Micromechanics

based on the Eshelby solu4on:

Concepts and formulas

Yves Chemisky and Fodil Meraghni

Arts et Mtiers ParisTech, France

2nd IIMEC Winter school 2013

College Station, Texas, USA

Motivations

Material by design

Materials

Process

Courtesy of P. Chinesta

Microstructure

Effect of injection process

on the orientation of fibers

Properties
Local
microstructures

Motivations

Material by design

Materials

Process

Courtesy of P. Chinesta

Microstructure

Effect of injection process

on the orientation of fibers

Properties
Local
microstructures

Automo4ve Industry Requirements:

Need to predict the overall behavior of automo4ve component
integra4ng the process induced microstructure of the composite
Ex. Tailgate (rear closure) made of discon4nuous ber composite (SMC)

Microstructure Variability:
Distribu2ons of ber volume frac2on, ber orienta2on and length induced by the
injec2on process.

(courtesy of
Plas4c
Omnium)

The problem of homogenization

Given an heterogeneous material

t =n

t =n

..

Lr

r
..

matrix

L0
inhomogeneities

Equivalent homogeneous material

Find an equivalent homogeneous material that has the same

macroscopic behavior.

Fundamental micromechanics problem

Inhomogeneity: Part of an elastic
medium with different elastic
properties than the surrounding
medium

Inclusion : Part of an elastic

medium with same elastic
properties

Lr

L0
r

L0

L0

Fundamental micromechanics problem

Inclusion problem definition:
A region in an infinite elastic medium undergoes a change of shape and
size by introduction of an eigenstrain
What is the stress state of the inclusion and the surrounding matrix?

?
L0

L0
r

L0

L0
r

The Eshelby solution

Solution procedure:

L0
r

L0

The Eshelby solution

Solution procedure:
I.

Remove the inclusion and allow it

to undergo a stress-free strain

L0

The Eshelby solution

Solution procedure:
I.

Remove the inclusion and allow it

to undergo a stress-free strain

II. Apply a surface traction to the

inclusion

L0

The Eshelby solution

Solution procedure:
I.

Remove the inclusion and allow it

to undergo a stress-free strain

II. Apply a surface traction to the

inclusion
Put it back in the matrix
r

L0

The Eshelby solution

Solution procedure:
I.

Remove the inclusion and allow it

to undergo a stress-free strain

II. Apply a surface traction to the

inclusion
Put it back in the matrix
III. Cancel those tractions by applying
the opposite tractions on the
surface of the inclusion

L0

Eshelby solution
Inclusion problem solution:
Solving the following boundary value problem (e.g. with Greens functions)
to find stress and strain state induced by the effect of the eigenstrain

L0

L0

The Eshelby solution

Eshelby fundamental results:
- In an ellipsoidal inclusion, the total strain induced by the appearance of
a uniform eigenstrain is uniform
- The uniform total strain can be expressed as a function of the
eigenstrain per:

Fourth order Eshelby tensor

The Eshelby tensor depends on the material properties and the shape of
the inclusion (i.e., aspect ratio)
Analytical expressions can be found for isotropic linear materials for some
specific shapes (spheres, cylinders, )

Constitutive law for linear elasticitty:

Considering two vectors and , defined below:

The constitutive equation for an anisotropic material can be written:

Where the components of the 6*6 matrix L are:

The uniform total strain can be expressed as a function of the

eigenstrain per

Where the components of the 6*6 matrix S are:

2
2
2

Analytical solution for Spheres and cylinders

For a homogeneous, isotropic linear elastic behavior of the media:
Spherical inclusion:
3"

1"

2"

Analytical solution for Spheres and cylinders

For a homogeneous, isotropic linear elastic behavior of the media:
Cylindrical inclusion (axis of revolution 1):
3"

2"

1"

Numerical estimation of the Eshelby tensor

For a homogeneous, anisotropic behavior.
Eshelby
Tensor

Sijkl

1
m
=
Cmnkl
8

+1

d {G
3

imjn

( ) + G j min ( )}d

Eshelbys Equivalence principle

Total stress in the inhomogeneity:
Principle of superposition:

L0

Lr
inhomogeneity

Eshelbys Equivalence principle

Total stress in the inclusion, subjected to an arbitrary eigenstrain:
Principle of superposition:

