ERADIS - ELECTRONIC RATION (Wheat, Rice Etc) Distribution System

ERADIS Electronic
Ration Distribution
System
This Machine is invented

by: Umang Sharma
(Group Leader)
Vaibhav Kumar
Vikalp Chauhan
INTRODUCTION
This section includes Embedded Systems

ERADIS-Electronic Ration
Distribution System.
Pictorial View of ERADIS
System Design
Flow Chart
Working
Introduction
Embedded systems:
An embedded system is a computer system designed to do one or a
few dedicated and/or specific
functions
often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to
meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that
are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The
key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task.
They may require very powerful processors and extensive communication,
for example air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded,
even though they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and
national networks between airports and radar sites (each radar probably
includes one or more embedded systems of its own).
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers
can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the
reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital
watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic
lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high
with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most
systems have some element of extensibility or programmability. For
example, handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems
such as the operating systems and microprocessors that power them, but they
allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
Moreover, even systems that do not expose programmability as a primary
feature generally need to support software updates. On a continuum from
"general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will have
subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to

perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded".
Figure1: Block Diagram of an Embedded System Showing Different Software & Hardware Components.
Looking onto the above block diagram one can easily observe that what all an
embedded system constitutes of.
Our project Electronic RAtion DIstribution System (ERADIS) is also
an Embedded System since it includes a perfect share of hardware and
an appreciable share of software as well.
ERADIS Like in many of the embedded systems consists of Program
source code, a microcontroller, a circuit with which the microcontroller
is interfaced (Weighing machine), a keypad and other keys as user
interface, a display, power supply and other supporting electronic
circuitry.
The actual concept of ERADIS is explained in detail further.
Electronic RAtion DIstribution System (ERADIS)

Electronic Ration Distribution System(ERADIS)- The name speaks for
itself, is an important, innovative, and a totally new concept thought by our
group taking into account the various social, economic and general aspects
relating to technical as well as day to day disciplines.
Electronic Ration Distribution System(ERADIS)- means distribution of

essential commodities to a large number of people through a network on a
recurring basis in an automated way.
The Concept is to automate the Public Distribution System (PDS), A Govt. Of

India initiative Process in which a fixed amount of ration is provided monthly
to the people by the PDS stores.
Our group thought of this concept because the increased corruption in the
market sector can be prevented if system becomes automated, increased
adulteration can be prevented as well, the hoarding done by the officials and
labourers of Govt. Super Bazaars (PDS Stores) which in turn leads to price
hike can be prevented using this system.
The apparatus we are designing is cost effective and can prove helpful to Govt.
Of Indias PDS System and to various other disciplines. In terms of feasibility it
is a vast concept and an interesting task to perform and totally feasible in all
aspects technical as well as other.
Advantages of employing ERADIS are:

increased corruption in the Govt. As well as market sector can be
prevented if system becomes automated
increased adulteration in consumables can be prevented
the problem of hoarding at Govt. Super Bazaars (PDS Stores) that gives
rise to price hike can be prevented
cost effective approach
time saving approach
Pictorial View of ERADIS
Figure2: Pictorial view of ERADIS
The detailed description of ERADIS is given in further sections.
System Design
Figure3: Front View of ERADIS.
Figure4: Side View of ERADIS.
Flow Chart
Start
Check Reading on weighing machine
Press
ZERO Key
No
Is Reading
Zero?
Yes
Press SET key to store the value
entered by the user
Enter the desired value
Solenoid opens the flap of the container to release the items
Items start to collect on container kept on Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine checks the value
No
Is Weighing Machine
Reading Equal to the
value entered
(Desired Value)?
Yes
Solenoid closes the flap of the container
Stop
Working
Looking on to the system designs above one can easily predict the working of
ERADIS- Electronic Ration Distribution System. In this system there is a
container in which the items (wheat, rice etc.) are stored. A user enters the
required amount using a Keypad, whenever a key is pressed the buzzer
indicates that a key has been pressed by buzzing, the moment user enters a
value the solenoid releases the flap and the items are collected in a container
which is placed on a weighing machine, and when the load on weighing
machine equals the value entered by the user the solenoid again pushes the
flap back towards the container. Spring is used to keep the flap closed when
the power is off. Also there is a provision of SET and ZERO key which is used
to enter a value and to make the reading of the weighing machine zero
respectively. The power supply used here is 12 Volts Battery for
microcontroller and A.C. Supply for solenoid. A wooden table is used to
showcase the system properly and to demonstrate the intended functions.
The electronics part of the project is aligned systematically in a plastic box so
as to ensure that the connections remain intact.
Snapshot of ERADISs working is given as follows:
1. Setting the value to zero using ZERO Key and storing the entered value
using SET Key:-
Figure5: Snapshot 1 of ERADIS.
2. Entering the value using Keypad:-
3. As soon as the user enters a value the solenoid opens the flap of the
container and the item (wheat) start falling on the collecting tray placed
on weighing machine:-
4. Display showing the amount which has been received in the collecting
tray placed on the weighing machine:-
5. Item released by the container getting collected in collecting tray:-
6. When the reading of weighing machine equals the entered value

(Desired Value) the Solenoid closes the flap of the container and
restricts the item from falling on collecting tray:-
Block Diagram
The Block diagram of ERADIS depicting the important components is shown
below:
Display
User Interface
Container
Keypad
Solenoid &
Spring
Arrangement
Control
Unit
Weighing
Machine
Power Supply
Figure11: Block Diagram of ERADIS
Hence the ERADIS consists of following parts:
Container
Weighing Machine
Solenoid & Spring Arrangement
User Interface
Display
Power Supply
Control Unit
SET and
ZERO
Key
Container
The container used in the project is the one used to store mustard oil. The
further changes in the orientation of the container as per requirements are
explained as below:
Figure12: Step1: A mustard Oil

Container was taken
Figure15: Step4: A flap was

placed on that rectangular hole
Figure13: Step2: The Container

was chopped off from the top
Figure14: Step3: A small

rectangular hole was done at the
bottom of the container
This is how the container was adapted to use in ERADIS.
Weighing Machine
Figure16: Weighing Machine used in the project.
What is a Weighing Machine?

