public void init() {
addMouseListener(new MyMouseAdapter(this));
}}
class
MyMouseAdapter
mousePressedDemo;
extends
MouseAdapter
public
MyMouseAdapter(MousePressedDemo
this.mousePressedDemo = mousePressedDemo;
MousePressedDemo
mousePressedDemo)
}
public
void
mousePressed(MouseEvent
mousePressedDemo.showStatus("Mouse Pressed.");
me)
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UNIT-4: SWINGS
Swing is built on top of AWT and is entirely written in Java, using AWTs lightweight
component support. In particular, unlike AWT, t he architecture of Swing components
makes it easy to customize both their appearance and behavior. Components from AWT
and Swing can be mixed, allowing you to add Swing support to existing AWT-based
programs. For example, swing components such as JSlider, JButton and JCheckbox could
be used in the same program with standard AWT labels, textfields and scrollbars.
1. Three parts
Component set (subclasses of JComponent) Support classes, Interfaces
Swing Components and Containers
Swing components are basic building blocks of an application. Swing toolkit has a
wide range of various widgets. Buttons, check boxes,sliders, list boxes etc. Everything
a programmer needs for his job. In this section of the tutorial, we will describe several
useful components.
JLabel Component
JLabel is a simple component for displaying text, images or both. It does not react to
input events.
JCheckBox
JCheckBox is a widget that has two states. On and Off. It is a box with a label JSlider
JSlider is a component that lets the user graphically select a value by sliding a knob
within a bounded interval
JComboBox
Combobox is a component that combines a button or editable field and a drop-down
list. The user can select a value from the drop-down list, which appears at the user's
request.
JProgressBar
A progress bar is a widget that is used, when we process lengthy tasks. It is animated
so that the user knows, that our task is progressing
JToggleButton
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JToggleButton is a button that has two states. Pressed and not pressed. You toggle
between these two states by clicking on it
Containers
Swing contains a number of components that provides for grouping other
components together.
extends JComponent
implements SwingConstants, Accessible
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A label does not react to input events. As a result, it cannot get the keyboard focus.
Text-only labels are leading edge aligned, by default; image-only labels are
horizontally centered, by default.
Can use the setIconTextGap method to specify how many pixels should appear
between the text and the image. The default is 4 pixels.
ImageIcon
Syntax :
public ImageIcon(String filename)
{
this(filename, filename);
}
Creates an ImageIcon from the specified file. The image will be preloaded by using
MediaTracker to monitor the loading state of the image.
The specified String can be a file name or a file path. When specifying a path, use the
Internet-standard forward-slash ("/") as a separator. (The string is converted to an
URL, so the forward-slash works on all systems.)
For example, specify:
new ImageIcon("images/myImage.gif")
The description is initialized to the filename string.
Example of JLabel with ImageIcon :
import java.awt.FlowLayout; import java.awt.HeadlessException;
import javax.swing.Icon;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon; import javax.swing.JFrame; import
javax.swing.JLabel;
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JTextField has a method to establish the string used as the command string for the
action event that gets fired.
The java.awt.TextField used the text of the field as the command string for the
ActionEvent .
JTextField will use the command string set with the setActionCommand method if
not null, otherwise it will use the text of the field as a compatibility with
java.awt.TextField.
2. Swing Package
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Syntax :
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my_panel.add( jb );
}
getContentPane().add( my_panel );
my_panel.setBorder( BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder() );
}
}
JTabbedpane
Syntax : public class JTabbedPane
extends JComponent
implements Serializable, Accessible, SwingConstants
A component that lets the user switch between a group of components by clicking
on a tab with a given title and/or icon.
The TabbedPane uses a Single SelectionModel to represent the set of tab indices
and the currently selected index. If the tab count is greater than 0, then there will
always be a selected index, which by default will be initialized to the first tab. If
the tab count is 0, then the selected index will be -1.
JScrollPane
Syntax : public class JScrollPane
extends JComponent
implements ScrollPaneConstants, Accessible
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A JScrollPane manages a viewport, optional vertical and horizontal scroll bars, and
optional row and column heading viewports.