L0

Eshelbys Equivalence principle

An inhomogeneity can be treated as an inclusion, with a prescribed
eigenstrain (to be defined) that corresponds to the elastic stiffness mismatch
These two situations are equivalent if the stress state in the inclusion is
identical

Lr
r

L0

L0

Eshelbys Equivalence principle

Lr
r

L0

L0

Eshelbys Equivalence principle

Making use of the Eshelby solution:

The eigenstrain can found as a function of the stiffness tensors and the
Eshlby tensor:

The total strain in the inclusion is expressed:

Where:

or:

Average theorems
The average stress is defined as
Let a domain D of volume V being
subjected to prescribed tractions over its
entire boundary S
If the prescribed tractions at the boundary
are such that
is constant on the surface
S and without the presence of body forces:

n
2

..
r

..

S
0

matrix

inhomogeneity

Average theorems
Demonstration

Using the product rule of derivatives

Making use of the Divergence theorem:

Conservation law of linear momentum without body forces

Average theorems
Demonstration

If the prescribed tractions at the boundary are such that

the surface S:

is constant on

Average theorems
Demonstration
Using again the divergence theorem:

Average theorems
The average strain is defined as
Let a domain D of volume V being
subjected to prescribed displacement over
its entire boundary S
If the prescribed displacement at the
boundary is such that
is constant on the
surface S:

n
2

..
r

..

S
0

matrix

inhomogeneity

Average theorems
Demonstration

Making use of the Divergence theorem:

If the prescribed displacement the boundary is such that

the surface S:

is constant on

Average theorems
Demonstration

Using again the divergence theorem:

Average theorems
Demonstration

Hill-Mandel theorem
Evaluation of the strain energy (per unit volume) of a heterogeneous
material:

Hill-Mandel theorem
Could this be compared to the strain energy of an equivalent material,
i.e. a media with the following strain energy:

Hill-Mandel theorem
Rearranging these expression yields an important form of the Hill lemma:

For homogeneous boundary conditions, in terms of displacement or tractions, i.e:

or
The Hill-Mandel theorem yields:

Definition of effective modulus of heterogeneous media

Consider an heterogeneous media composed of N distinct phases. The
stiffness of each phase r is defined by its stiffness tensor Lr
Applicable to the 2 main types of microstructures, i.e composites and polycrystals:
L2
L2

L1

..
Lr

Lr
..

..

L1

L0

matrix

..
LN

LN

inhomogeneity

grain

Definition of effective modulus of heterogeneous media

Consider an heterogeneous media composed of N distinct phases. The
stiffness of each phase r is defined by its stiffness tensor Lr
How to define the effective modulus

..

Lr

r
..

matrix

L0
inhomogeneities

Equivalent homogeneous material

Definition of effective modulus of heterogeneous media

A straightforward approach of the effective stiffness tensor:

And of the effective compliance tensor:

..

Lr

r
..

matrix

L0
inhomogeneities

Equivalent homogeneous material

Definition of effective modulus of heterogeneous media

Equivalence of the strain energy of the heterogeneous (composite)
media and the homogeneous media:

The heterogeneous and homogeneous media are subjected to a prescribed

displacement at the boundary, such that
is constant on the surface Sc
and Sh. Therefore,
and:

Using the Hill theorem:

Definition of effective modulus of heterogeneous media

Equivalence of the strain energy of the heterogeneous (composite)
media and the homogeneous media:

The heterogeneous and homogeneous media are subjected to prescribed

tractions at the boundary, such that
is constant on the surface Sc and
Sh. Therefore,
and:

Using the Hill theorem:

Localization laws
Consider an heterogeneous material.
Each local components (stress, strain but also other quantities) can be
related to the prescribed/average quantities:

A and B are referred as strain

concentration tensor and stress
concentration tensor, respectively
Heterogeneous media

Localization laws
If the material is composed of N distinct phases, each per-phase average
components (stress, strain but also other quantities) can be related to the
prescribed/average quantities:

..
r

A and B are referred as strain

concentration tensor and stress
concentration tensor, respectively

..

matrix

inhomogeneity

Concentration tensors and effective modulus

If the material is composed of N distinct phases:
The average strain

becomes

Thus:

Concentration tensors and effective modulus

If the material is composed of N distinct phases:
The average stress

becomes

Thus:

Concentration tensors and effective modulus

For an heterogeneous material:

Local constitutive law

Localization law
From the definition of the effective stiffness
tensor:

Concentration tensors and effective modulus

If the material is composed of N distinct phases:

Local constitutive law

Localization law
From the definition of the effective stiffness
tensor:

..
r

..