A weighing scale is a measuring instrument for determining the weight
or mass of an object. When you place an object on a digital weigh scale, the
load cell senses the weight and sends the signal to the indicator. The signal
conditioner processes the load cell signal and displays weight.
Design Considerations
Weigh scales have wide range of uses in industrial, commercial and consumer
applications. Electronic weight scales design is based on using a load cell as
the primary transducer. Load cell designs can be distinguished according to
the type of output signal generated (pneumatic, hydraulic, electric). Straingage load cells convert the load acting on them into electrical signals with the
output in range of mV/V. The signal chain has to handle the small signal
accurately in presence of noise. The signal then has to be processed for nonlinearity, temperature dependency and offset errors and drifts. Hence the
signal chain consists of appropriate excitation technique, signal conditioning,
signal acquisition and processing and interface and communication.
Excitation Technique:The sensor needs an accurate and a highly stable excitation source. Many
pressure sensor designs use the same common reference for the excitation
circuitry and the ADC for better accuracy and the thus the sensor output is
ratio metric. Reference Voltages provide cost effective solution for the
mentioned requirements with high initial accuracy and extremely low

temperature drift.
Signal Conditioning:In most Load cells the output range of a strain gauge is very small and thus
the signal needs to be amplified before processing to prevent introduction of
errors. Market provides a wide selection of Low Noise Amplifiers with high
CMRR and high gain at low frequencies suitable for the small signal output of
the sensor. Additionally, since the signal bandwidth is low, the 1/f noise of the
amplifiers can introduce errors. Chopper-stabilization amplifiers provide
extremely high dc precision and noise performance at low frequency range.
Highly efficient solutions tailored for Weigh Scale application comprise of
precise, low-drift programmable gain instrumentation amplifiers with high
common mode rejection ratio and proprietary auto-zero techniques.
Signal Acquisition and Processing:High resolution differential ADCs have low temperature and offset drifts
required for Weigh Scale application before it is sent to a MCU.
Microcontroller can be used to perform calibration and compensation in
addition to using the on-chip data converters for data acquisition. It also
provides functions including calculation and signal processing, friendly user
interface such as Seven Segment Display and key pad control.
Power Supply:The Weigh Scale can be Line Powered (AC Mains supply) or Battery Powered.
Compare a mechanical scale to an electronic scale. Mechanical scale just

shows the weight but an electronic scale does much more than that- it
helps to automate.
Load Cells
Figure17: Load Cell arrangement for weighing machine.
What is a Load Cell?

A load cell is a transducer that is used to convert a force into electrical signal.
This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a mechanical
arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge
measures the deformation (strain) as an electrical signal, because the strain
changes the effective electrical resistance of the wire. A load cell usually
consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells
of one strain gauge (quarter bridge) or two strain gauges (half bridge) are
also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few
millivolts and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it
can be used. The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to
calculate the force applied to the transducer.
Figure18: Quarter Bridge Circuit for Strain Guage
Solenoid & Spring Arrangement
Figure19: A.C. Solenoid with pressure bearing capacity of 1kg
What is a Solenoid?
A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. In physics, the
term solenoid refers to a long, thin loop of wire, often wrapped around
a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electric current is
passed through it. Solenoids are important because they can create controlled
magnetic fields and can be used as electromagnets. The term solenoid refers
specifically to a magnet designed to produce a uniform magnetic field in a
volume of space (where some experiment might be carried out). The term is
also often used to refer to a solenoid valve, which is an integrated device
containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either
a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type
of relay that internally uses an electromechanical solenoid to operate an
electrical switch; for example, an automobile starter solenoid, or a linear
solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid.
Figure20: Working Principle of Solenoid
Figure21: Spring of Diameter 1 Inches (Approximately)
What is a Spring?
A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are
usually made out of hardened steel. Small springs can be wound from prehardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and
hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used
including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion
resistance and beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current
(because of its low electrical resistance).
When a spring is compressed or stretched, the force it exerts is proportional
to its change in length. The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in
the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it
is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve.
Depending on the design and required operating environment, any material
can be used to construct a spring, so long as the material has the required
combination of rigidity and elasticity: technically, a wooden bow is a form of
spring.
In ERADIS Spring is used to keep the flap closed when the power is off.
Solenoid is used to stop and allow the flow the flow of items from the
container.
Eppec 513
Keypad
Figure22: PCB Layout of 4x4 Keypad
What is a Keypad?
A keypad is a set of buttons arranged in a block or "pad" which usually bear
digits, symbols and usually a complete set of alphabetical letters. If it mostly
contains numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad. Keypads are
found on many alphanumeric keyboards and on other devices such as
calculators, push-button telephones, combination locks, and digital door
locks, which require mainly numeric input.
Figure23: A4x4 Keypad
SET & ZERO Keys

These keys are the important part of the user interface as they are used for
setting the value entered by the user and to set the value to zero respectively.
ZERO: This key is used when the reading of the weighing machine is not
equal to zero when no weight is placed on it.
This key when pressed, sets the reading to zero.
SET: This key is used when user wants to enter a value.
This key when pressed, jumps the program execution to Keypad so as to
get an input from the user. This is terminated when ENTER is pressed
on the keypad.
Figure24: SET & ZERO Keys (part of User Interface)
In ERADIS the SET & ZERO keys are the important part of the user
interface as it is basically used to activate the keypad.
Buzzer
Figure25: Picure of the Buzzer used in ERADIS
What is a Buzzer?
A buzzer or beeper is
an audio signaling
device,
which
may
be mechanical, electromechanical, or Piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers
and beepers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke. The circuit Diagram of the buzzer used in ERADIS is
given as follows.
Figure26: Circuit Diagram of the Buzzer used in ERADIS
In ERADIS a Buzzer is just used to indicate that a key has been pressed
on Keypad.
Functional Numeric Display (FND) ( 7 - Segment Display)
Figure27: PCB Layout of Common Negative (-) FND Display
What is a Seven Segment Display?

