A

quick revision on the OSI model.

Network devices.
Networks topologies.

It is a way of sub-dividing
a communications
system into smaller parts
called layers.
A layer is a collection of
conceptually similar
functions that provide
services to the layer above it
and receives services from
the layer below it.

OSI model
Application layer

Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer

Physical layer

 Helps

users understand the big picture of networking.

Helps users understand how hardware and software
elements function together.
Makes troubleshooting easier by separating networks
into manageable pieces.
Defines terms that networking professionals can use
to compare basic functional relationships on different
networks.

Repeater.
Hub.
Bridge.
Router.

repeater connects two segments of your network

cable.
It retimes and regenerates the signals to proper
amplitudes and sends them to the other segments.
Repeaters require a small amount of time to
regenerate the signal.
Repeaters work only at the physical layer of the OSI
network model.

Is a device for connecting multiple devices together

and making them act as a single network segment.

Any

packet entering any port is regenerated and

broadcast out on all other ports.

Hubs

are classified as Layer 1 (physical layer) devices

in the OSI model.

bridge reads the outermost section of data on the

data packet, to tell where the message is going.
It reduces the traffic on other network segments,
since it does not send all packets.
Bridging occurs at the data link layer of the OSI
model, which means the bridge cannot read IP
addresses, but only the outermost Hardware Address
of the packet.

bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch

being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer
2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge.

Switches

may operate at one or more OSI layers,

including physical, data link, network, or transport
layer.

router is used to route data packets between two

networks.

It

reads the information in each packet to tell where

it is going.

Routing

occurs at the network layer of the OSI

model. Which means that Routers can read IP
addresses .

 Routers

do not send broadcast packets or

corrupted packets. If the routing table does not
indicate the proper address of a packet, the packet
is discarded.

Bus

topology.

Star

topology.

Ring

topology.

Mesh

topology.

 Bus

networks use a common backbone to

connect all devices.

 Easy

to install.
Add and remove
devices is simple.
Cost effective; only a
single cable is used.
Easy identification of
cable faults.

If

there is a problem
with the cable, the entire
network breaks down.
Sending data takes long
time.
Limited cable length and
number of stations.

 Many

home networks use the star topology. A star

network features a central connection point called a
"hub" that may be a router or a switch.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network
generally requires more cable, but a failure in any
star network cables will only take down one
computer's network access and not the entire LAN.

 Better

performance.
Isolation of devices.
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the
network when connecting
or removing devices.

High

dependence of the
system on the central hub.
Network size is limited by
the number of connections
that can be made to the
hub.

 In

a ring network, every device has exactly

two neighbors for communication purposes.
All messages travel through a ring in the
same direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise").

 Very

orderly network where

every device has access to the
token and the opportunity to
transmit.
Performs better than a bus
topology under heavy
network load.
Easy to install.

Add/Remove

devices.
Limited number of
devices.
High cost.
Time.

 Mesh

topologies involve the concept of routes.

Unlike

each of the previous topologies, messages sent

on a mesh network can take any of several possible
paths from source to destination.

Some

WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh

routing.

A mesh network in which

every device connects to every
other is called a full mesh.

Partial mesh networks also exist

in which some devices connect
only indirectly to others

 Low

rate of failure.

Low

time consuming
in sending data.

More

secured.

Add/Remove

Limited

devices.

devices.

number of

Thank
You