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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.P.S.E.-6
'kkafr vkSj la?k"kZ v;;u
(Peace & Conflict Studies)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 3- ;q D;k gS\ ijek.kq ;q esa ;qjr gksus ;k fuokj.kkFkZ 'kfDr'kkyh ns'kksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ j.kuhfr;k D;k Fkh\
mkjorZeku esa ;q dk iz;ksx vusd :iksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA 'khr ;q] izp.M ;q] lhfer ;q] lexz ;q] ikjEifjd o
xSj&ikjEifjd ;q] x`g;q] Nkekikj ;q] Vkyk tk ldus okyk ;q vkfnA ;q djus okyksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa bls lkezkT;oknh ;q
vFkok jk"Vh; vktknh osQ fy, ;q Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 20oha 'krkCnh esa nks fo'o;qksa vkSj ijek.kq foLiQksV dh Hk;adj foifk;ksa osQ
ckotwn ;qksa esa deh ugha gqbZ gSA gkykafd 20oha 'krkCnh osQ mkjkZ esa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ e; 'kkafr cuh jgh gS rFkkfi LFkkuh; vFkok
x`g;qksa rFkk l'kL=k la?k"kks esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS] tks o"kZ 2000 esa vius 'kh"kZ Lrj 68 osQ vkadM+s ij jghA buesa ls T;knkrj la?k"kZ fuEu
Lrj osQ vkSj varjkZT;h; Fks vkSj T;knkrj fo'o osQ fodkl'khy Hkkxksa esa gq,A
orZeku esa ;q dk vfHkizk; osQoy ikjEifjd lSfud ;q ugha] vfirq jktuhfrd] vkFkd rFkk euksoSKkfud ;q Hkh gks ldrk
gS] ysfdu ;q dh ijaijkxr ifjHkk"kk,a lhfer ifjizs{; ij vkkkfjr gSaA gkWiQeSu fuDyjlu (Hoffman Niclerson) us ^,ulkbDyksihfM;k
fczVsfudk* esa fy[kk gS fd ^;q nks fojkskkHkklh uhfr;ksa dk vuqikyu djus okys nks ekuo lewgksa osQ e; laxfBr 'kfDr dk mi;ksx
gS] ftleas izR;sd oxZ viuh uhfr;ksa dks nwljs ij yknuk pkgrk gSA*
efyukWLdh (Malinowski) us ;q dks ^tutkrh; vFkok jk"Vh; uhfr dh izkfIr osQ fy, laxfBr lSU; cy osQ }kjk nks Lora=k
jktuhfrd bdkb;ksa osQ e; l'kL=k fookn* osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA
fDoUlh jkbV (Quincy Wright) us ekuk gS fd ;q owQVuhfrd] vkFkd vkSj izpkj osQ lkFk&lkFk lSfud Lrj ij yM+k tkrk gS
vkSj ;q dyk esa bu leLr roksa dk leUo; fot; osQ iz;kstu ls fd;k tkrk gSA mUgksaus roZQ fn;k fd ladh.kZ vFkks esa ;qdyk
osQoy lSfud eqs rd lhfer gSA blesa l'kL=k cyksa osQ mRlkg dks laxfBr djuk] vuq'kkflr djuk vkSj bls cuk, j[kuk vkfn
lfEefyr gSaA
j.kuhfr;kaijek.kq ;q yM+us vFkok bls jksdus osQ fy, D;k j.kuhfr;ka gSa\ bl iz;kstu ls ftu j.kuhfr;ksa dh igpku dh xbZ
gS] os gSaU;wure vojksku] fo'oluh; vke.k dh igy rFkk lqfuf'pr fouk'kA
U;wure vojksku (Minimum Deterrence)bl j.kuhfr dk rkRi;Z 'k=kq osQ vke ukxfjdksa ij geyk djus osQ fy, y?kq
j.kuhfrxr ijek.kq 'kfDr dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tk,A bl geys dk iz;kstu 'k=kq dks ;g crkuk gksrk gS fd ;fn og geys dh igy
djsxk rks mls ekiQ ugha fd;k tk,xkA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ns'k ij geyk fd, tkus dh fLFkfr esa og bruk 'kfDr'kkyh gks fd
,d rks og ml geys dks >sy tk, vkSj fiQj okilh geys osQ fy, mB [kM+k gksA okil geyk djus dh {kerk gh U;wure vojksku
dh fLFkfr cuus esa izeq[k gSA
vke.k dh igy (First Strike)geyk djus gsrq fof'k"V {kerk ,oa 'kfDr laiUurk ,oa cM+h ;kstukdkjh 'kfDr dh t:jr
gksrh gS] tks igys geys esa gh 'k=kq dks kjk'kk;h dj ns vkSj mlosQ T;knkrj j.kuhfrd cyksa dks lekIr dj nsA geys dh igy dh

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mi;ksfxrk 'k=kq dks ;g crkus esa gS fd fdlh Hkh Hk;adj tks'khyh dkjZokbZ osQ dkj.k ,slk geyk fd;k tk,xk fd mlosQ j.kuhfrd
cy lekIr gks tk,axsA
lqfuf'pr fouk'k (Assured Destruction);g j.kuhfr bl ladYiuk ij vkkkfjr gS fd ;fn nq'eu igys geyk djrk gS
rks nwljk i{k bruk 'kfDr'kkyh gksuk pkfg, fd og ml geys dks lgudj ,slk vke.k djs fd 'k=kq dk ukxfjd lekt lekIr
gks tk,A ;g izfr'kkskkRed geyk O;kid j.kuhfr osQ varxZr fd;k x;k geyk gksxk ftldk Hk;adj ifj.kke gksxkA vesfjdk osQ
vuqlkj ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dh vk'kadk dh kefd;ksa osQ dkj.k var esa dksfj;k ;q lekIr gks x;k vkSj phu okrkZyki djus osQ Lrj
ij vk x;kA ckn esa jk"Vifr vkbtugkWoj us lqj{kk dh leL;k osQ gy osQ fy, vojkskd j.kuhfr dk iz;ksx fd;kA 1954 esa vesfjdk
osQ tkWu iQksLVj Mysl us O;kid izfr?kkr dk flkar fn;kA bl j.kuhfr dk iz;kstu lguh; dher ij vojksk dks vR;fkd djuk