A seven-segment display, or seven-segment indicator, is a form of
electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an
alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays
are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic
devices for displaying numerical information. A seven segment display, as its
name indicates, is composed of seven elements. Individually on or off, they
can be combined to produce simplified representations of the arabic
numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique (slanted)
arrangement, which aids readability.
Figure28: Seven Segment Display showing individual elements (LEDs)
Power Supply
12 Volts Battery (For Microcontroller Circuit)
Figure29: 12 Volt Battery
What is a 12 V lead acid Battery?

Structure and Operation: Most lead-acid batteries are constructed with the
positive electrode (the anode) made from a lead antimony alloy with lead (IV)
oxide pressed into it, although batteries designed for maximum life use a leadcalcium alloy. The negative electrode (the cathode) is made from pure lead
and both electrodes are immersed in sulphuric acid. When the battery is
discharged water is produced, diluting the acid and reducing its specific
gravity. On charging sulphuric acid is produced and the specific gravity of the
electrolyte increases.
A.C. Supply( For A.C. Solenoid)
An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (mains
supply, often 220v-230v) and lowers it to the desired voltage (e.g. 9vac). As
well as lowering the voltage some filtering may take place.
The components used are discussed in further section.
Power Supply: Components Used

Te component used in the power supply of ERADIS are as follows:
1. IC7805: This is an IC of a Voltage Regulator (+5V Output). It is a
member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The
voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the
output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed
output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V
regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be
connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective
voltage levels. Pin Configuration is given as follows-
Figure30: Pin Configuration of IC-7805
Pin Description:
Figure31: Pin Description of IC-7805
2. IC-7905: This is an IC of a Voltage Regulator(-5V Output). It is a

member of 79xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The
voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the
output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed
output voltage it is designed to provide. 7905 provides a regulated
supply of -5 V and 1A current. Its additional features include internal
thermal overload protection, short circuit protection and output
transistor safe operating area compensation. Pin Configuration is
given as follows-
Pin Description:
Figure33: Pin Description of IC-7905
3. ICL-7660: This is an IC of a Voltage Converter. This is used for

Simple Conversion of +5V Logic Supply to 5V Supplies. Pin
Configuration is given as follows-
Figure34: Pin Configuration of ICL-7660
Pin Description:
N.C.(ICL7660): No Connection
CAP+: Connection to positive terminal of Charge-Pump
Capacitor.
GND Ground: For most applications, the positive terminal of
the reservoir capacitor is connected to this pin.
CAP-: Connection to negative terminal of Charge-Pump
Capacitor.
VOUT Negative Voltage Output: For most applications, the
negative terminal of the reservoir capacitor is connected to
this pin.
LV Low-Voltage Operation: Connect to ground for supply
voltages below 3.5V. ICL7660: Leave open for supply voltages
above 5V.
OSC Oscillator Control Input: Connecting an external capacitor
reduces the oscillator frequency. Minimize stray capacitance at
this pin.
V+ Power-Supply Positive Voltage Input: (1.5V to 10V). V+ is
also the substrate connection.
4. 12 Volt Relay (used to Energize the Solenoid Coil):

A relay is an electrically operated switch that isolates one electrical circuit
from another. In its simplest form, a relay consists of a coil used as an
electromagnet to open and close switch contacts. Since the two circuits are
isolated, a lower voltage circuit can be used to trip a relay, which will control
a separate circuit that requires a higher voltage or amperage. A 12-volt relay
requires 12 volts direct current (DC) to energize the coil. Relays can be found
in early telephone exchange equipment, in industrial control circuits, as a
starter solenoid in automobiles, on water pumps, in high-power audio
amplifiers, and as protection devices.
Below is the schematic of a 12 Volt, 5-Pin, Single Contact, D.C. Relay.
Figure35: Pin Configuration of a 12 Volt Relay
Pin Description:
N/O: Normally Open
N/C: Normally Closed
COMMON: Common Connection
COIL: A.C. Supply to the Coil
Control Unit
Control Unit is the actual intelligence of ERADIS since it constitutes of the
most significant components used in any embedded system eg.
Microcontroller, circuit board, programming (application) etc. The control
unit is responsible for accomplishing the desired operation i.e. it is solely
responsible for automation of the system. The supporting technology behind
control unit is embedded systems.
Hence it is obvious to divide control unit into two parts as follows:
Hardware Platform:
Weighing Machine Circuit

Power Supply Circuits
Microcontroller AT89S52 & other ICs
Topwin Program Burner Hardware
Software:
UMPS Compiler (To program microcontroller AT89S52 )
Topwin Program Burner Software
CORELDRAW (To design the PCBs used in ERADIS)
Additional Hardware:
A plastic box to accommodate all the electronic circuitry so as to avoid
the intermittency in connection as when the circuit will be packed the
connections will remain intact.
A wooden table to demonstrate the desired working.
The detailed explaination of subcomponents of ERADIS is given in further

sections.
Weighing Machine PCB Layout
G
B
Component side
Figure36: PCB Layout of Weighing Machine ( Component Side)
S-B micro weighing system
Splder side
Figure37: PCB Layout of Weighing Machine (Solder Side)
The efficient laying out of traces on a PCB is a complex skill, and requires
much patience. This task has been made vastly easier with the advent of
readily available PCB layout software, but it is still challenging.
The PCB Layouts given above are designed using a software named
CORELDRAW.
Weighing Machine Circuit Diagram
Figure38: Circuit Diagram of Weighing Machine
Circuit Diagram Description

