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ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment was to find the length
of the heat exchanger pipe. The apparatus we used is double
pipe heat exchanger and from the basic knowledge of fluid
dynamics and heat transfer we find length. Actually there is
a lot of use of heat exchanger in industry (In nuclear
industry
as
well)
so
we
are
interested
in
that
how
exchange of heat from hot water to cold water take place and
what should be the size of equipment. This experiment is
arranged to understand this concept.
INTRODUCTION
We know that heat is the energy that flow from hot body
to cold body due to their temperature difference. So we have
heat exchanger which exchange heat from hot fluid to cold
fluid while keeping both fluids separate. We also know that
energy can be transferred from hot to cold body by mean of
conduction,
convection
or
radiation.
In
case
of
heat
pipe
to
wall
of
inner
pipe
is
transfer
due
to
and
outlet
temperatures
and
flow
rates
determine that how much heat will flow across the fluids. In
this experiment we fix the flow rate of cold fluid (water)
and then by changing the flow rate of hot water, we measure
the
inlet
and
outlet
temperatures
and
using
different
In this exchanger hot water flow from inner pipe and cold
fluid flow from annular region between concentric pipes. We
know something about apparatus as
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Inner pipe ID = 13 mm
Inner pipe OD = 16 mm
Outer pipe ID = 26 mm
Outer pipe OD=29 mm
Full heat exchanger length = 2 meters
CALCULATIONS
Qh=hCph Th
Qc=cCpc Tc
While average heat can be calculated as
Qavg
Qh Qc
2
Q UA( LMTD )
LMTD stands
the overall
the contact
the cold or
end
of
the
exchanger.
The
use
of
the
LMTD
arises
LMTD
T2 T1
T
ln( 2 )
T1
T1=Thi-Tci
T2=Tho-Tco
T1=Thi-Tco
T2=Tho-Tci
A=
DhiL
U (
1 1 1
)
hh hc
Where h is
Nu k
HD
( f / 8)(Re h 1000) Pr
1 12.7 ( f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2/3 1)
Prantdl number is
Pr
Cp
k
m& HD
(
)
A
HDw,c
Dc ,i 2 Dh ,o 2
Dc ,i Dh ,o
HDw,h HDh ,h Dh ,i
For heated Reynolds number
HDh ,c
Dc ,i 2 Dh ,o 2
Dh ,o
HDw,h HDh ,h Dh ,i
While cross sectional area of cold and hot water pipes are
given as
Ac
( Dc ,i 2 Dh ,o 2 )
4
Ah
( Dh ,i 2 )
4
Qavg
Di ,hU ( LMTD )
Procedure
1) Valves were set for parallel flow.
Graphs
For Parallel Flow
Re vs LMTD
28.5
28
27.5
LMTD
parallel
27
26.5
26
2.00E+04
4.00E+04
Re
6.00E+04
8.00E+04
Re vs Q
6800
6600
6400
6200
6000
Q
5800
5600
5400
5200
2.00E+04
parallel
4.00E+04
6.00E+04
8.00E+04
Re
Re vs U
4800
4600
4400
4200
parallel
U 4000
3800
3600
3400
2.00E+04
4.00E+04
Re
6.00E+04
8.00E+04
Re vs LMTD
33
32
31
30
LMTD
counter
29
28
27
26
3.00E+03
5.00E+03
7.00E+03
9.00E+03
Re
Re vs Q
11000
10000
9000
Q
Counter
8000
7000
6000
3.00E+03
5.00E+03
Re
7.00E+03
9.00E+03
Re vs U
7000
6500
6000
counter
U 5500
5000
4500
4000
3.00E+03
5.00E+03
7.00E+03
9.00E+03
Re
Discussion:
Differences in the experimental values from each other
and from the true value could be due to the fact that it is
assumed a perfectly insulated system with no heat loss to
surroundings,
an
inability
for
the
system
to
properly
and
possibility
after
of
the
fouling
thermocouples
factor
caused
along
by
with
deposits
the
and
corrosion.
With the decrease in temperature the length required
for heat exchanger decreases. The theoretical length of heat
exchanger is always less than actual length of heat
exchanger. Probably the net heat transfer between the two
fluids is not the same as actual because of our assumption
that there is no conduction and radiation. Therefore some
heat will be lost to the atmosphere. Hence practically we
Conclusion:
In the parallel flow configuration, the exit
temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the exit
temperature of the cold fluid. This is supported by the data
taken. In the counter flow configuration, the exit
temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the
entrance temperature of the cold fluid, but it does not
necessarily need to be higher than the exit temperature of
the cold fluid.
From the calculations resulting in heat transfer, it is
shown that the counter flow heat exchanger is more effective
than the parallel flow heat exchanger. This supports
generally held knowledge and experimental data concerning
the two types of heat exchanger.
In this case, the energy is transferred from hot to
cold fluids with constant mass flow rates. Therefore the
ratio between temperature differences does not change even
though the numerical values of the temperature differences
may change.
The ratio between temperature difference in the hot
fluid and temperature difference in the cold fluid changes
with respect to the flow rates. It means the energy removed
from the hot fluid is the energy added to the cold fluid.
The higher the flow rate of a fluid, the lower the
temperature change in that fluid will be. The opposite is
also true, the lower the flow rate of the fluid, the higher
the temperature change in the fluid will be.
With the decrease in temperature the length required
for heat exchanger decreases. The theoretical length of heat
exchanger is always less than actual length of heat