FkkA bl izdkj ls dksfj;k tSlk ijks{k ;q gksus dh fLFkfr eas vesfjdk] :l vFkok phu osQ fo# ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ iz;ksx }kjk
izfr?kkr ysxkA ysfdu O;kid izfr?kkr osQ flkUr osQ dbZ vkykspd Hkh gq, gSa] ftlesa lksfo;r la?k osQ izfr O;ogkj dh fo'oluh;rk
ij gh iz'ufp yxk;k x;kA D;k vesfjdk ;wjksih; {ks=k esa LFkkuh; {ks=k gksus dh fLFkfr esa lexz ijek.kq ;q dk [krjk ysxk\ bl
fopkjkkjk osQ iuius ls izeq[k flkar esa la'kksku fd;k x;kA ;g la'kksku jkscVZ eSduekjk us lqfuf'pr fouk'k] {kfr] lhferrk vkSj
ykspnkj izfrf;k dh j.kuhfr;ksa osQ varxZr fd;kA
O;kid izfr?kkr dh vokkj.kk osQ lhfer fodYi FksA eSduekjk dk fopkj Fkk fd blosQ rgr vU; LFkkuksa ij geyk djus dh
j.kuhfr cukuk vko';d Fkk u fd 'kgjksa ij tSlk fd O;kid izfr?kkr esa gksrk gSA vesfjdk vkSj :l nksuksa nwljs vke.k osQ fy,
leFkZ Fks] ysfdu lqfuf'pr fouk'k dh j.kuhfr ugha viukbZ xbZA 1970 osQ n'kd rd vesfjdk us Hkh ekuk Fkk fd ijek.kq {ks=k esa
og lksfo;r la?k ls vkxs ugha FkkA blh osQ i'pkr ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer djus dh ckr mHkjh] ftldk urhtk LVsftd vkElZ
fyfeVs'ku VkWDl (SALT) osQ :i esa lkeus vk;kA
lksfo;r ijek.kq flkUr vkSj j.kuhfr osQ izeq[k rhu ewy la?kVd Fks
1- lSfud flkarksa ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa osQ oqQN Lo;a osQ fu;e gksaxsA
2- jktuhfrd] vkFkd rFkk lSfud 'kfDr dk lkekU; larqyu rFkk lekt vkSj vke ukxfjdksa dh lkekftd& euksoSKkfud
fo'ks"krkvksa ij vkkkfjr j.kuhfr dks izeq[k fukkZjd Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
3- lksfo;r la?k dk fopkj Fkk fd ;q dk izkjaHk lksfo;r la?k ij vpkud geys ls gksxk vkSj ;g nh?kZdky rd pyus okyk
la?k"kZ ugha gksxkA
4- lSfud larqyu osQ lanHkZ esa lksfo;r la?k dk iz;kstu ek=kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed ^Js"Brk* jgk gSA
ijek.kq ;q osQ lanHkZ esa vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dh fopkjkkjk vkSj flkarksa esa ^fot;* osQ eqs ij varj FkkA lksfo;r la?k
osQ fy, ^fot;* dk vFkZ lSfud] jktuhfrd rFkk vkFkd iz;kstuksa dh izkfIr FkhA tcfd vesfjdk dh utj esa ;q dk vFkZ
;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[kus ls FkkA 1983 esa vesfjdh jk"Vifr jksukYM jhxu us vius ,d Hkk"k.k esa loky fd;k Fkk fd ^D;k cnyk ysus
dh ctk; thou cpkuk csgrj ugha gS\* lkFk gh mUgksaus nh?kkZofk vuqlakku dk;Ze dh ckr dgh rkfd vesfjdk geyk j.kuhfrd
ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dh kedh lekIr djus osQ iz;kstuksa dks izkIr dj losQA vesfjdk dk fopkj Fkk fd 'k=kq dks vR;fkd uqdlku
igqapkus okyh izfr?kkr {kerk dh ctk; izfrj{kk {kerk ij vkkkfjr ;q vojksku csgrj fodYi FkkA bu vuqlakku dk;Zeksa dks
^;kstukxr j{kk igy* (Strategic Defence Initiative; SDI) vkSj vU; 'kCnksa esa ^LVkj ;q dk;Ze* (Star War Programme) dgk
x;kA
,l-Mh-vkbZ- ,d vuqlakku dk;Ze Fkk] ftlosQ rgr varfj{k ij vkkkfjr ubZ izfrj{kkRed rduhfd;ksa dh laHkkO;rk dk irk
yxk;k tkuk Fkk ubZ rduhfd;ksa dk iz;kstu :lh iz{ksikL=kksa dh igpku djuk] ihNk djuk vkSj lekIr djuk FkkA iz{ksikL=kksa osQ
dk;Z'khy gksus osQ le; ij gh mudh igpku dh tk ldrh FkhA laiw.kZ iz.kkyh varfj{k esa fLFkr igpku iz.kkfy;ksa ij vkkkfjr gksxh
vkSj blosQ fy, tks vL=k mi;ksx esa yk, tk,axs os ystj fdj.kksa] mPp mQtkZ d.k fdj.kksa] dkbusfVd mQtkZ lfgr ijek.kq jfgr gksaxsA
;g dk;Ze cSfyfLVd iz{ksikL=k fojkskh lafk] 1972 (Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972) ls Hkh vPNk dk;Ze Fkk] ftlesa
vesfjdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ deku ,oa fu;a=k.k osQUnzksa dh ^,aVh cSysfLVd iz{ksikL=k j{kk iz.kkyh* ls j{kk dh tk,xhA
iz'u 5- ekuo lqj{kk dh uo ;FkkFkZoknh vkSj mkj mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.kksa dh vkykspukRed leh{kk dhft,A
mkjnh?kZdky ls lqj{kk dh t:jr dh vR;fkd ladh.kZ O;k[;k dh tkrh jgh gS] tSlsckgjh geys ls {ks=k dh lqj{kk vFkok
fons'k uhfr ls jk"Vh; fgrksa dh j{kk vFkok ijek.kq egkfouk'kdkjh osQ [krjs ls i`Foh dh lqj{kk vkfnA bl izf;k esa tulkkkj.k
dh oSk prkvksa rFkk muosQ nSfud thou ls lacafkr oS;fDrd lqj{kk dh [kkst dh lnSo mis{kk gksrh jgh gSA 'khr ;q osQ i'pkr

