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WOULD
as a kind of past form of WILL:
When I was a child, I thought I would be an astronaut.
as a polite request:
Would you help me with my bags?
CAN
shows ability:
Superman can fly.
as a polite request.
Can you help me to carry this box?
BE ABLE TO
ABLE TO is similar in meaning to CAN. The structure is as follows:
BE VERB + ABLE + TO + BASE VERB
Some examples:
She is able to speak French.
They are able to help us.
He was able to escape before the guards saw him.
He will be able to walk again in a few months.
They may be able to help us.
COULD
is the past tense of CAN
I could run faster when I was young.
HAD BETTER
to give warnings:
You had better be here on time tomorrow or youre fired.
to give strong piece of advice:
You had better be careful. There are lots of snakes around here.
We often match HAD BETTER to OR ELSE:
Youd better not tease the dog or else hell bite you.
Youd better be careful, or else!
Learners often confuse HAD BETTER with SHOULD or MUST. HAD BETTER is used to give a
warning, MUST for a situation where you have no choice and SHOULD is the standard phrase used
to give advice:
USED TO
shows that something happened in the past, but no longer:
We used to live in Spain, but now we live in Italy.
shows that the speaker is comfortable or familiar with something through habit
I am used to eating spicy food.
In the first sentence, the meaning is a habitual action in the past. In the second sentence, the
meaning is familiar with or comfortable with. Jack has dealt with tough clients many times so it
is no problem for him.
*Note that the two meanings have different sentence structures.
Here, we are concerned with the second meaning, familiar with. The structure is as follows:
BE VERB + USED + TO + GERUND
Jack is used to eating spicy food.
Jill is used to working long hours.
Ahmad is used to getting up early.
Past and future versions:
George was used to doing physical exercise when he was a marine.
George will be used to doing physical exercise after his year in the army.
We can also use the following form:
BE VERB + USED + TO + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE
I am used to the rain.
Mei Ling is used to tough customers.
Chavez is used to people who talk in a British accent.
The negative and question forms:
I am not used to spicy food.
Are you used to spicy food?
STRUCTURE
Modal verbs are followed by the base verb:
Correct: We should go.
Incorrect: We should going / We should gone
In the past tense, we add have:
We should have gone
For the continuous form, add BE and the ING form:
We should be going
For the passive forms, add BE (present) or BEEN (past) and the past participle:
It should be eaten.
It should have been eaten.
For most modals, the negative is formed in the following way:
MODAL + NOT + BASE VERB
may not go
will not see
must not do
would not have
In spoken English, we use the short forms, such as:
wouldnt
mustnt
cant
wont
neednt
couldnt
Tricky point: have to and must have the same meaning. However, mustnt and dont have to
are different!
You mustnt drink alcohol after taking this medicine. (strong warning, it cannot be done)
You dont have to take this medicine now. (recommendation; I can choose to take it or not)