JList
Syntax : public class JList
extends JComponent
implements Scrollable, Accessible
A component that allows the user to select one or more objects from a list. A separate
model, ListModel, represents the contents of the list.
// Create a JList that displays the strings in data[]
String[] data = {"one", "two", "three", "four"}; JList dataList = new JList(data);
JComboBox
Syntax : public class JComboBox
extends JComponent
implements ItemSelectable, ListDataListener, ActionListener, Accessible
The user can select a value from the drop-down list, which appears at the user's
request.
If you make the combo box editable, then the combo box includes an editable field
into which the user can type a value.
JTable
Syntax : public class JTable
extends JComponent
implements TableModelListener, Scrollable, TableColumnModelListener,
ListSelectionListener, CellEditorListener, Accessible
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The JTable is used to display and edit regular two-dimensional tables of cells.
The JTable has many facilities that make it possible to customize its rendering and
editing but provides defaults for these features so that simple tables can be set up
easily.
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Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components
that best meet their business and technological requirements.
The JDBC ( Java Database Connectivity) API defines interfaces and classes for
writing database applications in Java by making database connections.
Using JDBC you can send SQL, PL/SQL statements to almost any relational
database. JDBC is a Java API for executing SQL statements and supports basic SQL
functionality.
It provides RDBMS access by allowing you to embed SQL inside Java code.
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A client can connect to Database Server through JDBC Driver. Since most of the
Database servers support ODBC driver therefore JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver is
commonly used.
The return type of the Class.forName (String ClassName) method is Class. Class is a
class in java.lang package.
Class.forName(sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver); //Or any other driver
}
catch(Exception x) {
System.out.println( Unable to load the driver class! );
}
2. Creating a oracle jdbc Connection
The JDBC DriverManager class defines objects which can connect Java applications to
a JDBC driver. DriverManager is considered the backbone of JDBC architecture.
DriverManager class manages the JDBC drivers that are installed on the system.
Its getConnection() method is used to establish a connection to a database. It uses
a username, password, and a jdbc url to establish a connection to the database and
returns a connection object.
A jdbc Connection represents a session/connection with a specific database. Within
the context of a Connection, SQL, PL/SQL statements are executed and results are
returned. An application can have one or more connections with a single database,
or it can have many connections with different databases.
A Connection object provides metadata i.e. information about the database, tables,
and fields. It also contains methods to deal with transactions.
Each subprotocol has its own syntax for the source. Were using the jdbc odbc
subprotocol, so the DriverManager knows to use the sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.
try{
Connection dbConnection=DriverManager.getConnection(url,loginName,Pas
sword)
}
catch( SQLException x ){
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}
3. Creating a JDBC Statement object
Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database.
Connection interface defines methods for interacting with the database via the
established connection.
To execute SQL statements, you need to instantiate a Statement object from your
connection object by using the createStatement() method.
Statement statement = dbConnection.createStatement();
A statement object is used to send and execute SQL statements to a database.
Three kinds of Statements
4. Executing a SQL statement with the Statement object, and returning a jdbc
resultSet.
Statement interface defines methods that are used to interact with database via
the execution of SQL statements.
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For statements that create or modify tables, the method to use is executeUpdate.
Note: Statements that create a table, alter a table, or drop a table are all examples of
DDL statements and are executed with the method executeUpdate. execute()
executes an SQL statement that is written as String object.
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Background
Definition : Servlets are modules of Java code that run in a server application (hence
the name "Servlets", similar to "Applets" on the client side) to answer client requests.
Servlets are not tied to a specific client-server protocol but they are most commonly
used with HTTP and the word "Servlet" is often used in the meaning of "HTTP
Servlet".
Servlets make use of the Java standard extension classes in the packages
javax. servlet (the basic Servlet framework) and javax. servlet .http
The life cycle of a servlet is controlled by the container in which the servlet has been
deployed. When a request is mapped to a servlet, the container performs the following
steps:
1. If an instance of the servlet does not exist, the web container:
a. Loads the servlet class
b. Creates an instance of the servlet class
c. Initializes the servlet instance by calling the init method. Initialization is covered
in Initializing a Servlet
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2. Invokes the service method, passing a request and response object.