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osQ le; esa mkjkskj :i ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk jgk gS fd vusd la?k"kZ vkSj mudk tUe jk"Vksa dh vkarfjd voLFkkvksa ls lacafkr
jgs gSaA T;knkrj yksxksa esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk fdlh vU; jk"V }kjk fd, x, lSU; geyk tSlh ikjEifjd lqj{kk prk n`f"V ls lacafkr
ugha gksrh] cfYd nSfud thou lanHkks esa viuh mkjthforrk] vkRe&laj{k.k ,oa dY;k.k ls T;knk tqM+h gksrh gSA la;qDr jk"V fodkl
dk;Ze us 1994 osQ vius ekuo fodkl izfrosnu esa lqj{kk osQ bl vk;ke dk loZizFke o.kZu fd;k Fkk] ftls ^ekuo lqj{kk* osQ
uke ls tkuk x;kA rHkh ls ekuo lqj{kk dh t:jr us vusd varjkZ"Vh; eapksa ij fo'o dk ;ku vkd"kr fd;k gSA
lqj{kk lacakh egoiw.kZ losZ{k.kksa esa vkt Hkh izeq[k :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd l'kL=k la?k"kks dk tUe laizHkq jkT;ksa }kjk
T;knk&ls&T;knk 'kfDr izkIr djus osQ iz;klksa osQ iQyLo:i gksrk gS] tcfd ikjEifjd jktu; vFkok liQy lSU; fuokj.k dk izeq[k
y{; la?k"kks dks fu;af=kr djus dk iz;kl gSA fo'o lqj{kk dh bl R;kT; lSkfUrd ifjdYiuk osQ f[kykiQ ?kjsyw lacakksa osQ nks izeq[k
lelkef;d flkar gSa] ftuesa ekuo lqj{kk dks j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,d Nksj ij mikxe osQ :i esa uo&;FkkFkZoknh lSkfUrd <kapk
gksrk gS] ftleas ekuo lqj{kk dh O;kid vokkj.kk esa jkT; dh izeq[krk ij fujarj cy fn;k tkrk gSA oqQN yksx bls ^lqj{kk lacakh
ubZ lksp* dgrs gSaA blh dkj lqj{kk ppkZ osQ nwljs Nksj ij mkj& vkkqfudrkoknh vFkok ^kfUrd ekuo lqj{kk* mikxe dks j[kk
tkrk gS] ftldh tM+sa varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfr osQ cgqyrkoknh flkar esa gksrh gSaA ;g mikxe ifjdYiukvksa osQ ml leqPp; ij vkkkfjr
gksrk gS tks jkT; dks lqj{kk osQ izeq[k lanHkks dh fLFkfr ls fxjkus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj jkT;srj dkjdksa dh vU;ksU;kfJrrk rFkk
ikjjk"Vh;dj.k ij T;knk cy nsrk gSA
ekuo lqj{kk osQ uo&;FkkFkZoknh vFkok ^lajpukoknh* mikxe dk leFkZu csjh cqtu us vius vkjafHkd dk;Z ^ihiy] LVsV~l ,aM
iQh;j* esa fd;k gSA cqtu dk fopkj gS fd lqj{kk osQ izfr 'khr ;qdkyhu ^vojkskd* lSU;oknh mikxe ^vYiefr ;qDr* Fkk] ftlosQ
dkj.k lqj{kk dh t:jr vYifodflr jghA dkykUrj esa mlus lqj{kk dh t:jr dks T;knk O;kid cuk;k vkSj mlesa lSU; ladVksa
osQ lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd] vkFkd] lkekftd rFkk i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr dj fy;kA
gkykafd cqtu lqj{kk dk ijh{k.k rhu n`f"Vdks.kksavarjkZ"Vh; leqnk;] jkT; rFkk O;fDr osQ vkkkj ij djrk gS] fdUrq fu"d"kZ
osQ :i esa mlus lqj{kk dk lcls izeq[k ,oa izHkko'kkyh laHkjd laizHkq jkT; dks gh ekuk gSA oSQu cwFk osQ dk;Z esa izn'kr ekuo lqj{kk
osQ ^kfUrd* vFkok mkj&vkkqfudrkoknh mikxe esa Hkh lqj{kk dh O;kid ladYiuk osQ eu%LFkkiu dk leFkZu gSA mls lSU; dkjZokbZ
}kjk tksf[keksa osQ fukkZj.k ls mQij ekuk tkrk gSA lqj{kk dk mkj&vkkqfudrkoknh vo/kj.kk] jkT; lqj{kk vkSj ekuo lqj{kk dks leku
Lrj ij ugha j[krkA cwFk osQ fopkj ls ljdkjksa dks lqj{kk dk ewy lanHkZ ugha ekuk tk ldrk] D;ksafd ftu ljdkjksa dks turk dk
laj{k.k ekuk tkrk gS os oLrqr% mudh laizHkqrk esa jg jgs fofHk O;fDr;ksa dh mruh vlqj{kk dh ewy ksr fl gksrh gS] ftruh
vlqj{kk dk dkj.k iM+kslh ns'k dh l'kL=k lsuk,a Hkh ugha gksrh gSaA bl mikxe esa bl fopkj dks gh pqukSrh nh tkrh gS fd ^jkT;
viuh turk dks izHkkoh ,oa i;kZIr lqj{kk iznku djus okyk gksrk gSA*
lqj{kk dh O;kid lajpuk esa cqtu dk jkT; osQfUnzr mikxe bl vFkZ esa mi;ksxh gS fd og ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, jkT;
dks vfuok;Z ek;e ekurk gSA blosQ ckotwn Hkh og ^lcy* ,oa ^nqcZy* jkT;ksa dh t:jrksa dks ;g lkfcr djus osQ fy, izLrqr djrk
gS fd ^oS;fDrd ,oa jk"Vh; lqj{kk esa mR"Vrk ykus gsrq lcy jkT;ksa dk ltZu ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ rks gS ysfdu og i;kZIr ugha gSA*
cqtu ekurs gSa fd leLr nqcZy jkT; nf{k.k vFkok fodkl'khy fo'o esa gSa tgka os Lo;a dks vkFkd fodkl ,oa jktuhfrd 'kfDr
osQ ,sls ,sfrgkfld lkapksa esa iaQlk gqvk ikrs gSa] tks mUgsa vYifodflr rFkk lcy jkT; osQ fuekZ.k gsrq t:jh vkFkd&jktuhfrd
lalkkuksa dks tqVkus esa vojks/ mRiUu djrh gSA
fjpMZ iQkWd osQ vuqlkj tgka lqj{kk osQ fy, vlhe u, [krjs fdlh ,d jkT; osQ }kjk vosQys lekkku ugha fd, tk ldrs] ogha
