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1 INTRODUCTION
Finite element method (FEM) is a powerful tool commonly used for analysing a broad
range of engineering problems in different real-world such as vibration, heat, fluid flow,
and other physical effects. Numerical solutions to even very complicated stress problems
can now be obtained routinely using FEA, and the method is so important that it is
employed extensively in the analysis of solids and structures and of heat transfer and
fluids.
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computerized method for predicting. The basic
concept in the physical interpretation of the FEA is the subdivision of the mathematical
model into disjoint (non-overlapping) components of simple geometry called finite
elements or elements for short. The response of each element is expressed in terms of a
finite number of degrees of freedom characterized as the value of an unknown function,
or functions, at a set of nodal points. Finite element codes are less complicated than many
of the word processing and spreadsheet packages found on modern microcomputers.
In this study, LUSAS FEA package 14.0 was used to determine the dynamic
behavior of elevated reinforced concrete water tank for several model under El Centro,
California earthquake occurred in May 18, 1940. LUSAS Civil & Structural is a worldleading finite element analysis software application for the analysis, design and
assessment of all types of structures. The main advantages of using software to analyse
the model is it could generate the study result in a short time. Unlike the experimental
method, which will be time consuming. BoshraEltaly (2014) have conducted a research
in comparing the experimental and theoretical result of elevated water tank. Form the
research, BoshraEltaly had concluded that the measured and stimulated result values
differ by less than 5%.Thus, verification is often implemented to reinforce the reliability
of FEA result. Besides that, response-spectrum analysis (RSA), a frequency domain, is a
linear-dynamic statistical analysis method which measures the contribution from each
natural mode of vibration to indicate the likely maximum seismic response of an
essentially elastic structure.
Staging height
Water Level
The stimulation of elevated tanks will be conducted through finite element method using
LUSAS FEA Software. For the model, the frame element named as BMS3 is used to
model beam and columns. Thin quadrilateral shell element named as QSI4 will use to
model the walls and the rectangular tanks. The nominal size of the mesh have to choose
carefully to have a high accurate analysis in a short period.
3.3.2.2 Geometric properties
Whilst in practice column sizes would vary with height and beam size vary throughout
the structure, for simplicity, all the concrete column and beam sections for the frame
staging are assumed to be a solid square. The dimension of columns and beams are as
shown in Table 3.1.
The finite element characteristics of reservoir geometry as shown in Table 3.2.
Thickness of wall
Reservoir of tank
Size
Height of Wall
0.3m
4m x 7m
4m
3.2.2.3 Material
Reinforced concrete is used for the whole structure including frame staging and body of
reservoir.
Material properties of concrete and water are listed in Table 3.3.
Kinematics
Water
Specific
Bilk Modulus
Poison
Concrete
Specific Mass
Modulus of
viscosity
Mass
(N/m2)
Ratio
(kg/m3)
Elasticity
(m2/s)
0.005
(kg/m3)
1000
2500
(N/m2)
2e10
2.2e9
0.27
3.2.2.4 Support
LUSAS provides the more common types of support by default. The model has a support
attribute contains information about the restraints to be applied to each degree of
freedom. The foundation of this model is assumed fully fixed on the ground, thus, in this
study, fixed support will be assigned to the model.
3.3.2.5 Loading
No static structural loading is required for this analysis because the spectral combination
is carried out during results processing using the results from the natural frequency
analysis which is independent of applied loading. For this study, the database of El
Centro, California earthquake 1940 will be used where the magnitude of this earthquake
is 6.9.
FIGURE 3.3: May 18, 1940 El Centro California earthquake.(A) Record of the
ground acceleration. (B) Variation of the ground velocity,v with time, obtain by
integration of (A). (C) Variation of ground displacement with time, obtained by
integration of (B)
3.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis Control
An initial eigenvalue will be carried out due to the first stage of a spectral response
analysis involves a computational of natural modes of vibration. the solution parameters
for eigenvalue analysis are specified using an eigenvalue control dataset.
3.3.4 Data Collection
At the end of the analysis, the dynamic characteristics such as natural period (natural
frequency), characteristics displacement pattern (also known as mode shape) and modal
damping factor of the elevated water tank will be obtained. Besides, axial force diagram,
shear force diagram and bending moment diagram also will be determined. Contour
ranges and vector/diagram scales will be shown. Particularly useful for animating
construction stages, mode shapes, viewing of structural response to moving loads and
seismic events, and for investigating the spread of concrete cracking or yielded
material also can be determined.