3. If the container needs to remove the servlet, it finalizes the servlet by calling the
servlets destroy method.
1.1 A servlet example
import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http. *;
public class HelloClientServlet extends HttpServlet
{
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
res.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Hello Client !</TITLE>"+
"</HEAD><BODY>Hello Client !</BODY></HTML>");
out.close();
}
public String getServletInfo()
{
return "HelloClientServlet 1.0 by Stefan Zeiger";
}
}
1.2. Servlet API
Two packages contain the classes and interfaces that are required to build servlets.
They are javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http.
The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and classes for
writing servlets. All servlets must implement the Servlet interface, which defines
life cycle methods.
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The javax.servlet package contains a number of classes and interfaces that describe
and define the contracts between a servlet class and the runtime environment
provided for an instance of such a class by a conforming servlet container.
The two classes in the servlet API that implement the Servlet interface are
GeneriISErvlet and HttpServlet .
For most purposes, developers will extend HttpServlet to implement their servlets
while implementing web applications employing the HTTP protocol.
The basic Servlet interface defines a service method for handling client requests. This
method is called for each request that the servlet container routes to an instance of
a servlet.
1.4 Handling HTTP requests and responses :
Servlets can be used for handling both the GET Requests and the POST Requests.
The HttpServlet class is used for handling HTTP GET Requests as it has som
specialized methods that can efficiently handle the HTTP requests. These methods
are;
doGet()
doPost()
doPut()
doDelete() doOptions() doTrace() doHead()
An individual developing servlet for handling HTTP Requests needs to override one
of these methods in order to process the request and generate a response. The servlet is
invoked dynamically when an end-user submits a form.
Example:
<form name="F1" action=/servlet/ColServlet> Select the color:
<select name = "col" size = "3">
<option value = "blue">Blue</option> <option value = "orange">Orange</option>
</select>
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Heres the code for ColServlet.java that overrides the doGet() method to retrieve data
from the HTTP Request and it then generates a response as well.
// import the java packages that are needed for the servlet to work
import java.io .*;
import javax.servlet. *;
import javax.servlet.http. *;
// defining a class
public class ColServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException
// request is an object of type HttpServletRequest and it's used to obtain information
// response is an object of type HttpServletResponse and it's used to generate a
response // throws is used to specify the exceptions than a method can throw
{
String colname = request.getParameter("col");
// getParameter() method is used to retrieve the selection made by the user
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter info = response.getWriter();
info .println("The color is: ");
info .println(col);
info.close();
}
}
2. Cookies
Cookies are small bits of textual information that a Web server sends to a browser and
that the browser returns unchanged when visiting the same Web site or domain later.
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By having the server read information it sent the client previously, the site can provide
visitors with a number of conveniences like:
Customizing a site.
Focusing advertising.
To send cookies to the client, a servlet would create one or more cookies with the
appropriate names and values via new Cookie (name, value)
2.1 Placing Cookies in the Response Headers
The cookie is added to the Set-Cookie response header by means of the addCookie
method of HttpServletResponse. For example:
Cookie userCookie = new Cookie("user", "uid 1234");
response.addCookie(userCookie);
To send cookies to the client, you created a Cookie then used addCookie to send a
Set-Cookie HTTP response header.
To read the cookies that come back from the client, call getCookies on the
HttpServletRequest. This returns an array of Cookie objects corresponding to the
values that came in on the Cookie HTTP request header
Once this array is obtained, loop down it, calling getName on each Cookie until
find one matching the name you have in mind. You then call getValue on the
matching Cookie, doing some processing specific to the resultant value.
public static String getCookieValue(Cookie[] cookies, String cookieName,
String defaultValue) {
for(int i=0; i<cookies.length; i++) {
Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
if (cookieName.equals(cookie.getName()))
return(cookie.getValue());
}
return(defaultValue);
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Session Tracking
C o o k i es .
HTTP cookies can be used to store information about a shopping session, and
each subsequent connection can look up the current session and then extract
information about that session from some location on the server machine.
URL Rewriting.