jkT;ksa osQ vfkfed varjkZ"Vh; leqnk; rFkk HkweaMyh; iwthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk iksf"kr fo"ke fodkl us vlguh; fLFkfr mRi
dj nh gSA vehjksa dh c<+rh gqbZ lqj{kk] xjhcksa dh lqj{kk dks fujarj de djrh tk jgh gSA
jkWcVZ fxYiu osQ vuqlkj nf{k.k vizQhdk] fo'ks"k :i ls vizQhdk osQ fodkl'khy jkT; nqcZy ,oa de izeq[k gksus osQ dkj.k
^,dhr fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk* dks vius vkFkd fodkl vFkok viuh lqj{kk osQ fy, ykHkizn ugha ik,axs] tcfd mkj vkkqfudrkoknh
mikxe dh leL;k ;g gS fd mlesa jk"Vh; laizHkqrk dks l'kDrkiwoZd lqy>h gqbZ ekU;rk ekuk x;k gS rFkk dgk x;k gS fd jkT; vius
ikjaifjd dk;ks dks iw.kZ djus esa de&ls&de leFkZ gksrk x;k gSA lkspus dk fo"k; ;g gS fd D;k LFkkuh; lqj{kk lajpuk,a
jkT;&laizHkqrk dh iquiZfjHkk"kk dks vfuok;Z cukrh gSa ekuo lqj{kk ij eaMjkrs os [krjs ftuosQ dkj.k jkT;&laizHkqrk osQ ikjaifjd
ladYihdj.k osQ iqujh{k.k gsrq foo'k gksuk iM+rk gS] {ks=kh; Lrj ij fo'ks"k :i ls n'kZuh; gksrs gSaA tSlsvoSk vkizokl osQ dkj.k

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mRi vlqj{kk osQ dkj.k Hkh dfBu gksrs gSa vkSj izHkko Hkh] tks leLr ekuoh; igyqvksa ls lacafkr gksrs gSa] tSlsfukZurk] x`g ;q]
lw[kk vFkok vkFkd kl vkfn {ks=kh; f;kfofk;ksa vFkok lajpukvksa osQ dkj.k yksx vius ewy LFkku ls iyk;u dj jgs gSaA tc
yksxksa dks vdky vFkok ;q dk eqdkcyk djuk iM+rk gS rks dksbZ lsuk ;k ljdkjh uhfr ls FkksM+h&lh Hkh jkgr ugha feyrhA
bl izdkj osQ [krjksa osQ lekkku gsrq cukbZ xbZ {ks=kh; f;kfofk;ka gh varr% vis{kkr T;knk {ks=kh;] jk"Vh; ,oa futh lqj{kk
osQ fy, Hkou&[kaMdksa dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSaA mkj&vkkqfudrkokfn;ksa us lnSo jkT;srj dkjdksa] tSlscgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa]
xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa rFkk vijkk la?kksa dh 'kfDr;ksa ij T;knk cy fn;k gS tks jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k ls ijs lf; jgrs gSaA
iz'u 6- (d) U;k; ;q dk flkUr
mkj okYV~t us viuh iqLrd ^eSu] nh LVsV ,aM okj % , F;ksfjfVdy ,ukfyfll* esa varjkZ"Vh; la?k"kZ vkSj ;q osQ dkj.kksa
dk vR;fkd O;kid ewY;kadu fd;k gSA okYV~t us bfrgkl osQ vkjaHk ls izeq[k fopkjdksa }kjk ?kksf"kr ;q osQ flkUrksa dk ewY;kadu
djrs gq, ;q osQ rhu izeq[k ksrksa dk foHkktu fd;k gS
;q osQ izfr keZ dh ?k`.kk vkSj ;q djus osQ fy, jkT;ksa dh etcwfj;ksa osQ e; djkj mfpr ;q osQ flkar dh mRifk osQ :i
esa iw.kZ cnykoksa esa ls ,d gSA oSls vU; kked ijEijk,a Hkh mfpr ;q dh vokkj.kk dks Lohdkj djrh gSaA Hkkjrh; keZ;q dk
izkphu fopkj Hkh ,d mnkgj.k gSA mfpr ;q flkar keZfokku dkuwu dk foLrkj ;wjksi esa e;dky esa vR;fkd gqvkA ;g ;wjksi
osQ bZlkbZ izHkqRo osQ izlkj osQ lkFk bZlkbZ kked f'k{kk osQ vk'kkokn dk lek;kstu djus osQ iz;kl osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA gkykafd ppZ
us iaFkfujis{k jkT; esa txg cuk yh Fkh] blfy, laxfBr ;q dk vfHkizk; ekuo dk;Zdyki osQ {ks=k ls tksM+k x;k FkkA
ekbosQy okYtsj (Miehael Waizer) us ^tLV ,aM vutLV okj* (Just and Unjust War) uked iqLrd esa jkT; }kjk vke.k djus
dh ctk; jkT; }kjk vke.k dk izfrjksk djus osQ ekeys esa U;k; ;qksa osQ fo"k; dk T;knk foospu fd;k gSA okYtsj N% vkkkjksa
ij vke.k osQ flkar dks O;Dr djrk gS] ftUgsa U;k; ;q dk lkj ekuk tkrk gS
1- fdlh jkT; }kjk fdlh vU; jktuhfrd laizHkqrk vFkok vU; dh LFkkuh; ,drk osQ f[kykiQ cy iz;ksx vFkok cy iz;ksx
dh laHkkfor kedh vkkedrk ekuh tk,xh rFkk ;g vkijkfkd dk;Z gSA
2- varjkZ"Vh; lekt dk dkuwu vius lnL; vkSj bu lcls c<+dj {ks=kh; ,drk vkSj jktuhfrd laizHkqrk osQ vfkdkj fuf'pr
djrk gSA
3- Lora=k jkT;ksa dk varjkZ"Vh; lekt izHkqlkk lEi gSA varjkZ"Vh; lekt osQ lnL; jk"V gksrs gSa u fd ukxfjdA
4- vkked jkT; dks lSU; cy ls ihNs kosQyus osQ i'pkr mls naM Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSA n.M osQ :i esa U;k;laxr ;q
dh ifjdYiuk izkphu gSA
5- vkkedrk osQ rgr nks izdkj dh gld izfrf;kvksa dks U;k;laxr Bgjk;k x;k gS;q Fkksis tkus ij Lo;a j{kk osQ fy,
;q rFkk mlosQ }kjk vFkok varjkZ"Vh; lekt osQ fdlh lnL; }kjk dkuwu ykxw djus osQ fy, ;qA
6- osQoy vkkedrk ;q dks U;k;laxr Bgjk ldrh gSA bl flkUr dk izeq[k iz;kstu ;q osQ volj de djus ls gSA
iz'u 6- ([k) varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dk la?kVu vkSj dk;Z
