Basic Elements

Java Language
Programming
Basic Programming Elements
Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements
Content
1. Stand alone applications and mini-applications
2. Name and identifiers
3. Java program structure
4. Data types
5. Operators
6. Flow execution control
1. Stand alone applications and mini-applications

Mini- applications = applets
stand alone application)
= program that can be used independently.
They have main() method
public static void main (String[] args)
launching the execution (run program) Java interpreter

java numeProgram
Applet
A Java program that extends Applet class.
This class doesnt contain main method the program cannot be
launched using Java interpreter.
They are used in Web pages (via HTML file).
Web server
browser (ex. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox).
2. Names and Identifiers

An identifier is a sequence of unlimited length of letters and digits where
the first is compulsory a letter.
They are string of characters representing names given to variable, classes or
methods.
They should differ from keywords (including null, false and true).
Names are used for referring entities like packages, class types, interfaces,
type members, parameters, local variables etc.
The names can be:
simple - ex.: xxx
composed sequences of identifiers separated by ".". ex.: xxx.yyy.zzz
abstract do
import
public
try
boolean double
instanceof return
void
break
else
int
short
volatile
byte
extends
interface static
while
case
final
long
super
catch
finally
native
switch
char
float
new
synchronized
class
for
null
this
const
goto
package
throw
continue if
private
throws
default implements protected transient
Keywords
Ex.:
java.awt.BorderLayout
java.lang.System.out.println()
3. Java Program Structure

Lexical entities:
comments
keywords
identifiers
literals
separators signs ({, }, [, ], ;, . and ,) used to separate lexical entities
operators
Variables
Constants
Expressions
Instructions lexical units that describe what the program has to

perform the instructions are separated by ;.
Code block { instructions; }.
packages
subpackages
Source files
Code source filename.java
Compiler javac filename.class
Package declaration:
package NumePachet;
10
Program example:
/** Program name
* Comments
*/
public class NumeClasaPrincipala
{
/**
* Metoda principala a aplicatiei *
* Se pot transmite parametrii prin tabelul
argumente */
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Aici se adauga codul programului
System.out.println("Salut! Merge programul!");
}//terminare metoda main
}
de
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Compilation javac
Running
java NumeClasaprincipala
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4. Data Types
Type variabileName;
Variable types in Java:
reference - classes, interfaces, arrays (or null) and
primitive data.
Where are they used?
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Primitive data types

Type
Significance
byte
Integer
short Integer cu semn
Dimension
Minim
8 bii
-128
16 bii
-32768
Integer cu semn
32 bii
Integer cu semn 64 bii
Integer fr semn 16 bii
Float point
32 bii
float
Virgul mobil n
simpl precizie
double Virgul mobil n 64 bii
dubl precizie
int
long
char
boolean Val. boolean
32 bii
-2147483648
63
-2
Characters
38
-3.40282347*10
Maxim
+127
32767
2147483648
63
2 -1
Characters
38
3.40282347*10
1.79769313486231
308
1.7976931348623157 570*10
0*10308
false
true
14
Data can be:

1. numerical - integers: byte, short, int, long, char;
2. numerical - real: float, double.
3. boolean - logical
4. character - char.
In Java are used for characters the standard Unicode (Wide Character) with
38.885 characters.
15
String data1;
String data2=sir de caractere;
String data3=new String("alt sir");
16
Data types declarations:

byte varByte; // variabila de 8 biti
short varShort; // variabila de 16 biti
int varInt;
// variabila de 32 biti
long varLong; // variabila de 64 biti
long varLong=1L; //atribuire
long varLong=2l;
float varFloat; // variabila de 32 biti
double varDouble; // variabila de 64 biti
char caracter; // variabila de un caracter
char caracter = c; //declara variabila caracter
si ii atribuie //valoarea c
boolean val=true;
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Arrays:
int Matrice1[]; //
float Matrice2[][]; //
Matrice2 mat=new float[3][4];
int[] matrice3=new int[5];
mat i matrice3 sunt date de tip referin (reference type).
String[] str= {"unu", "doi", "trei"};
int[] tab= {1, 3, 5, 2, 34};
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5. Operators
1. Assign operator - "=".
add (+=)
subtract (-=)
multiplication (*=)
divide (/=)
modulo (%=)
AND (&=)
OR (|=)
EXCLUSIVE OR (^=)
int x=y=z=25;
a = 3; // atribuie variabilei a valoarea 3
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a - = 5; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a 5. (scdere i

atribuire)
a * = 2; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a * 2. (nmulire i
atribuire)
a / = 5; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a / 5
2. Binary arithmetic operators:
add (+) ex.: a+b
subtract (-) ex.: a-b
multiply (*) ex.: a*b
divide (/) ex.: a/b
modulo (%) ex.: a%b
3. Unary arithmetic operators:
decrement (-) ex.: a-Tiberiu Leia: Software Engineering Java Programming Language Programming Basic Elements
20
increment (+) ex.: a++