The above Circuit Diagram shows the part of our project which is its actual
intelligence. It shows clearly that the output of load cells (RWBG) is given to
Operational Amplifiers OP-07, then the amplified output from op-amps is
given to ADCs IC-7135 which converts the analog input to digital output, ADC
is used because a Microcontroller understands digital signals, Also in the
above diagram, there is an IC 7404 which is used as an inverting amplifier and
an IC 4050 which is a Non-Inverting Amplifier. In the circuit diagram above
there is an IC 74HC390 which is used here as clock divider for the ADC-MCU
interface. The Microcontroller used is AT89S52. The Hex to Decimal
conversion is done by the Decoder IC-74HC138, this is done to display the
output on Display Segment. The display segment consists of Common
Negative Seven Segment Display (FND). There is also a ULN Driver.
ICs which are used in the Circuit are as follows:
OP-07
IC-7135
IC-7404
IC-4050
IC-74HC390
IC-AT89S52
IC-ULN2003
IC-74HC138
These ICs are explained in detail in further sections.
Weighing Machine Circuit Components Used

1. OP-07: This is an IC of an Operational Amplifier. Pin Configuration is
given as follows-
Figure39: Pin Configuration of OP-07
Pin Description:
VOS TRIM: Input offset voltage.
-IN: Inverting Input
+IN: Non-Inverting Input
V-,V+: ICs Power Supply pins.
OUT: Output of the Operational Amplifier.
NC: No Connection
2. IC-7135: This is an IC of an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). Pin
Pin Description:
V+,V-: ICs Power Supply Pins
AZ: Auto Zero
INT: Signal Integrate
IN HI, IN LO: Internal Input High & Low
ANALOG COMMON: It is used as the input low return during autozero and de-integrate.
REFERENCE: The reference input must be generated as a positive
voltage with respect to COMMON.
Run/HOLD: When high (or open) the A/D will free-run with
equally spaced measurement cycles every 40,002 clock pulses. If
taken low, the converter will continue the full measurement cycle
that it is doing and then hold this reading as long as R/H is held
low.
STROBE: This is a negative going output pulse that aids in
transferring the BCD data to external latches, UARTs, or
microprocessors.
BUSY: This pin goes high at the beginning of signal integrate and
stays high until the first clock pulse after zero crossing (or after
end of measurement in the case of an overrange).
OVERRANGE: This pin goes positive when the input signal
exceeds the range (20,000) of the converter.
UNDERRANGE: This pin goes positive when the reading is 9% of
range or less.
POLARlTY: This pin is positive for a positive input signal. It is
valid even for a zero reading.
DIGIT DRIVES (Pins 12, 17, 18, 19 and 20): Each digit drive is a
positive going signal that lasts for 200 clock pulses. The scan
sequence is D5 (MSD), D4, D3, D2, and D1 (LSD).
BCD (Pins 13, 14, 15 and 16): The Binary coded Decimal bits B8,
B4, B2, and B1 are positive logic signals that go on simultaneously
with the digit driver signal.
3. IC-7404: This is an IC of an Inverting Amplifier. Pin Configuration is

given as follows-
Figure41: Pin Configuration(Functional) of IC-7404
Functional Table:
Figure42: Functional Table of IC-7404
H: High Logic Level

L: Low Logic Level
VCC & GND: These pins are the ICs Power Supply Pins.
4. IC-4050: This is an IC of a Non-Inverting Amplifier. Pin Configuration is

given as follows-
Pin Description:
VDD: Supply voltage
1Y-6Y: Outputs
1A-6A: Inputs
VSS: Ground Supply Voltage
NC: Not Connected
5. IC-74HC390: This is an IC of a Dual Decade Ripple Counter. Pin
Figure44: Pin Configuration of IC-74HC390
Pin Description:
1CP0, 2CP0: Clock input divide-by-2 section (HIGH-to-LOW, edgetriggered)
1MR, 2MR: Asynchronous master reset inputs (active HIGH)
1Q0 to 1Q3: Flip-Flop outputs
1CP1, 2CP1: Clock input divide-by-5 section (HIGH-to-LOW, edge
triggered)
GND: Ground (0 V)
2Q0 to 2Q3: Flip-Flop outputs
VCC: Positive Supply Voltage
6. IC-AT89S52: This is an IC of a Microcontroller. Pin Configuration is
given as follows-
Figure45: Pin Configuration of IC-AT89S52
Pin Description:
Port0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an
output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance
inputs.
Port1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull
ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
Port Pin Alternate Functions:P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction
control)
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming
Port2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
Port3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL
inputs.
Port Pin Alternate Functions:P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST: Reset Input
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for

latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external
memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming.
PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external

program memory.
EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
7. IC-74HC138: This is an IC of a Decoder. Pin Configuration is given as
follows-
Figure46: Pin Configuration of IC-74HC138
Pin Description:
A0: Address Input 0
A1: Address Input 1
A2: Address Input 2
E1: Enable Input 1
E2: Enable Input 2
E3: Enable Input 3
Y7: Output 7
GND: Ground
Y6: Output 6
Y5: Output 5
Y4: Output 4
Y3: Output 3
Y2: Output 2
Y1: Output 1
Y0: Output 0
VCC: Positive Supply Voltage
8. ULN-2003: This is an IC used as a driver for Display Section i.e. FND
Display. Pin Configuration is given as follows-
Figure47: Pin Configuration of ULN-2003
Pin Description:
Pin No. 1 to 8: Input pins
Pin No. 11 to 18: Output Pins
Pin No. 9: GND (Ground)
Pin No. 10: Free Wheeling Diode Pins
The above description explained the hardware platform of ERADIS. The

further section includes the Software descriptions.
SOFTWARE SECTION
Screenshots Of CORELDRAW for designing the PCBs used in ERADIS.
Figure48: Screenshot of CORELDRAW
Figure49: Screenshot of CORELDRAW
Screenshot of Universal Microprocessor Program Simulator (UMPS).
Figure50: Screenshot of UMPS
Code Description
The Program Source Code to be burned on Microcontroller AT89S52
constitutes following functions:
Function 1: To assign the location for FND channels