mkjla?k"kZ lekkku osQ dk;kZUo;u esa nks U;kf;d izf;k,a gksrh gSaA ;s gSaiap fu.kZ; rFkk U;kf;d fu.kZ;A izk;% fooknksa dk
fuiVkjk varjkZ"Vh; dkuwu osQ vkkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh izf;kvksa esa U;k;kfkdj.k osQ fu.kZ; lacafkr i{kksa ij ck;rk gksrh
gSA os mudk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrsA tgka iap fu.kZ; rnFkZ U;k;kfkdj.k osQ }kjk viuk;k tkrk gS] ogha U;kf;d fu.kZ; ^varjkZ"Vh;
U;k;ky;* osQ }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA ;g izR;sd ns'k dk laizHkq vfkdkj gS fd og U;kf;d izf;k dk ekxZ viuk, vFkok ughaA ;g
LoSfPNd gksrk gSA U;kf;d izf;k T;knk izHkkoh gksrh gS] D;ksafd lacafkr i{k mls LosPNk ls viukrs gSa vkSj Lo;a dks fu.kZ; ls ck;
djrs gSaA
varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; }kjk jkT;ksa osQ dkuwuh fooknksa osQ lkFk&lkFk] mudh LoSfPNd U;kf;d fodYi viukus ij lquokbZ Hkh dh
tkrh gS lkFk gh fu.kZ; nsrk gSA ;g varjkZ"Vh; dkuwu osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA gsx fLFkr varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky;] jk"V la?k
osQ dk;Zdky osQ varjkZ"Vh; U;k; osQ LFkk;h U;k;ky; dk mkjkfkdkjh gSA varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dk vkSipkfjd vkkkj la;qDr jk"V
dk pkVZj gSA tks jkT; Lo;a dks bl U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfkdkj osQ vkhu Lohdkjrs gSa] mUgsa bldh U;kf;d izf;k osQ izfr ck; gks
ldrk gSA varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh lkoZtfud vFkok [kqyh gksrh gSA
varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dh O;oLFkk la;qDr jk"V pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 92&96 esa ikbZ tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk 1945

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esa f}rh; fo'o;q dh lekfIr rFkk la;qDr jk"V dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn gqbZ FkhA ;g U;k;ky; la;qDr jk"V osQ 6 izeq[k vaxksa esa ls ,d
gSA varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; esa 15 U;k;kkh'k gksrs gSaA budk fuokZpu egklHkk vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn i`Fkd&i`Fkd ernku esa djrs gSaA os lalkj
dh vusd U;k; O;oLFkkvksa dk izfrfufkRo djrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh nks U;k;kkh'k ,d gh ns'k osQ ukxfjd ugha gks ldrs gSaA budk fuokZpu
9 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA U;k;ky; uhnjySaM~l osQ uxj gsx esa LFkkfir gSA
la;qDr jk"V osQ leLr lnL; ns'k varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfkdkj esa vkrs gSa] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ns'k fdlh vU; osQ fo#
rc rd eqdnek nk;j ugha dj ldrk gS tc rd fd nksuksa ns'k LosPNk ls viuk dksbZ fookn varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; esa izLrqr ugha
djrsA {ks=kkfkdkj Lohdkj dj ysus ij nksuksa i{k U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ izfr mkjnk;h ,oa ck; gks tkrs gSaA pkVZj osQ ,d vU;
izkokku osQ varxZr ;fn oqQN ns'k ges'kk osQ fy, oSdfYid kkjk osQ rgr LFkk;h :i ls U;k;ky; dk {ks=kkfkdkj Lohdkj dj ysrs
gSa] rc ,sls ns'k] fcuk iwoZ lgefr osQ ,d&nwljs osQ f[kykiQ U;k;ky; esa eqdnek nk;j ugha dj ldrsA ;s ns'k U;k;ky; osQ lafokku
osQ vuqPNsn 36 osQ vuqlkj ;g ?kks"k.kk djrs gSa fd os leLr dkuwuh fooknksa esa Lo;a dks LFkk;h :i ls U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfkdkj
osQ varxZr djrs gSaA
leLr fooknksa ij oqQy mifLFkr U;k;kkh'kksa osQ cgqer ls fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQoy lacafkr jkT;ksa ij vkSj
lacafkr fookn osQ lanHkZ esa gh ck; gksrs gSaA izR;sd i{k dks fookn osQ U;kf;d fu.kZ; ij O;; Lo;a ogu djuk gksrk gS] tc rd
fd U;k;ky; dks dksbZ vU; vkns'k u nsA
lqj{kk ifj"kn dh Hkwfedkla;qDr jk"V lqj{kk ifj"kn dh Hkwfedk egoiw.kZ gS og nks izdkj osQ fooknksa esa lg;ksx dj ldrh
gS

(d) ,sls fookn tks varjkZ"Vh; 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, [krjk iSnk dj ldrs gSa rFkk
([k) os fookn tks 'kkfUr osQ fy, kedh gksa vFkok tc vke.k gks x;k gksA
loZizFke lqj{kk ifj"kn lacafkr i{kksa dks ijke'kZ ns ldrh gS fd os vius la?k"kZ dk lekkku 'kkfUriw.kZ rjhosQ ls djsaA lqj{kk