You can append some extra data on the end of each URL that identifies the session,
and the server can associate that session identifier with data it has stored about that
session.
This is also an excellent solution, and even has the advantage that it works with
browsers that don't support cookies or where the user has disabled cookies.
However, it has most of the same problems as cookies, namely that the server-side
program has a lot of straightforward but tedious processing to do. In addition, you
have to be very careful that every URL returned to the user (even via indirect
means like
HTML forms have an entry that looks like the following: <INPUT
TYPE="HIDDEN" NAME="session" VALUE="...">.
This means that, when the form is submitted, the specified name and value are
included in the GET or POST data.
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Servlets solution :
The HttpSession API. is a high-level interface built on top of cookies or URLrewriting. In fact, on many servers, they use cookies if the browser supports
them, but automatically revert to URL-rewriting when cookies are unsupported
or explicitly disabled.
The servlet author doesn't need to bother with many of the details, doesn't have
to explicitly manipulate cookies or information appended to the URL, and is
automatically given a convenient place to store data that is associated with each
session.
example,
HttpSession session = request.getSession(true); ShoppingCart previousItems =
(ShoppingCart)session.getValue("previousItems"); if (previousItems != null) {
doSomethingWith(previousItems);
} else {
previousItems = new ShoppingCart(...);
doSomethingElseWith(previousItems);
}
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JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a Sun Microsystems specification for combining Java with
HTML to provide dynamic content forWeb pages.
When you create dynamic content, JSPs are more convenient to write than HTTP
servlets because they allow to embed Java code directly into HTML pages, in contrast
with HTTP servlets, in which you embed HTML inside Java code.
JSP enables to separate the dynamic content of aWeb page from its presentation.
It caters to two different types of developers: HTML developers, who are responsible
for the graphical design of the page, and Java developers, who handle the
development of software to create the dynamic content.
1. JSP Tags
The following table describes the basic tags that you can use in a JSP page. Each
shorthand tag has an XML equivalent.
JSP Tag
Scriptlet
Directive
Declarations
Expression
SJBIT,ISE
Description
Embeds Java source code
Scriptlet in yourHTML
page. The Java code is
executed and its output
is inserted in sequence
with the rest
of the HTML in the page.
<% @ dir-type dir-attr Directives contain
%>
messages to the
. . . or use the XML
application server.
equivalent:
A directive can also
<jsp:directive.dir_typ contain name/value pair
e
attributes in the form
dir_attr />
attr=value, which
provides additional
instructions to
<%! declaration %>
Declares a variable or
. . . or use XML
method that
equivalent...
can be referenced by
<jsp:declaration>
other
declaration;
declarations, scriptlets,
</jsp:declaration>
or
<%= e xpression %>
Defines a Java
Syntax
<% java_code %>
. . . or use the XML
equivalent:
<jsp:scriptlet>
java_code
</jsp:scriptlet>
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A c ti o n s
Tomcat
. . . or use XML
<jsp:useBean ... >
that is
Provide access to
The Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages specifications are developed under the Java
Community Process.
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servlet to a Web browser, saved by the browser, and later sent back to the server.
A cookie has a name, a single value, and optional attributes such as a comment,
path and domain qualifiers, a maximum age, and a version number.
The getCookies() method of the request object returns an array of Cookie objects.
Cookies can be constructed using the following code:
<% @ page language="java" import="java.util. *"%> <%
String username=request.getParameter("username"); if(username==null) username="";
Date now = new Date();
String timestamp = now.toString();
Cookie cookie = new Cookie ("username",username); cookie.setMaxAge(365 * 24 * 60 *
60);
response.addCookie(cookie);
%>
<html> <head>
<title>Cookie Saved</title>
</head> <body>
<p><a href="showcookievaue.jsp">Next Page to view the cookie value</a><p>
</body>
Above code sets the cookie and then displays a link to view cookie page
RMI
RMI applications are often comprised of two separate programs: a server and a
c l i e n t.
A typical server application creates a number of remote objects, makes references to
those remote objects accessible, and waits for clients to invoke methods on those
remote objects.