Function 2: For FND (Display)
Function 3: The main program of Weighing Scale.
Function 4: For setting the value of all channels of FND to Zero
Function 5: For checking the FND after restarting the program.
Function 6: For FND display
Function 7: For converting the Hexadecimal value into the Decimal
value
Function 8: For entering the value through keypad.
Function 9: For displaying and storing the values from 0 to 9
Function 10: For storing the value entered by the keypad
Function 11: For comparing the value of key store (entered value)
& scale reading
Hence as per requirements the program has been manipulated and has been
divided into separate functions so that it can be understood easily and also to
provide flexibility so that it can be manipulated further if required. The
program is written using the basic instruction set of the microcontroller used
and has been compiled using a software named Universal Microprocessor
Program Simulator (UMPS) and has been burned to the microcontroller using
a software named TOPWIN.
The complete program source code is given in further sections.
The source code explained is divided according to the functions as declared
above and has been clearly specified. The code is written in assembly level
language using the instruction set of the microcontroller used.
The code is working correctly and has been properly debugged before
burning it to the microcontroller.
Program source code:

Function 1: To assign the location for FND channels
ch1 equ
70h
ch2 equ
72h
ch3 equ
74h
ch4 equ
76h
ch5 equ
78h
ch6 equ
7ah
org
00h
;assign 70-7ah for channels of FND
;p1.1 for busy
mov
sp,#0fh
mov
7eh,#00h
;zero
mov
7fh,#00h
;zero
sjmp
fnd
*//// start the program from that location
freq:
org
ljmp
0bh
*////
disp
ljmp over
org
2bh
clr tr2
mov
32h,rcap2h
mov
33h,rcap2l
clr
reti
ie.5 ;dis int
*////
disp:
mov
tl0,#0fbh
;display timer value low
mov
th0,#0efh
;display timer value high
setb
psw.3
mov
p0,@r0
inc
mov
inc
r0
p2,@r0
r0
cjne r0,#7ch,nxt
mov
r0,#ch1
nxt:
clr
psw.3
*//// start the 3rd bit of the first register bank
reti
Function 2: For FND (Display)
fnd:
setb psw.3
*//// stop the register bit
mov r4,#00h
mov
r0,#ch1
mov
tl0,#0fbh
mov
th0,#0efh
mov
tmod,#01h
setb
tcon.4
clr
psw.3
*//// start the register bit
mov
ch1,#00h
mov
71h,#00
mov
ch2,#00h
mov
73h,#00
mov
ch3,#00h
mov
75h,#00
mov
ch4,#00h
mov
77h,#00
mov
ch5,#00h
mov
79h,#00
mov
ch6,#00h
mov
7bh,#00
mov
7ch,#00
setb
psw.3
mov
inc
r0
@r0,#00h
inc
r0
inc
r0
mov
@r0,#01h
inc
r0
inc
r0
mov
inc
(71h,73h,75h,77h,79h,7bh)
r0,#ch1
fnd
mov
*//// assign that address for the cathode of FND
@r0,#02h
r0
*// increment the r0 to make that value as the anode of
inc
mov
r0
@r0,#03h
inc
r0
inc
r0
mov
@r0,#04h
inc
r0
inc
r0
mov
@r0,#05h
mov
r0,#ch1
clr
psw.3
jnb
p1.3,ram_zero1
ljmp
;ignore rom read
over1
ram_zero1:
mov
4ah,#00h
mov
4bh,#00h
mov
4ch,#00h
mov
4dh,#00h
mov
4eh,#00h
mov
4fh,#00h
over1:
mov
rcap2h,#00h
mov
rcap2l,#00h
mov
th2,#00h
mov
tl2,#00h
; ram add fill zero
mov
t2con,#00h
mov
t2mod,#02h
mov
t2con,#0bh
mov
ie,#0a2h
here1:
jnb
p1.1,here1
; busy
setb
tr2
; timer start
lcall
subt
lcall
rutin
lcall
calcu
lcall
bcd10.....
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
over
Function 3: The main program of Weighing Scale.

*//// in this the subprograms are being called as per requirements
*//// in over: assigning the value of interrupts has been done
over:
mov
rcap2h,#00h
mov
rcap2l,#00h
mov
th2,#00h
mov
tl2,#00h
mov
t2con,#00h
mov
t2mod,#02h
mov
t2con,#0bh
mov
ie,#0a2h
*//// in here jump not bit instruction is being used to use the interrupts
here:
jnb
p1.1,here ;busy
setb
tr2
lcall
subt
jnb
p1.2,zero ; zero present count
;timer start
; subtract 10000 adc count from adc capture.
aee:
*//// in this we called the following instruction set
lcall
rutin
; find out data '+'or '-' .
lcall
calcu
; capture value hex convart from hex to decimal.
lcall
transfar_to_bcd
lcall
bcd
lcall
comp_value
; data transfer to bcd display add.
; lcall
delay1
; lcall
delay1
; lcall
delay1
jnb
p1.5, key
; lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
over
*//// after getting the p1.5 high, the execution jump to:
*//// otherwise again and again execution occured in

the over:
Function 4: For setting the value of all channels of FND to Zero

Key:
mov
61h,#0h
mov
62h,#0h
mov
63h,#0h
mov
64h,#0h
mov
65h,#0h
lcall
ljmp
bcd
key_board
;most
;list
*//// show the all channels of FND 0.
*//// when all channels is 0,

then execution goes to the keyboard program
Zero:
mov
7eh,32h
; high hex capture value save to another ram
mov
7fh,33h
; low hex capture value save to another ram
ljmp
aee
Function 5: For checking the FND after restarting the program.