ifj"kn ,oa varjkZ"Vh; 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk cuk, j[kus vFkok iqu%LFkkfir djus osQ fy, mik; fukkZfjr djus dk vfkdkj gSA lqj{kk
ifj"kn lacafkr i{kksa dks ijke'kZ Hkh ns ldrh gS fd os oqQN vUrfje mik;ksa dks viuk,aA pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 41&47 osQ varxZr lqj{kk
ifj"kn vius fu.kZ; euokus osQ fy, u osQoy vkFkd izfrcak tSls mRihM+d mik; mBk ldrh gS] vfirq t:jh gks rks u ekuus okys
jkT; osQ f[kykiQ cy iz;ksx dk vkku Hkh dj ldrh gSA
iz'u 7- (d) vizlkj lafk
mkj1968 esa bl izeq[k lafk ij egoiw.kZ ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu ns'kksa us gLrk{kj fd, rFkk bls 1970 esa t:jh vuqeksnu osQ
i'pkr ykxw fd;k x;kA bl lafk ij izeq[k gLrk{kjdkkZ fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk rFkk lksfo;r la?k FksA phu us Hkh 1992 esa
bl ij gLrk{kj fd,A ijek.kqq vizlkj lafk esa izkokku fd;k x;k fd rRdkyhu ijek.kq vL=k lEi ns'k vU; fdlh Hkh xSj&ijek.kq
vL=k lEi ns'k dks ijek.kq vL=k] ijek.kq foLiQksVd lkexzh vFkok ijek.kq izkS|ksfxdh dk gLrkarj.k ugha djsaxsA bldk vfHkizk; ;g
gS fd tks 5 ns'k ijek.kq vL=k lEi ns'k Fks] os rks vius vL=kksa esa dksbZ deh ugha djsaxs] ysfdu vU; ns'kksa dks ;g vL=k izkIr ugha
djus fn;k tk,xkA blh HksnHkko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr bldk fojksk djrk jgk FkkA
ijek.kq vizlkj lafk ij 1 tqykbZ] 1968 dks yanu] ekWLdks rFkk ok'kxVu }kjk lkFk gLrk{kj fd, x,] ysfdu ;g okLro esa
ekpZ] 1970 dks f;kfUor dh xbZA bl lafk dk vfHkizk; Fkk fd ijek.kq vL=k dh gksM+ dks ftruh tYnh laHko gks losQ] jksdus dk
iz;kl fd;k tk, rFkk blosQ fy, leLr jkT;ksa ls lg;ksx dh vihy Hkh dh xbZA varjkZ"Vh; ruko dks de djus dh rFkk jk"Vksa
osQ e; fo'okl dks l'kDr djus dh bPNk izdV dh xbZ rFkk ijek.kq vL=kksa dk fuekZ.k jksdk tk losQ] orZeku vL=k Hk.Mkjksa dks
lekIr fd;k tk losQ rFkk forj.k dh izf;k ls eqfDr izkIr djosQ dM+s rFkk izHkko'kkyh varjkZ"Vh; fu;a=k.k osQ rgr lkekU; rFkk
iw.kZ fujL=khdj.k osQ fy, lafk dh tk,A fdlh Hkh ijek.kq foLiQksV osQ 'kkfUriw.kZ iz;ksx osQ laHkkfor ykHk] mfpr varjkZ"Vh; izf;k
osQ ek;e ls mu ijek.kq vL=kfoghu jk"Vksa dks Hkh miyCk gksa tks bl lafk osQ lnL; gSa rFkk ;g ,sls fu"i{k vkkkj ij gks rFkk
bu iz;qDr foLiQksVd lkkuksa osQ fy, ,sls lnL;ksa ls de&ls&de ewY; fy;k tk, rFkk 'kksk fodkl osQ fy, ewY; esa NwV nh tk,A
bl lafk esa ,slk oqQN ugha gS] tks fdlh Hkh jkT; lewg dks bl vfkdkj ls oafpr djrk gS fd os vius {ks=kksa esa ijek.kq vL=kksa osQ
cfg"dkj osQ fy, lafk;ka dj losaQA
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bl lafk ij gLrk{kj djus okys ijek.kq vL=kfoghu lnL; jkT; ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd os fdlh Hkh jkT; ls ijek.kq vL=kksa
vFkok nwljs ijek.kq foLiQksVd lkkuksa ;k ,sls 'kL=kksa] foLiQksVdksa ij izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls fu;a=k.k osQ fy, 'kfDr izkIr ugha
djsaxsA bl lafk ij gLrk{kj djus okys jk"Vksa dks ;g vfkdkj gksxk fd os ijek.kq mQtkZ osQ 'kkafriw.kZ mi;ksx gsrq lacafkr lktks leku]
oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh Kku dk ijLij vuqnku iznku dj losaQA
([k) ?kqliSB vkSj x`g&;q
mkjx`g;q osQ varxZr lkekftd la?k"kZ gksrk gS tks fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj nks oxks osQ e; yM+k tkrk gSA bldk iz;kstu 'kfDr
vkSj 'kklu dks cuk, j[kuk vkSj bl izdkj ls xfBr ljdkj dks oSkrk iznku djuk gSA nwljk i{k ftuosQ ikl lkk gS mudks blls
csn[ky dj] Lo;a lkk gfFk;kuk gksrk gSA ;g ^x`g* blfy, gS] D;ksafd ;g ns'k osQ Hkhrj yM+k tkrk gS vkSj Hkkoh lekt ls lacafkr
gksrk gSA
x`g;q vpkud mHkjk ;q gks ldrk gS vFkok lkspk&le>k fu;ksftr ;q Hkh gks ldrk gSA vusd ns'kksa esa tgka jktuhfrd
iz.kkfy;ka vfLFkj gSa] lgt fonzksg ls ljdkjksa dks c[kkZLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu;ksftr x`g;q osQ nks izeq[k dkj.k crk, x, gSa]
ftuesa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;q dk vafre iz;kstu ljdkj esa cnyko ykuk] vfkdkj izkfIr rFkk oSkrk izkIr djuk gksrk gSA ;s dkj.k
bl izdkj gSa
1- orZeku iz.kkyh esa 'kklu dh f'kdk;rksa dks nwj djus osQ lkekU; vkSj egoiw.kZ rjhosQ ugha gksrsA
2- yksxksa dh khjs&khjs kkj.kk cu tkrh gS fd viuh f'kdk;rsa nwj djokus osQ fy, mUgsa glk dk ekxZ viukuk iM+sxk] D;ksafd