minus sign (-)
plus sign (+)
int x=3, y, z;
y=++x; // x este incrementat inainte de atribuire
z=y--; //intai se face atribuirea si apoi decrementarea
z=-y; //atribuie valoarea lui y cu semn schimbat
x=~y; //atribuie valoarea lui y cu complementare pe biti
float f1=3.15, f2;
f2=f1++;
f3=++f1;
f1=5.15, f2=3.15 i f3=5.15.
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Order:
int < long < float < double
4. Relational operators:
equal (==)
different (!=)
greater (>)
smaller (<)
greater or equal (>=)
smaller or equal (<=)
type boolean (true or false).
22
5. Logical operators:
- conditional
- boolean -
and AND (&&)

or OR (||)
NOT (!)
- AND (&)
- OR (|)
- XOR (^)
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6. Bit operators
Operator
=
>
<
<=
>=
==
!=
!
~
?:
&&
||
Operation
Atribuire
Mai mare dect
Mai mic dect
Mai mic sau egal cu
Mai mare sau egal cu
Egal cu
Nu este egal cu
Negaie logic
Negaie logic pe bii
Operatori condiional
I (conditional AND)
SAU (conditional OR)
Example
a=b
a>b
a<b
a <= b
a >= b
a == b
a != b
!a
~a
a ? expr1 : expr2
a && b
a || b
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++
-+
*
/
%
&
|
^
<<
>>
>>>
+=
Incrementare
Decrementare
Adunare
Scdere
Multiplicare
mprire
Modulo
I pe bii (bitwise AND)
SAU pe bii (bitwise OR)
SAU EXCLUSIV pe bii (XOR)
Deplasare stnga
Deplasare dreapta
Deplasare dreapta cu umplere cu
zero
Atribuie rezultatul adunrii
a++ or ++a
a-- or --a
a+b
a - b or -b
a*b
a/b
a%b
a&b
a|b
a^b
a << b
a >> b
a >>> b
a += b
25
-=
*=
/=
&=
|=
^=
%=
<<=
>>=
>>>=
Atribuie rezultatul scderii

Atribuie rezultatul nmulirii
Atribuie rezultatul mpririi
Atribuie rezultatul lui I pe bii
Atribuie rezultatul lui SAU pe bii
Atribuie rezultatul lui SAU
EXCLUSIV pe bii
Atribuie rezultatul lui modulo
Atribuie rezultatul deplasrii la
stnga
dreapta
dreapta cu umplere cu zero
a -= b
a *= b
a /= b
a &= b
a |= b
a ^= b
a %= b
a <<= b
a >>= b
a >>>= b
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7. Concatenation operator for string of characters +.

String s1=qwe;
String s2=M;
String s3;
s3=s1+s2;
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6. Instructions for the control of execution

if,
for,
while,
do while,
switch,
break and
continue.
28
if instructions
1) if (expresie_conditie) instructiune;
2) if (expresie)
{
instructiuni;
}
3) if (expresie) instructiune
else instructiune;
4) if (expresie)
{
instructiuni;
}
else
{
instructiuni;
}
29
5) test ? rezultat_adevarat : rezultat_false;
z = (x < y) ? x : y;
if ((a==true) || (b==false)) { ....}
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switch
switch (test) {
case valoareUnu : rezultatUnu;
break:
case valoareDoi : rezultatDoi;
break;
case valoareTrei : rezultatTrei;
break;
..
default :
rezultatImplicit;
}
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for loop
for (initialization; test; increment) instruction;
or
for (initialization; test; increment) {
instructions;
}
32
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)

{
if (tab[i]==0)
{
System.out.println{Eroare:Impartire cu zero+ i);
break;
}
else tabel[i]=tabel[i]/tab[i];
}
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while and do while

while (condition) {
corpulBuclei;
}
do {
corpulBuclei;
} while (condition);
34
Example:
int contor=0;
while (contor < 10)
{
System.out.println(In bucla: contor= + contor);
contor++;
}
int i=1;
do {
System.out.println(In bucla: i= + i);
i++;
} while (i<=10);
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Instructions: break and continue

label_1: while () {
if () break label_1;
continue;
.
}//end while
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*
****
***END***
****
*
37

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Java Language

1. Stand alone applications and mini-applications

launching the execution (run program) Java interpreter

2. Names and Identifiers

3. Java Program Structure

Instructions lexical units that describe what the program has to

Primitive data types

boolean Val. boolean

Data can be:

Data types declarations:

a - = 5; // atribuie variabilei a rezultatul operaiei a 5. (scdere i

increment (+) ex.: a++

and AND (&&)

Atribuie rezultatul scderii

7. Concatenation operator for string of characters +.

6. Instructions for the control of execution

5) test ? rezultat_adevarat : rezultat_false;

for (int i=0; i<10; i++)

while and do while

Instructions: break and continue

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