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Gas (47.57%)
Oil (32.05%)
Hydro Electric (11.77%)
Coal (6.74%)
Others* (1.88%)
SHARE (%)
45.7
7.5
28.1
11.8
0.5
6.4
100
Table: 2
Domestic (45.7 %)
Commercial (7.5 %)
Industrial (28.1 %)
Agricultural (11.8%)
Public Lighting (0.5%)
Bulk Supply (6.3%)
GWH
72,770
69,659
73,561
73,806
Table 3i
GWH
75,000
74,000
73,000
72,000
71,000
70,000
69,000
GWH
68,000
67,000
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
FIGURE 3ii
POWER GENERATED IN PAKISTAN.
The problem being faced by the utilities in Pakistan is not shortage of generation capacity
(which stands at 23,578 MW) but the available capacity remains around 14,000 MW, the unutilised capacity is mainly due to non-availability of Furnace oil to generate power at expensive
rates.
The way out of this crisis is:
Power production at low cost (meaning seeking for fuel sources at much
lower than current purchase price)
Fuel security (reduced dependence on fuel sources which are susceptible
to international price fluctuations and require foreign exchange for
purchase)
It boils down to one target i.e. to look for fuel sources which are cheap and abundantly
available within the country. This description and requirement is fulfilled by resources which
have been largely ignored in the past and are also available in sufficient quantities to remove
the Power crisis prevailing in the country. These sources can be classified as the Biomass.
The Technology Platform: The Technology and equipment mainly used for generating power
from biomass is shown in figure 4:
The equipment required for generating Power from biomass is Steam boilers to produce
steam by burning biomass as fuel; the steam is fed to a condensing type steam turbine
which is drives a Power generator. The main equipment i.e. steam boiler and the
ancillary equipment like cooling towers, pumps and piping can be manufactured within
Pakistan whereas the Steam turbine generator (constituting 40% of the power plant)
will have to be imported from overseas. Similar systems are being used by the sugar
industries in Pakistan using the sugar cane Bagasse (another waste agricultural biomass)
as fuel.
Some of the newly installed sugar factories using this arrangement are exporting their
excess power to the grid during the sugar cane grinding season.
BIOMASS SOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
Being an agrarian country Pakistan has numerous sources of biomass available from agricultural
crops, secondly due to high population density in the urban centres solid waste is also being
generated in quantities suitable for power generation.
Main sources of Biomass in Pakistan are:
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES.
ANIMAL WASTE.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE.
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES: Agricultural residues include those crop leftovers which have a fuel
value and their potential is not being fully utilized.
The main agricultural residues available locally are:
1. Wheat Straw: At present this is the main source of cattle fodder so cannot be
considered as a source of fuel to generate power.
2. Rice Husk and Rice Straw: Presently being used as a source of fuel in the brick kilns
and also as cattle feed is therefore not considered.
3. Cane trash: The waste of Sugarcane crop which is left in the field and subsequently
burned by the farmers. Sugar Cane trash is a biomass source which is available in
substantial quantities and can be classified as a potent source to produce Power.
4. Cotton Sticks and other plant residues of Cotton crop: These are also a left over in
field, part of this quantity is used for cooking purposes, some quantity is lifted by the
Brick kiln users, 30% is excess and can be used as a biomass source.
In this paper emphasis will be given to the last mentioned sources i.e. Sugar Cane trash and
Cotton Stalks.
Figure 5
Sugar Cane Plant
Figure 6i
Figure 6ii
Cane trash left in the field after harvesting it will be burned in-situ
As per data collected Sugar cane tops and trash constitutes around 30% of the plant. The cane
tops constitute 20%. Cane tops are used as Cattle fodder and are taken away by the cane
harvesting labor to feed to their dairy animals. The other waste Cane trash constitutes 10% of
the Sugar cane crop. Leaving aside wastages 9% cane trash has been considered as available
biomass for power.
The figures of Sugar cane crop in Pakistan and the trash generated are given in Table 7
YEAR
200607
200708
200809
200910
201011
Sugar
Production
Tonnes
Cane Trash
available
Tonnes
54,741,600
4,926,744
63,920,000
5,752,800
50,045,000
4,504,050
49,372,900
4,443,561
55,308,500
Table: 7
4,977,765
Calorific Value of Sugar cane trash: As per research it has been determined that the Nett.