leLr 'kkafriw.kZ rjhosQ vliQy gks pqosQ gksrs gSaA
dk;kZRed ,oa lajpukRed igywnh?kZdkyhu fu;ksftr x`g;q osQ dk;kZRed fodkl esa rhu pj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
lkFk gh x`g;q dh j.kuhfr rS;kj djus vFkok dk;kZUo;u djus ,oa igys ls mifLFkr glk osQ c<+us ls lacafkr vusd pj.k gSaA
izFke pj.k izfrjksfkrk vkanksyu (Resistance Movement) dk <kapk rS;kj djus dk gS] ftlesa glk dh fNViqV ?kVuk,a vlefUor
gksrh gSaA izfrjksfkrk dk <kapk rS;kj djus esa vusd dkjd ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA bls 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k Lrj ij f;kfUor fd;k tk,]
blosQ fy, vkcknh dk ?kuRo ,oa forj.k egoiw.kZ fopkj.kh; igyw gSA jhfr&fjokt ,oa ijEijk,a leqnk; osQ fy, lg;ksx vkkkj
lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA vkcknh osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh dk;Z iz.kkyh dh ;kstuk rS;kj djus esa lg;ksx djrh
gSaA bu igyqvksa osQ vkkkj ij <kapkxr ro bl izdkj gksaxsukxfjd usr`Ro] lSfud eq[;ky;] cqf] lapkj] izpkj] izkS|ksfxdh lg;ksx]
Nkikekj rFkk lsok,a miyCkdkkZ] tSlsfpfdRlk lqfokk,a] izys[ku vkfnA
blosQ f}rh; pj.k esa glk iz;qDr gksrh gSA lajpuk lqjf{kr jgrh gS vkSj xksiuh; vkanksyu pyk, tkrs gSa rFkk rksM+&iQksM+ izkjaHk
gks tkrh gSA lkkkj.kr% ;qdkkZvksa }kjk iz;qDr dh xbZ rduhosaQ lSfud dkjZokbZ dh rjg laxfBr gksrh gSa vkSj Mj iSnk djus osQ <ax
esa vR;fkd ;ku turk dh izfrf;k ij j[kk tkrk gSA ;qdkkZvksa dks vR;fkd leFkZu turk ls feyrk gS vkSj ;fn os bl leFkZu
dks [kks nsrs gSa rks ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd os ;q esa gkj x,A vr% kfUrdkfj;ksa ,oa foksfg;ksa dks ;g r; djuk gksrk gS fd yksx
;q esa mudk lg;ksx djsaA
r`rh; pj.k lcls egoiw.kZ pj.k gS] ftlesa fonzksg mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA lkk izkfIr dk ;g vafre pj.k gS rFkk bls
lkoZtfud dj fn;k tkrk gSA x`g;q dk var liQyrk osQ :i esa ljdkj dks c[kkZLr dj 'kklu dk fu;a=k.k gkFk esa ysdj gks ldrk
gSA
iz'u 8- (d) la?k"kZ jksdFkke vkSj la?k"kZ lekkku esa {ks=kh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk
mkj{ks=kh; laxBuksa dh la?k"kZ lekkku vkSj 'kkfUr fuoZgu dk;ks esa dkuwuh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA la;qDr jk"V pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 52
vuqlkj LFkkuh; fooknksa dks la;qDr jk"V esa Hkstus ls iwoZ {ks=kh; :i esa lekkku fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ;g lqj{kk ifj"kn osQ ek;e
ls lekkku dk fodYi rHkh gksuk pkfg, tc {ks=kh; iz;kl foiQy gks x, gksaA blosQ vfrfjDr la;qDr jk"V pkVZj osQ vuqPNsn 53
osQ vuqlkj lqj{kk ifj"kn vius vfkdkj osQ varxZr 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk ykxw djus rFkk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, {ks=kh; O;oLFkkvksa vkSj
laLFkkvksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrh gSA
'khr ;q osQ nkSjku {ks=kh; laxBu cM+h dfBukbZ ls gh bl dkuwuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj losQ gSaA blls {ks=kh; la?k"kks ij nksgjk
izHkko iM+kA ,d vksj blus mUgsa egk'kfDr;ksa dh izfr;ksfxrk osQ Hkhrj ykdj buesa ls T;knkrj la?k"kks dk varjkZ"Vh;dj.k fd;kA nwljh
vksj egk'kfDr;ksa us Hkh la?k"kZ c<+us osQ Mj ls mu la?k"kks dks fu;af=kr fd;k] ftues os Lo;a iaQlus osQ fy, etcwj gks ldrs FksA

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gkykafd vkt izeq[k 'kfDr;ksa osQ e; ruko esa deh vk jgh gS] fiQj Hkh] os lalkj osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa izLiqQfVr gks jgs gSaA vkt
la?k"kZ osQ varjkZ"Vh; izcaku vkSj lg;ksx laokZu dh t:jr yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA vusd leh{kd la;qDr jk"V vFkok egk'kfDr;ksa dh
lgefr ls oqQN vU; ek;eksa ls fo'oO;kih Lrj ij izcaku dh vis{kkvksa rFkk t:jrksa ij tksj nsrs gSaA vius ekuorkoknh vkSj 'kkfUr
LFkkiuk osQ dk;ks osQ vfrfjDr] la;qDr jk"V {ks=kh; la?k"kks esa tcjnLrh vkSj egoiw.kZ rjhosQ ls Lo;a dks ugha Fkksirk gSA 'khr ;q
dh lekfIr ls varjkZ"Vh; lacak vc nks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ e; kzqoh; la?k"kZ ij vkkkfjr ugha gSA la?k"kZ lekkku esa {ks=kh; laxBuksa dks
egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA varjkZ"Vh; leqnk; dh ekudh; laHkkoukvksa osQ :i esa Lora=k :i ls vkSj la;qDr