bcd1:
mov
a,#09
;after restart the program digit chake'9',
mov
61h,a
;at a time all six channels.
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#08
mov
61h,a
;;at a time all six channels.
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#07
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#06
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#05
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#04
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#03
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#02
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#01
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
mov
a,#00
mov
61h,a
mov
62h,a
mov
63h,a
mov
64h,a
mov
65h,a
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ret
delay:
mov
r7,#0ffh
*//// assign the value 0ffh for r7 register
r7,dale
*//// decrement jump not zero for r7 for using,
dale:
djnz
ret
this as a delay time
Function 6: For FND display

bcd:
mov a,60h
; data convert for fnd display.
lcall convart
; call the convert subprogram
mov ch1,a
mov a,61h
lcall convart
mov ch2,a
mov
a,62h
lcall convart
mov
ch3,a
mov
a,63h
lcall convart
mov
ch4,a
mov
a,64h
lcall convart
mov
ch5,a
mov
a,65h
lcall convart
mov
ch6,a
ret
convart:
inc
mov a,@a+ pc
ret
*//// in convart we convert the hex no into the

decimal no for FND display
db 03fh ; 0 for cathode +

db 06h
; fnd cathode +, binary data '0'
db 05bh ; 2 fnd hex value

db 04fh ; 3 fnd hex value
db 066h ; 4 fnd hex value
db 06dh ; 5 fnd hex value
db 07dh ; 6 fnd hex value
db 07h
; 7 fnd hex value

db 40h
;(-)
db 00h
; (blank)
;***************************************************
rutin:
mov
clr
60h,#0bh
c
mov
a,33h
mov
b,7fh
subb
a,b
mov
3dh,a
mov
a,32h
mov
b,7eh
subb
a,b
jnc
ljmp
; 2e=blank hex value
nextt1
rev
nextt1:
mov
32h,a
mov
33h,3dh ;low final
mov
a,32h
cjne
mov
cjne
;high final
;zero chake
a,#00h,as
a,33h
a,#00h,fill_zero
as:
ret
fill_zero:
cjne
a,#01h,fill_zero1
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero1:
cjne
a,#02h,fill_zero2
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero2
cjne
a,#03h,fill_zero3
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero3
cjne
a,#04h,fill_zero4
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero4
ljmp
as
rev:
mov
clr
mov
60h,#0ah ;for asc2nd (-)

c
a,7fh ;33h
mov
b,33h ;3bh
subb
a,b
mov
33h,a
;high
mov
a,7eh ;32h
mov
b,32h ;3ah
subb
a,b
mov
32h,a
mov
a,32h
cjne
mov
cjne
;zero chake 5-1-07
a,#00h,asr
a,33h
a,#00h,fill_zeror
asr:
ret
fill_zeror:
cjne
a,#01h,fill_zero1r
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero1r:
cjne
a,#02h,fill_zero2r
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero2r
cjne
a,#03h,fill_zero3r
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero3r
cjne
a,#04h,fill_zero4r
mov
33h,#00h
ljmp
as
fill_zero4r
ljmp
as
delay1:
mov
r6,#0ffh
mov
r7,#0ffh
*////assign the 0ffh value for r6,r7 register

for using as a delay
delay2:
djnz r6,delay2
djnz r7,delay2
*//// decrement r6,r7 untill jump not zero,

otherwise program executes in this delay
ret
subt:
clr
*//// in subt extra count received from the bcd

c
(==10000)is reduced,for this 2710h moved
mov
a,33h
mov
b,#10h
subb
a,b
mov
33h,a
mov
a,32h
mov
b,#27h
to the a & b
subb
a,b
mov
32h,a
ret
Function 7: For converting the Hexadecimal value into the Decimal value
calcu:
clr
*//// in this the capture hex value convert into the decimal no
c
mov
a,32h
mov
b,#10
;31,34,35h
div ab
mov
35h,b
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
34h,b
mov
31h,a ;end of div 32h
mov
a,35h
mov
b,#6
;35*6
mul ab
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
39h,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,34h
;34*6
mov
b,#6
mul ab
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
38h,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,31h
mov
b,#6
; 31*6
mul ab
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
37h,b
mov
36h,a
mov
a,35h
mov
b,#5
;35*5
mul ab
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
3dh,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,34h
mov
b,#5
;34*5
mul ab
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
3ch,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,31h
mov
b,#5
;31*5
mul ab
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
3bh,b
mov
3ah,a
mov
a,35h
mov
b,#2
;35*2
mul ab
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
41h,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,34h ;34*2
mov
b,#2
mul ab
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
40h,b
mov
30h,a ;cary
mov
a,31h
mov
b,#2
;31*2
mul ab
add
mov
a,30h
b,#10
div ab
mov
3fh,b
mul adding
mov
44h,39h ;result
mov
a,38h
add
mov
div ab
a,3dh
b,#10
mov
43h,b
;result
mov
30h,a
;cary
mov
a,37h
add
a,3ch
add
a,41h
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
42h,b ;result
mov
30h,a
mov
a,36h
add
a,3bh
add
a,40h
add
a,30h
mov
;cary
b,#10
div ab
mov
41h,b ;result
mov
30h,a
mov
a,3ah
add
a,3fh
add
a,30h
;cary
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
40h,b
;result
mov
30h,a
;cary
mov
a,33h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
35h,b
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
34h,b
mov
33h,a
mov
a,44h
add
a,35h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
44h,b
mov
30h,a
mov
a,43h
add
a,34h
add
a,30h
mov
div ab
b,#10
mov
43h,b ;dis lsb
mov
30h,a
mov
a,42h
add
a,33h
add
a,30h
mov
b,#10
div ab
mov
42h,b ;dis lsb
mov
30h,a
mov
a,41h
add
mov
a,30h
b,#10
div ab
mov
41h,b
mov
30h,a
mov
a,40h
add
mov
a,30h
b,#10
div ab
mov
40h,b
mov
30h,a
ret
;end of calcu prog
transfar_to_bcd:
*//// in this the output of calcu: move into the FND display
mov
65h,44h
mov
64h,43h
mov
63h,42h
mov
62h,41h
mov
61h,40h
ret
;end of b_d_a_d_adding+present:
;result in 45,46,47,48,49
Function 8: For entering the value through keypad.
key_board:
begen:
mov
p3,#0ffh
clr
0b0h
jnb
0b4h,get ;p2.4
jnb
0b5h,get
;p2.5
jnb
0b6h,get
;p2.6
jnb
0b7h,get
lcall
delay1
setb
0b0h
lcall
delay1
clr
0b1h
lcall
delay1
;p2.0
;p2.1
jnb
0b4h,get ;p2.4
jnb
0b5h,get
;p2.5
jnb
0b6h,get
;p2.6
jnb
0b7h,get
lcall
delay1
setb
0b1h
lcall
delay1
clr
0b2h
lcall
delay1
jnb
0b4h,get ;p2.4
jnb
0b5h,get
;p2.5
jnb
0b6h,get
;p2.6
jnb
0b7h,get
lcall
delay1
setb
0b2h
lcall
delay1
clr
0b3h
lcall
delay1
jnb
0b4h,get ;p2.4
jnb
0b5h,get
;p2.5
jnb
0b6h,get
;p2.6
jnb
0b7h,get
lcall
delay1
setb
0b3h
;p2.1
;p2.2
;p2.2
;p2.3
;p2.3
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
lcall
delay1
get:
mov
r2,p3 ;key port
clr
p1.3
lcall
delay1
setb
P1.3
setb
psw.3
inc
r4
cjne
r4,#06h,convert
mov
clr
r4,#0h
psw.3
Function 9: For displaying and storing the values from 0 to 9