A typical client application gets a remote reference to one or more remote objects in
the server and then invokes methods on them. RMI provides the mecahnism by
which the server and the client communicate and pass information back and forth.
Such an applications is sometimes referred to as a distributed object application.
Dept. of ISE, SJBIT Page 64
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In RMI, a remote interface is an interface that declares a set of methods that may be
invoked from a remote Java virtual machine. A remote interface must satisfy the
following requirements:
A remote interface must at least extend, either directly or indirectly, the interface
java.rmi.Remote.
Each method declaration in a remote interface must satisfy the requirements
Server side and Client side
The interface ServerRef represents the server-side handle for a remote object
implementation .
package java.rmi.server;
public interface ServerRef extends RemoteRef {
RemoteStub exportObject(java.rmi.Remote obj, Object data) throws
java.rmi.RemoteException;
String getClientHost() throws ServerNotActiveException; }
The method exportObject finds or creates a client stub object for the
supplied Remote object implementation obj.
The parameter data contains information necessary to export the object (such as
port number).
The method getClientHost returns the host name of the current client.
When called from a thread actively handling a remote method invocation, the
host name of the client invoking the call is returned.
If a remote method call is not currently being service, then
ServerNotActiveException is called.
There is no special configuration necessary to enable the client to send RMI calls
through a firewall. The client can, however, disable the packaging of RMI calls as
HTTP requests by setting the java.rmi.server.disableHttp property to equal the
boolean value true.
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Session EJBA Session EJB is useful for mapping business process flow (or
equivalent application concepts). There are two sub-types of Session EJB
stateless and stateful represent "pure" functionality that is created as it is needed.
1. Deployment Descriptors
Definition : A deployment descriptor is a file that defines the following kinds of
information: EJB structural information, such as the EJB name, class, home and
remote interfaces, bean type (session or entity), environment entries, resource factory
references, EJB references, security role references, as well as additional information
based on the bean type. Application assembly information, such as EJB references,
security roles, security role references, method permissions, and container transaction
attributes. Specifying assembly descriptor information is an optional task that an
Application Assembler performs.
1.1 Session Bean
Session bean is a type of enterprise bean; a type of EJB server-side component.
Stateless session beans are components that perform transient services; stateful
session beans are components that are dedicated to one client and act as a serverside extension of that client.
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Session beans can act as agents modeling workflow or provide access to special
transient business services. As an agent, a stateful session bean might represent a
customer's session at an online shopping site.
Session beans do not normally represent persistent business concepts like Employee
or Order. This is the domain of a different component type called an entity bean.
Typically, each entity bean has an underlying table in a relational database, and
each instance of the bean corresponds to a row in that table.
Message-Driven Bean
It acts as a JMS message listener, which is similar to an event listener except that it
receives messages instead of events.
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The messages may be sent by any J2EE component--an application client, another
enterprise bean, or a Web component--or by a JMS application or system that does
not use J2EE technology.
Message-driven beans currently process only JMS messages, but in the future they may
be used to process other kinds of messages
The JAR file
The Java Archive (JAR) file format enables you to bundle multiple files into a single
archive file. Typically a JAR file contains the class files and auxiliary resources associated
with applets and applications.
The JAR file format provides many benefits:
Security: You can digitally sign the contents of a JAR file. Users who recognize
your signature can then optionally grant your software security privileges it
wouldn't otherwise have.
Decreased download time: If your applet is bundled in a JAR file, the applet's class
files and associated resources can be downloaded to a browser in a single HTTP
transaction without the need for opening a new connection for each file.
Compression: The JAR format allows you to compress your files for efficient
storage.
Packaging for extensions: The extensions framework provides a means by which you
can add functionality to the Java core platform, and the JAR file format defines the
packaging for extensions. By using the JAR file format, you can turn your software
into extensions as well.
Package Sealing: Packages stored in JAR files can be optionally sealed so that the
package can enforce version consistency. Sealing a package within a JAR file
means that all classes defined in that package must be found in the same JAR file.
Package Versioning: A JAR file can hold data about the files it contains, such as
vendor and version information.
Portability: The mechanism for handling JAR files is a standard part of the Java
platform's core API.