Acid & base

Alkali
A compound that ionises in water to produce hydroxide ion, OHstrong alkali
A compound which ionises completely in water to produce high
concentration of hydroxide ion, OHweak alkali
A compound which ionises partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-

Acid & base

pH
A scale which measures the degree the concentration of
hydrogen ions,H+ , in a solution
monoprotic acid
An acid that dissociate in water to form one hydrogen,H+ ion per
molecule of acid
diprotic acid
An acid that dissociate in water to form two hydrogen ion, H+
per molecule of acid
Structure of
atom
Isotopes
Atoms of the same elements with the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons
nucleon number
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Acid & base

Acid
A compound that ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion, H+
strong alkali
compound which ionises completely in water to produce high
concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
weak alkali
compound which ionises partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
Acid &
base
Concentration
Quantity (g or mole) of solute in a given volume of solution
neutralisation
A reaction in which an H + ions from acid reacts with OH- ions
from alkali to produce water
salt
A compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ of an acid is
replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+
Structure of
atom
molar mass
mass of one mole of substance in grams
molar volume
volume occupied by one mole of any gas,

proton number
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

molecular formula
formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element
in a molecule

valence electron
Electron found in the outermost occupied shell of an atom

empirical formula
formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in
a compound

analgesic
substance that relieves pain

Chemical for
Consumer

antibiotic
substance produced from micro-organism used to kill bacteria
detergent
sodium or potassium salt of alkyl sulphonic acid or alkylbenzene
sulphonic acid

anion
ions with negative charge

Electrochemis
try

cation
ions with positive charge
electrolysis
process whereby an electrolyte is broken down into its
constituent elements when electricity is passed through
electrolyte
substance in molten state or aqueous solution that is able to
conduct electricity

Chemical for
Consumer
hard water
water that contains calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions,
Mg2+
preservative
substance added to food to slow down or prevent the growth of
microorganisms
soap
sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acid
anode
Electrochemis
electrode where oxidation process takes place (electrons are
try
donated)
cathode
electrode where reduction process takes place (electrons are
accepted)
electroplating
process whereby a thin layer of metal is deposited on another
metal using electricity
voltaic cell
cell from 2 different metals immersed in an electrolyte to
produce electrical energy.

melting point
temperature at which a solid changes into liquid

Matter

boiling point
temperature at which a liquid changes into gas
compound
substance that contains two or more elements that are
chemically bonded together
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter
condensation
process where gas becomes a liquid
diffusion
Random ovement of particles at from a higher concentration area to
lower concentration area
evaporation
process that change liquid to gaseous state below its boiling
point
sublimation
process where gas becomes a solid

alloy
A mixture of metals in a fixed composition that improves the
properties of a particular metal
composite material
Chemical
advanced material that is formed by combining two
or more in
industries
different material
monomer
small molecule or sub-unit of a polymer
polymer
large molecule that is made up of many small
molecules(monomers)
Carbon
hydrocarbon
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen compounds
saturated hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon molecules that are made entirely of carbon-carbon
single bonds
structural formula
formula that shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded
together and by what types of bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon molecules containing at least one carbon-carbon
double or triple bonds

Carbon
compounds
isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula, but with different
structural formulae
homologous series
organic compounds which have the same chemical properties
combustion
reaction Whereby a substance combines with oxygen to form
oxides and gives off heat energy

Carbon
substitution reaction
compounds
reaction where an atom replaces a hydrogen atom in the alkane
molecule
addition reaction
A reaction where two reactants combine to form one product
fat
esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
vulcanization
process whereby rubber is reacted with sulphur
Periodic table
amphotheric oxide
An oxide compound that exhibits both acidic and basic
properties.able to react with both acid and alkali to form salt
and water
basic oxide
oxide of metal that shows basic properties
group
vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements
Rate of
activation energy
reaction
minimum energy that must be achieved by the colliding particles
of the reactants in order for reaction to occur
catalyst
substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction but
remains chemically unchanged at the end of reaction
effective collision
collision where the total energy of the colliding particles is equal
to or greater than the activation energy and in the correct
orientation that will result in a reaction

Periodic table

period
horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements
covalent bond
chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
ionic bond
chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons

Thermochemi
stry
endothermic reaction
reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings
exothermic reaction
reaction that gives out heat to the surroundings

Thermochemi
stry
heat of displacement
heat released when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its salt
solution by a more electropositive metal
Heat of neutralisation
heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction
between an acid and an alkali

heat of combustion
heat released when 1 mole of [fuel] is completely burnt in
oxygen under standard conditions

heat of precipitation
heat change when 1 mole of a precipitate is formed from their
ions in aqueous solutione
Redox

oxidant// oxidising agent

substance that oxidizes other substance while itself undergoes
reduction // accepts electron

Redox
Reductant// Reducing agent
substance that reduces other substance while itself undergoes
oxidation // donates electron

oxidation
chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, loses
hydrogen, loses electrons or undergoes an increase in oxidation
number

reduction
chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, gains
hydrogen, gains electrons or undergoes a decrease in oxidation
number

redox reaction
chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously

rusting
redox reaction whereby iron is oxidized to its ions in the
presence of oxygen and water