Approximation methods to determine the effective

properties
The effective modulus requires the definition of the concentration
tensors.
The methods based on the Eshelby solution are always constructed with
the same spirit: The expression of the concentration tensors as a function
of the interaction tensor.

The Dilute Approximation

t =n

t =n

..

Lr

r
..

matrix

Lr
r

L0

L0
inhomogeneity

The dilute approximation : 1 inhomogeneity, same volume fraction of the phases

The Dilute Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to the following prescribed
displacement boundary condition:

Since each phase is considered as a single inhomogeneity:

and:

The effective stiffness tensor is obtained from the expression of the concentration
tensors since

The Dilute Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to prescribed tractions such
that :

At the boundary, the strain is expressed using the Hookes law:

thus

Making use of the Hooke

law again:

The Dilute Approximation

The stress concentration tensor is thus written:
and:
The effective stiffness tensor is obtained from the expression of the concentration
tensors since

The Mori-Tanaka Approximation

t =n

t0 = 0 n

..

r
..

matrix

Lr

Lr

L0

L0
inhomogeneity

The Mori-Tanaka Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to the following prescribed
displacement boundary condition:

Each phase is supposed to be embedded in an infinite matrix where the

boundary conditions depends the average strain in the matrix:

From the average strain theorem:

The Mori-Tanaka Approximation

Using again the localization equation:

The expression of the concentration tensors are identified:

and:

The effective stiffness tensor is obtained from the expression of the concentration
tensors since

The Mori-Tanaka Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to the following prescribed
displacement boundary condition:

Each phase is supposed to be embedded in an infinite matrix where the

boundary conditions depends on to the average stress in the matrix:

From the average stress theorem:

The Mori-Tanaka Approximation

Using again the localization equation combined with the Hookes law:

The expression of the concentration tensors are identified:

and:

The effective compliance tensor is obtained from the expression of the

concentration tensors since

The Self-Consistent Approximation

t =n

t =n

..

Lr

r
..

matrix

Lr
r

L0
inhomogeneity

N times
Equivalent homogeneous material

The SC approximation : Inhomogeneities, same volume fraction of the phases

The Self-Consistent Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to the following prescribed
displacement boundary condition:

Each phase is considered as a single inhomogeneity embedded in the effective

medium:
and:

The localization tensor is obtained from the effective elastic properties of the
medium:

The Self-Consistent Approximation

Consider that the composite is subjected to prescribed tractions such
that :

At the boundary, the strain is expressed using the Hookes law:

thus

Making use of the Hooke

law again:

The Self-Consistent Approximation

The stress concentration tensor is thus written:
and:
The effective stiffness tensor is obtained from the expression of the concentration
tensors since

Summary

r = Tr Ref
r = Ar
r = Br

.
.

Lr r

..

0L
0

matrix

Ref

LRef

inhomogeneity

Eshelby Dilute Solution (EDS)

Ref = 0 =

Prescribed uniform
strain

LRef = L0

Mori-Tanaka Solution (MTS)

Ref = 0
Ref = 0 =

Average strain in
matrix

LRef = L0

Average strain of the

composite

LRef = L

Self-Consistent Solution (SCS)

Eshelby Dilute Solution (EDS)

r = Tr Ref = Tr
r =

EDS
r

EDS

r = Br

A
0

EDS

= Br

LRef = L0

EDS
r

Ref = 0 =

EDS
r

= Tr = I + S r L 0 ( Lr L0 )

r = Lr r = Lr Tr = Lr Tr M 0

EDS
r

= LrTr M 0

Mori-Tanaka Solution (MTS)

A
B

MTS
r

MTS
r

LRef = L0

Ref = 0
1

= Tr crTr =
r =0

EDS
r

crTr
r =0

EDS
1
= LrTr crTr = B r M 0 crTr
r =0

r =0

with T0 = I
It can be shown that:

MTS
0

= crTr
r =0

MTS
0

= L0 crTr
r =0

 Ref = 0 = LRef = L

Self-Consistent Solution (SCS)

SCS
r

= T r = I + S r L ( Lr L)

SCS
r

= Lr T r M