CHAPTER 4: CELL DIVISION

4.1: MITOSIS
4.2: MEIOSIS

Lesson Learning Outcome

1.Describe basic principles and related
process in mitosis.
2.Describe basic principles and related
process in meiosis.
3.Compare models and processes involve in
mitosis and meiosis.

Diagram of a replicated and

condensed metaphase
eukaryotic chromosome.
(1) Chromatid one of the
two identical parts of the
chromosome after S
phase.
(2) Centromere the point
where the two chromatids
touch.
(3) Short arm.
(4) Long arm.

CELL DIVISION
Cell divide so that organisms can grow.
In order for organisms to grow, body cells
either have to increase their size or divide.
Most cells divide, because smaller is better
when it comes to cells.
Cells division is needed to replace damaged
or dying cells.

Mitotic spindle:

where the event of mitosis begins to form in the

cytoplasm during prophase
Centrosome:
microtubule organizing center, has two centrioles
Aster:
a radial array of short microtubules, extends from each
centrosome
Centromere:
the specialized region of the chromosome where two
sister chromatids are most closely attached

Kinetochore:

a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that

links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

INTERPHASE
The period between cell divisions.
During this phase (the longest phase of the cell
cycle) the cell grows, DNA is replicated and
the centrioles divide.

Interphase: 3 subphases
G1 phase
first gap is a growth phase for the cell.
S phase
synthesis is when the cell copies its chromosomes.

G2 phase
second gap is a second growth phase where further
growth and preparations for division occur.

mitosis
Process, in the cell cycle, by which the
chromosomes in the cell nucleus are
separated into two identical sets of
chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
Occurs only in eukaryotic cells.

During prophase the

nucleoli disappear and the
chromatin (DNA and
associated proteins)
condenses into discrete
chromosomes.
Each replicated
chromosome is composed of
two sister chromatids, both
containing the same genetic
information.

The sister chromatids are joined together at their

centromeres.
The mitotic spindle forms from the centrioles and
begins to elongate.
As the centrioles reach opposite ends of the cell
the spindle fibers from each of the centrioles attach
to each chromosome at a specialized protein
structure called the kinetochore.

Other spindle fibers elongate, but

instead of attaching to chromosomes, they
interact with spindle from the opposite
pole.

It is during this stage that the

tension applied by the mitotic
spindle fibers aligns all of the
chromosomes along the
metaphase plate, an imaginary
line the divides the cell in two.

This organization is necessary

to ensure that in the next phase,
when the chromosomes are
separated, each new nucleus
will receive one copy of each
chromosome.

Anaphase is the shortest

stage of mitosis. The spindle
fibers shorten during
anaphase, pulling the sister
chromatids apart towards
opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase marks the stage

where the daughter
chromosomes arrive at the
poles and the spindle fibers
begin to disperse. Two
daughter nuclei form, nuclear
envelopes are constructed
and the chromosomes
become less
condensed. Mitosis, which
describes the division of the
nucleus, is now complete.

Cytokinesis describes the

division of the cytoplasm and
while it is not a stage of mitosis
(nuclear division), but does
result in the completion of cell
division and the end of the cell
cycle.
In animal cells, cytokinesis
involves the formation of a
cleavage furrow, which pinches
the cell into two distinct
daughter cells.

MEIOSIS
Used to produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
Assures that genetic diversity is achieved during sexual
reproduction.
Consists of 2 cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Meiosis starts with a diploid (2n) parent

cell that divides to make 4 haploid (n) cells.
In sexual reproduction, haploid gametes
from two different individuals combine to
produce a diploid zygote.

The resulting offspring is genetically

different from both parents.

Chromosome characteristics:

Haploid (n):
one set of chromosomes
Diploid (2n):
two sets of chromosomes
Eggs and sperm (gametes): haploid
Diploid set for humans: 2n = 46

Interphase before Meiosis: During the interphase

preceding meiosis, DNA replication takes place.

MEIOSIS
I

Prophase I:
Homologous chromosomes pair up and form
tetrads. This pairing is known as synapsis. While paired,
the homologous chromosomes exchange genetic
material in a process called crossing over. Crossing over
contributes to the genetic variation of sexual
reproduction. While all this is occurring, the nuclear
envelope and nucleoli begin to disappear. Spindle fibers
attach to the chromosomes and begin moving them to
the equatorial plate.

Metaphase I:
Homologous chromosomes, in a pair-wise fashion, have
lined up on the equatorial plate. One homologue is
positioned on each side of the equatorial plate. The
orientation is random, which means that there is a 5050 chance for the daughter cells to get either the
maternal or paternal homologue for each
chromosome. This is known as independent
assortment.

Anaphase I:
Chromosomes from each pair move to opposite poles of
the cell. Each chromosome still consists of two sister
chromatids.