convert:
clr
psw.3
cjne
r2,#07eh,zeroo
setb
psw.3
mov
a,r4
cjne
mov
a,#01h,not_zeroo5
61h,#00h
clr
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_zeroo5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_zeroo4
62h,#00h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_zeroo4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_zeroo3
63h,#00h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_zeroo3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_zeroo2
64h,#00h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_zeroo2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_zeroo1
65h,#00h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_zeroo1:
ljmp
begen
one:
clr
psw.3
cjne
r2,#07dh,one
setb
psw.3
mov
a,r4
cjne
mov
clr
a,#01h,not_one5
61h,#01h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_one5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_one4
62h,#01h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_one4:
cjne
a,#03h,not_one3
mov
clr
63h,#01h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_one3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_one2
64h,#01h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_one2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_one1
65h,#01h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_one1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
two:
cjne
r2,#07bh,two
setb
psw.3
mov
a,r4
cjne
mov
clr
a,#01h,not_two5
61h,#02h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_two5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_two4
62h,#02h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_two4:
cjne
mov
clr
lcall
a,#03h,not_two3
63h,#02h
psw.3
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_two3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_two2
64h,#02h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_two2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_two1
65h,#02h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_two1:
ljmp
three:
begen
clr
cjne
psw.3
r2,#077h,three
setb
psw.3
mov
a,r4
cjne
mov
clr
a,#01h,not_three5
61h,#03h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_three5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_three4
62h,#03h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_three4:
cjne
a,#03h,not_three3
mov
clr
63h,#03h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_three3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_three2
64h,#03h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_three2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_three1
65h,#03h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_three1:
four:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
cjne
setb
mov
cjne
mov
clr
r2,#0beh,four
psw.3
a,r4
a,#01h,not_four5
61h,#04h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_four5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_four4
62h,#04h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_four4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_four3
63h,#04h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_four3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_four2
64h,#04h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_four2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_four1
65h,#04h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_four1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
five:
cjne
r2,#0bdh,five
setb
psw.3
mov
a,r4
cjne
mov
clr
a,#01h,not_five5
61h,#05h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_five5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_five4
62h,#05h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_five4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_five3
63h,#05h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_five3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_five2
64h,#05h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_five2:
cjne
mov
clr
lcall
a,#05h,not_five1
65h,#05h
psw.3
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_five1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
six:
cjne
r2,#0bbh,six
setb
mov
cjne
mov
clr
psw.3
a,r4
a,#01h,not_six5
61h,#06h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_six5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_six4
62h,#06h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_six4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_six3
63h,#06h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_six3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_six2
64h,#06h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_six2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_six1
65h,#06h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_six1:
ljmp
begen
seven:
clr
cjne
psw.3
r2,#0b7h,seven
setb
mov
cjne
mov
clr
a,r4
a,#01h,not_seven5
61h,#07h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_seven5:
psw.3
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_seven4
62h,#07h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_seven4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_seven3
63h,#07h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_seven3:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#04h,not_seven2
64h,#07h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_seven2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_seven1
65h,#07h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_seven1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
eight:
cjne
r2,#0deh,eight
setb
mov
cjne
mov
clr
psw.3
a,r4
a,#01h,not_eight5
61h,#08h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_eight5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_eight4
62h,#08h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_eight4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_eight3
63h,#08h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_eight3:
cjne
mov
clr
lcall
a,#04h,not_eight2
64h,#08h
psw.3
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_eight2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_eight1
65h,#08h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_eight1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
nine:
cjne
r2,#0ddh,nine
setb
mov
cjne
mov
clr
lcall
psw.3
a,r4
a,#01h,not_nine5
61h,#09h
psw.3
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_nine5:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#02h,not_nine4
62h,#09h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_nine4:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#03h,not_nine3
63h,#09h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_nine3:
cjne
a,#04h,not_nine2
mov
clr
64h,#09h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
ljmp
begen
not_nine2:
cjne
mov
clr
a,#05h,not_nine1
65h,#09h
psw.3
lcall
bcd
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
lcall
delay1
not_nine1:
ljmp
begen
clr
psw.3
ten:
cjne
r2,#0dbh,ten
lcall
key_store
ljmp
over
Function 10: For storing the value entered by the keypad
key_store:
mov
66h,61h
mov
67h,62h
mov
68h,63h
mov
69h,64h
mov
6ah,65h
clr
p1.4
*////start the solenoid coil
ret
Function 11: For comparing the value of key store (entered value) &
scale reading
comp_value:
mov
cjne
mov
cjne
mov
cjne
mov
a,66h
a,61h,go_back
a,67h
a,62h,go_back
a,68h
a,63h,go_back
a,69h
cjne
a,64h,go_back
setb
p1.4
clr
p1.3
lcall
delay1
*//// stop the solenoid coil after compare the

value of key_store &
setb
p1.3
go_back:
ret
end
The program source code of ERADIS ends here.

