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.The voltage sources are too far from the load centres
where :
y are the algebraic variables, i.e. voltage amplitudes V and phases at the
network buses and all other algebraic variables such as generator field voltages,
AVR reference voltages, etc.,
x are the state variables,
u are controllable input variables, such as reference voltages of AVRs,
are non-controllable variables such as the wind speed.
Equations g are the algebraic equations that include power flow equations,
and f are the differential equations.
Equations (1) and (2) are usually solved in the time domain by means of the numerical
integration and power flow analysis methods (Power flow programs).
Through linearization Equations (1) and (2) are expressed as follows
not all responses to disturbances do occur instantaneously but require some time. See
fig
In Quasi-static, The changes that are assumed to be constant in static changes, but not
realistically modeled.
o
As the power transfer increases the critical (nose) point is reached where any further
increase in active power transfer will lead to very rapid decrease in voltage magnitude.
V-Q
A fictitious synchronous generator with zero active power and no reactive power limit is
connected to the test bus. The power-flow program is run and reactive power at the bus
is noted from the power flow solutions and plotted against the specified voltage.
The reactive power margin is the MVAR distance between the operating point and either
the nose point of the V-Q curve or the point where capacitor characteristics at the bus
are tangent to the V-Q curve
Although power flow analysis is suitable for screening, final decisions involving
expensive reinforcements or operating limits should be confirmed by more accurate
time domain simulation. Thus we believe that relatively simple power flow simulation
followed by dynamic simulation of critical cases is the best approach.
which is the reduced V-Q Jacobian matrix, the Q-V modal analysis can be performed.
Therefore, the bus, branch and generator participation factors are obtained. Moreover,
the stability margin and the shortest distance to instability will be determined
The advantage of modal analysis is that it clearly identifies groups of buses which
participate in the instability. The Q-V analysis, being a single-bus approach, is unable to
provide any connection between results obtained for individual buses. For large
practical systems it may be necessary to compute a very large number of Q-V curves in
order to find the problem area. The modal analysis approach eliminates this problem
.and easily identifies, on a system-wide basis, areas which are potentially troublesome
Probabilistic Approach
The use of statistical techniques to analyze power systems, the historical
data input is treated as an RV
Thefoundation for PLFs was established in 2
((9))Voltage Stability Probabilistic Assessment in
Composite Systems: Modeling Unsolvability and
Controllability Loss: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
SYSTEMS,, 2010
Probabilistic load flow, IEEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-93, pp. 752759, 1974.
APLICATIONS TO WIND
((10))Optimal wind power location on transmission
systemA probabilistic load flowapproach, in Proc.
The presence of the voltage instability mechanisms in a system state can be identified
through the combination of the following techniques:
1) DMM (D Matrix Method) or modal analysis to detect controllability
loss problems;
2) OPF (Optimal power flow) or continuation power flow to assess the solvability
of the power flow equations.
KUNDUR