Telophase I:
Nuclear envelopes may reform, or the cell may
immediately start meiosis II. DNA replication does NOT
take place. There are now only a haploid number of
chromosomes in each cell.

Summary of Meiosis I:
Crossing over occurs between
homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes separate
from each other and 2 haploid cells
are formed.

MEIOSIS
II

Prophase I:
Chromatin once again condenses into discrete
chromosomes. The spindle apparatus forms.
Metaphase II:
Chromosomes are lined up along the equatorial plate,
similar to metaphase in mitosis. Due to crossing over
in meiosis I, the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome are no longer genetically
identical. Microtubules from opposite poles attach
to each sister chromatid of a chromosome.

Anaphase II:
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite
poles as individual chromosomes.
Telophase II:
Chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelopes
reform. Meiotic division has produced 4 daughter cells,
each with a haploid set of chromosomes and each
chromosome has only one chromatid. Each of the 4
daughter cells is genetically distinct from each other and
the parent cell.

Summary of Meiosis II:

Sister chromatids separate from
each other (similar to mitosis)
and 4 haploid gamete cells are
formed.

Q&A

QUESTION 1:

1. Put the phases of mitosis in the correct order.

A. prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase
B. metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase
C. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
D. anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase

QUESTION 2:
2. Mitosis is completed at which stage?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
E. Cytokinesis

QUESTION 3:
3. Chromatin is
A. the fibrous tissue that binds DNA together
B. the complex of DNA and protein that make up
the chromosomes
C. a fluorescent dye use to stain DNA
D. a chemical that triggers the replication of DNA

QUESTION 4:
4. During anaphase:
A. Chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase
plate
B. The mitotic spindle checkpoint is created
C. Microtubules being to invade the nuclear space
D. Chromosomes separate

QUESTION 5:
5. Which of the following events do NOT occur in
prophase?
A. Chromosomes are replicated
B. Nuclear membrane breaks down
C. DNA condenses to form distinct chromosomes
D. Mitotic spindle begins to form

QUESTION 6:
6. The division of cytoplasm is called
A. Telophase
B. Cytokinesis
C. Cleavage
D. Mitosis

QUESTION 7:
7. The chromosomes are replicated during
A. Mitosis
B. G1 phase
C. S phase
D. Prophase

QUESTION 8:
8. Which of the following represents the correct
order of the phases of the cell cycle?
A. G1 to S to G2 to M
B. M to S to G1 to G2
C. G1 to G2 to S to M
D. S to M to G1 to G2

QUESTION 9:
9. Each chromosome is replicated (copied) prior
to cell division. The products of this replication
are attached by a centromere and are called:
A. Homologous chromosomes
B. Sister chromosomes
C. Kinetochores
D. Sister chromatids

QUESTION 10:
10. In mitosis, chromosomes line up at the
equatorial plate during
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase

QUESTION 11:
11. During which stage of meiosis do chromatids
separate completely?
A. Metaphase I
B. Anaphase I
C. Telophase II
D. Anaphase II

QUESTION 12:
12. Which event occurs in meiosis but not mitosis?
A. Chromosome condensation
B. Chromatid separation
C. Crossing over
D. Chromosome movement to poles

QUESTION 13:
13. Meiosis results in
A. 2 haploid daughter cells
B. 4 diploid daughter cells
C. 2 diploid daughter cells
D. 4 haploid daughter cells

QUESTION 14:
14. Crossing over occurs during
A. Prophase I
B. Prophase II
C. Metaphase I
D. Anaphase II

QUESTION 15:
15. A cell with a diploid number of 24 goes
through meiosis. How many chromosomes are
in each daughter cell?
A. 24
B. 12
C. 48
D. 6

QUESTION 16:
16. The 4 homologous chromatids which come
together in meiosis I is referred to as a(n)
A. Centromere
B. Kinetochore
C. Metaphase plate
D. Tetrad

QUESTION 17:
17. During which stage of the meiotic cell cycle
does DNA replication occur?
A. Interphase
B. Anaphase II
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase I

QUESTION 18:
18. During which phase of meiosis does the
nuclear envelope reform around the
chromosomes?
A. Interphase
B. Anaphase II
C. Telophase II
D. Prophase I

QUESTION 19:
19. Homologous chromosomes move towards
opposite poles of a cell during
A. Anaphase II
B. Anaphase I
C. Telophase II
D. Metaphase I

QUESTION 20:
20. Metaphase of meiosis I and meiosis II differ
in that
A. Homologues line up in meiosis I and
duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II
B. Chromosomes line up at the equator
C. Sister chromatids line up in meiosis I and duplicated
chromosomes line up in meiosis II
D. There are the same number of chromosomes