Calorific value of Cane trash is = 6.7 Gj/Ton. Taking this figure as the bench mark the Power
generating potential of Sugar cane trash available in Pakistan is given in Table 8:
Year
Cane
Trash
(Tonnes)
Thermal Energy in
Cane Trash @ 6.7
GJ/ton
(GJ)
Power
Potential
Sugar cane
trash
(GWH)
200708
5,752,800
38,543,760
10,950
200809
4,504,050
30,177,135
8,573
200910
4,443,561
29,771,859
8,458
201011
4,977,765
33,351,026
9,475
Table 8
COTTON STICKS:
Cotton is the other main cash crop. It is the main source of raw material to the local textile
industry; the lint cotton is also a significant export item. During 2010-11, the crop was
cultivated on an area of 2.67 hectares. The crop figures of Cotton are given in Table 10:
Cotton field
Year
200607
2007-8
2008-9
200910
201011
Cotton
Production
(Bales)
Crop
Production
(Tonnes)
12,856,200
11,655,100
11,819,000
2,186,711
1,982,416
2,010,294
12,913,400
2,196,440
11,560,100
1,966,257
Table 10
Cotton crop data-Pakistan
Quantity and Calorific Value of Cotton Stalks: As per available information and related
publications the ratio of plant waste to Cotton is 3:1. From the waste a portion is used by the
farmers as cooking fuel, some is lifted by the brick kiln operators a substantial quantity is
available for use as fuel for power. The Nett Calorific Value of cotton sticks has been
determined as 7.3 Gj/Ton. Power potential from cotton sticks is given in Table 9:
Year
2007-8
2008-9
200910
201011
Cotton
Stalks
Production
(Tonnes)
5,947,248
6,030,882
Cotton Stalks
Available for
Power Generation
(Tonnes)
1,486,812
1,507,721
Thermal Energy in
Cotton Sticks @
7.33 GJ/Ton
(GJ)
10,898,332
11,051,591
Power
Potential
(GWH)
6,589,320
1,647,330
12,074,929
3,430
5,898,771
1,474,693
10,809,498
Table 11
3,071
3,096
3,140
ANIMAL MANURE:
Energy from Dairy animals: Dairy animals wise Pakistan stands fourth in the world in Milk
production, its indigenous production of milk stands at around 4 billion liters per year. The
cattle and dairy population is also substantial and could be considered for prospecting energy
from the manure from the dairy animals and cattle. The technology for extracting energy from
cattle and dairy animals is through generation of biogas from the manure, this technology is
well introduced in Pakistan and its use will not pose any barriers. The additional advantage for
Power from manure is the Organic Compost and slurry which can subsequently used in the
fields as a rich source of fertilizer. This will result in additional revenues at significant levels
improving the profitability of the dairy farmers and the power operators.
YEAR
200607
200708
200809
200910
201011
Cattle
Population
Buffalo
Population
Total
Animal
Population
Manure
Produced
(Tonnes)
30,674,000
28,146,000 58,820,000
322,039,500
31,829,000
29,001,000 60,830,000
333,044,250
33,029,000
29,883,000 62,912,000
344,443,200
34,285,000
29,413,000 63,698,000
348,746,550
35,568,000
31,726,000 67,294,000
Table 12
368,434,650
Biogas from Manure: The quantity of biogas in any feedstock is dependent on the organic
content of the Feedstock, the average organic content of Cattle and Buffalo manure is 12%.
Table 13 gives the power potential from Animals manure
Year
200607
2007-8
2008-9
200910
201011
Manure
Produced
Tonnes/year
Biogas @
30 m/Ton
Manure
(m)
Thermal energy
in Biogas
@ 22 MJ/m
(GJ)
Biogas Power
Potential @
2.14 Kwh/m
(GWH)
322,039,500
333,044,250
344,443,200
9,661,185,000
9,991,327,500
10,333,296,000
212,546,070
219,809,205
227,332,512
20,675
21,381
22,113
348,746,550
10,462,396,500
230,172,723
22,390
368,434,650
11,053,039,500
Table 13
243,166,869
23,654
The Dairy Animal holding in Pakistan ranges from very low per farm to the largest located at
Karachi (housing around 400,000 animals). The herd size distribution is given in the table 14
Herd Size
Cattle
Buffalo
1-6
5.204
5.001
7-15
84.10%
0.826
83.40%
0.843
16-50
13.30%
0.14
14.10%
0.14
> 50
2.30%
0.018
2.30%
0.012
Total
0.30%
6.188
0.20%
5.996
100%
100%
Table 14
As per table 11 the maximum % of Cattle and buffalo holding is from 1 6 animals, the
production of biogas from this size will be very limited however due to this size the dairy sector
is facing other problems like low productivity, substandard feed and animals health issues, in
order to obtain maximum benefits from the dairy sector the collectivization of dairy farms will
have to be practiced which will enable the farmers to sell their manure to the biogas based
power producers at mutually convenient prices. The second benefit of such arrangement would
be that the effluent solids and liquid coming out of the biogas power plants can be converted
into Organic fertilizer source in quantities which can be used in the fields on large scale.