The further sections includes the Applications & Future Scope of ERADIS.
Applications
Electronic Ration Distribution System(ERADIS)- means distribution of
essential commodities to a large number of people through a network on a
recurring basis in an automated way. The ERADIS has many applications
which can easily be implemented in real world.
The applications of ERADIS can be as follows:
Replacement for existing PDS:

It can replace the existing Government Of Indias Public Distribition
System (PDS) which is responsible for distributing essential
commodities to a large number of people through a network of FPS
(Fair Price Shops) on a recurring basis. The ERADIS also perform the
same functions in an automated way.
Retail Market Sector:
It can be used in retail market sector such as in Shopping Complexes,
Supermarkets, Ration Shops to automate the process and to sell items
without human intervention.
Large Scale implementation:

If implemented on large scale it can be used in ration processing
factories and organizations for simultaneously weighing and packaging
of items which are intended for selling.
Future Scope
In this era of automation we see many operations getting automated be it
consumer related operations, be it traffic related operations etc. So why
should the Public Distribution System lags behind? ERADIS is also an
automation technique which can be implemented in various day to day
disciplines and can effectively replace PDS.
The future scope of ERADIS constitutes the factors given below:
Anti-corruption tool:
Because of the automation in this field, the chances of corruption are
reduced, which is a common practice in this industry. The factors such
as Adulteration, Hoarding, Price hike of ration goods can be easily
eliminated using this approach.
Less man power:

Since the system gets automated the chances of corruption gets
reduced. As we know that a machine does not have IQ of its own, less
manpower will in turn lead to reduced corruption in this field.
Ease of access:
In the present PDS system, the people have to spend long time waiting
in queues to get ration, ERADIS can easily eliminate this problem. Also
the longevity in working is another important factor as a man cannot
work 24 hours a day but a machine can hence it can operate like an
ATM if properly maintained.
Bibliography
While working on project and on project report we referred to the following
sources:
Caliber Scales Private Limited Technical Division.( To get the technical

specifications of the weighing machine used.
Micro Instruments To design the PCBs used in the project.
Datasheets of approximately all the ICs present in the circuit (Control Unit
Components)
We also referred to various websites such as:

Google.com
Wikipedia.com
Instructables.com
And various other links of the search engines.
For programming we referred the booknamed M.A. Mazidi

(Microcontroller 8051)
We also referred various manuals provided to us during our summer

training.

ERADIS - ELECTRONIC RATION (Wheat, Rice Etc) Distribution System

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ERADIS - ELECTRONIC RATION (Wheat, Rice Etc) Distribution System

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ERADIS Electronic

This Machine is invented

This section includes Embedded Systems

subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to

Electronic RAtion DIstribution System (ERADIS)

Electronic Ration Distribution System(ERADIS)- means distribution of

The Concept is to automate the Public Distribution System (PDS), A Govt. Of

Advantages of employing ERADIS are:

Pictorial View of ERADIS

Figure2: Pictorial view of ERADIS

The detailed description of ERADIS is given in further sections.

Figure3: Front View of ERADIS.

Figure4: Side View of ERADIS.

Check Reading on weighing machine

Enter the desired value

Solenoid opens the flap of the container to release the items

Items start to collect on container kept on Weighing Machine

Weighing Machine checks the value

Figure5: Snapshot 1 of ERADIS.

2. Entering the value using Keypad:-

Figure6: Snapshot 2 of ERADIS.

Figure7: Snapshot 3 of ERADIS.

Figure8: Snapshot 4 of ERADIS.

5. Item released by the container getting collected in collecting tray:-

Figure9: Snapshot 5 of ERADIS.

6. When the reading of weighing machine equals the entered value

Figure10: Snapshot 6 of ERADIS.

Hence the ERADIS consists of following parts:

Figure12: Step1: A mustard Oil

Figure15: Step4: A flap was

Figure13: Step2: The Container

Figure14: Step3: A small

This is how the container was adapted to use in ERADIS.

Figure16: Weighing Machine used in the project.

What is a Weighing Machine?

mentioned requirements with high initial accuracy and extremely low

Compare a mechanical scale to an electronic scale. Mechanical scale just

Figure17: Load Cell arrangement for weighing machine.

What is a Load Cell?

Figure18: Quarter Bridge Circuit for Strain Guage

Solenoid & Spring Arrangement

Figure19: A.C. Solenoid with pressure bearing capacity of 1kg

Figure20: Working Principle of Solenoid

Figure21: Spring of Diameter 1 Inches (Approximately)

Figure22: PCB Layout of 4x4 Keypad

Figure23: A4x4 Keypad

SET & ZERO Keys

Figure24: SET & ZERO Keys (part of User Interface)

Figure25: Picure of the Buzzer used in ERADIS

Figure26: Circuit Diagram of the Buzzer used in ERADIS

Functional Numeric Display (FND) ( 7 - Segment Display)

Figure27: PCB Layout of Common Negative (-) FND Display

What is a Seven Segment Display?

Figure28: Seven Segment Display showing individual elements (LEDs)

Figure29: 12 Volt Battery

What is a 12 V lead acid Battery?

Power Supply: Components Used

Figure30: Pin Configuration of IC-7805

Figure31: Pin Description of IC-7805

2. IC-7905: This is an IC of a Voltage Regulator(-5V Output). It is a

Figure32: Pin Configuration of IC-7905

Figure33: Pin Description of IC-7905

3. ICL-7660: This is an IC of a Voltage Converter. This is used for