Municipal Solid Waste:
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is another feedstock which is available in substantial quantities,
the quantities generated in major city centers of Pakistan is 7,121,626 Tonnes/yr:
The calorific values of Municipal solid waste have been determined by laboratories and the
average figures as per different classifications are given in Table 15:
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
AREA
MOISTURE
%
CLASSIFICATION
High Income
Residential area
60
Medium Income
Residential area
63
Low Income
Residential Area
67
Commercial
Area
64
Industrial Area
61
Table 15
CALORIFIC
VALUE MJ/KG
7.27
6.98
6.25
6.67
7.19
Taking an average calorific value of msw = 6.89 MJ/kg the Thermal energy and power potential
available in the MSW generated in the major urban centers of Pakistan is 13,940 GWH/YR.
To obtain an annual value for 4 years it has been assumed that the generation rate of MSW will
be directly proportional to the population growth rate which is 2 % per annum. In the final
analysis narrated in Table 16 the increase in MSW based power potential has also been
incremented at this rate.
POWER AVAILABLE
FROM MSW
GWH/YR.
13,940
16,728
Year
2007-8
2008-9
200910
201011
20,074
24,088
Table 16
Conclusion: Having determined the theoretical values of the power potential in the agricultural
and urban waste available in Pakistan a summary can be prepared for the total Power which
can be realized. This figure is given in Table 17:
YEAR
200708
200809
200910
201011
Power from
Dairy Biogas
(GWH)
Power From
MSW @ 2%
increase/yr
(GWH)
Total Biomass
Power
available
(GWH)
3,096
21,381
13,940
49,367
8,573
3,140
22,113
14,219
48,044
8,458
3,430
22,390
14,503
48,781
9,475
3,071
23,654
Table 17
14,793
50,993
Power
from Sugar
cane trash
(GWH)
Power
from
Cotton Sticks
(GWH)
10,950
It is also important to compare the potential or theoretical figures with the total power
presently being generated in Pakistan this comparison is given in Table 18:
Power
generated
in Pakistan
GWH
Biomass
Potential of
Pakistan
GWH
Biomass
potential as %
of Total Power
consumed
200708
72,770
49,367
68 %
200809
69,659
48,044
69 %
200910
73,561
48,781
66 %
201011
73,806
50,993
69 %
Year
Table 18
Studying the above comparison and assuming that even if the Biomass potential of Pakistan is
realized it can easily replace major part of the total power generated in the country and
become a substitute for the Imported and expensive furnace oil and natural gas required in
other sectors. This replacement will be much cheaper than power generated from furnace oil.
Additionally advantages adopting the biomass route will be multi-dimensional like:
The Msw based power plants have to be installed in the cities (where the garbage is
generated) thus removing the problems associated with garbage collection and disposal
and making available a source of income for the funds starved civic agencies of the
cities.
Barriers in implementation:
Setting up centralised biomass based power plants will be a barrier, this hurdle can be
overcome by installing a chain of smaller power plants ranging from 15MW to 50MW
located in those areas where the biomass is available in economical quantities, and this
will also save in the transportation costs and will result in reduced line losses.
The Micro-grid concept should be adopted for time savings and immediate
implementation.
In absence of a centralized approach the second option would be to go for micro power
plants of 15 Kw to 1000 Kw range based on Gasifier and biogas plants using the
agricultural biomass and animal manure as the feed stock, this route will also be viable
and could be adopted on the basis of individual participation of the small and medium
land holding farmers. The assistance of NGOs and small and medium scale
entrepreneurs would be helpful in adopting this route.