jk"V osQ lg;ksx ls la?k"kZ lekkku esa {ks=kh; lgHkkfxrk c<+h gS vkSj izknsf'kd la?k"kks esa egk'kfDr;ksa dk gLr{ksi de gqvk gSA
'khr ;q dh lekfIr osQ i'pkr T;knkrj glkRed la?k"kZ {ks=kh; igyqvksa ls iSnk gq, gSa vkSj muesa ls T;knkrj la?k"kZ jkT; osQ
?kjsyw la?k"kZ Fks u fd varjkZT;h;A fo'o jktuhfr dk {ks=kh;dj.k c<+ jgk gSA 'khr ;q osQ i'pkr dh fo'o iz.kkyh esa {ks=kh;
xfr'khyrk fo'ks"k :i ls tfVy lkfcr gqbZ gSA varjkZ"Vh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj {ks=kh;rk jkT;ksa dks ijLij fojkskh fn'kk
esa kosQy jgh gSA 'khr;qkskj ;qx esa varjkZ"Vh; vkFkd vkSj lqj{kk lacakksa osQ {ks=kh;dj.k ls T;knk ;ku ;wjksih; laxBu] nf{k.k&iwohZ
,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa dk la?kvkfl;ku (Association of South-East Asian Nations; ASEAN), ,f'k;k&iz'kkUr vkFkd lg;ksx eap (AsiaPacific Economic Cooperation Forum; AOEC) vkSj mkjh vesfjdk eqDr O;kikj le>kSrk (North America Free Trade Agreement;
NAFTA) tSlh laLFkkvksa osQ vkFkd i{k esa osQfUnzr fd;k x;k gSA
la?k"kZ lekkku esa {ks=kh; laxBuksa dh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk osQ lcls T;knk ekeyksa esa fuEufyf[kr ;ksxnku 'kkfey gSavesfjdh jkT;
laxBu (Organisation of American States; OAS), fudkjkxqvk vkSj gSrh (Haiti) rFkk vy lYokMksj vkSj gksaMqjkl osQ e; la?k"kZ dk
lekkku] cq#.Mh] ykbcsfj;k] lksekfy;k vkSj fl;kjk fyvksu esa ^vizQhdh ,drk laxBu* (Organisation for African Unity; OAU),
dEcksfM;k esa ^nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vksa osQ laxBu&vkfl;ku* (Association of South-East Asian Nations; ASEAN) vkSj iwoZ
;wxksLykfo;k esa ukVksA {ks=kh; laxBuksa dh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk osQoy la?k"kZ lekkku esa gh ugha Fkh cfYd vkilh fodkl dk;ks esa Hkh
FkhA mUgksaus viuh ln~Hkkoukvksa dk mi;ksx fd;kA vkfl;ku us u osQoy lafk okrkZ ljy cukbZ] vfirq mlus rhljs i{k osQ e;LFk
osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z fd;kA vesfjdh jkT; laxBu us ekuokfkdkjksa dh j{kk djus rFkk yksdra=k cgkyh osQ fy, lnL; ns'kksa esa gLr{ksi
fd;k] tcfd if'peh vizQhdh jkT; vkFkd leqnk; (Economic Community of West African States; ECOWAS) us {ks=kh; la?k"kks
dks fu;af=kr djus rFkk lekkku djus esa ubZ ftEesnkfj;ka fuHkkbA blosQ vfrfjDr ukVks] vizQhdh ,drk laxBu] vesfjdh jkT; laxBu
vkSj if'peh vizQhdh jkT; vkFkd leqnk; us 'kkfUr LFkkiuk esa la;qDr jk"V osQ lkFk feydj dk;Z fd;k] tcfd ;wjksih; la?k }kjk
1993 ls 1996 rd HkwriwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k esa la;qDr jk"V izkfkdkj osQ rgr dk;Z fd;k x;kA
'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk iqu% LFkkfir djus esa leqfpr lqfokk feyrh gS] vkfl;ku vkSj vesfjdh jkT; laxBu nksuksa us la?k"kZ lekkku
djus osQ fy, lf;rk ls gLr{ksi fd;kA oSls mUgksaus la?k"kZ lekkku djus osQ vyx mik; viuk, x,A vkfl;ku vkSj vesfjdh jkT;
laxBu nksuksa dEcksfM;k vkSj gSrh esa 'kkfUr izf;k esa lf;] yphys vkSj izHkko'kkyh FksA lqj{kk ifj"kn ,oa eq[; 'kfDr;ksa us nksuksa
osQ chp la?k"kks osQ vafre djkj ij gLrk{kj djok,] nksuksa {ks=kh; laxBuksa osQ ;ksxnku us la?k"kZ fuokj.k (vojksku) rFkk lekkku esa
{ks=kh; laxBuksa dh csgrj Hkwfedk dh iqf"V dhA
blosQ ckotwn Hkh {ks=kh; laxBuksa esa Hkh Hk;adj =kqfV;ka jgh gSa] D;ksafd os fooknksa osQ 'kkfUriw.kZ lekkku esa de gh lf; jgs
gSaA 'kkfUriw.kZ rjhosQ ls fooknksa dk lekkku djus osQ ek;e osQ :i esa {ks=kh; laxBuksa dh igyh detksjh ;g gS fd la;qDr jk"V
pkVZj esa ,slh dksbZ izokZudkjh e'khujh dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA egoiw.kZ izfrcak iz.kkyh osQ Mj osQ fcuk oqQN jkT; 'kkfUriw.kZ djkj
O;oLFkk dh vuns[kh dj ldrs gSaA nwljs LFkku ij {ks=kh; laxBu vke lgefr osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k vius gh lnL;ksa osQ e; erHksnksa
dks nwj djus esa vusd ckj vliQy gq, gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa lkoZQ Hkh {ks=k esa vkFkd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dh xfr rhoz djus]
jk"Vh; vkSj lkewfgd vkRefuHkZjrk c<+kus rFkk 'kkfUr] izxfr vkSj fLFkjrk iSnk djus esa izeq[k Hkwfedk ugha fuHkk ldrk gSA
([k) ;q osQ dkj.kksa dk okWYVt dk fo'ys"k.k
mkjokYV~t us viuh iqLrd ^eSu] nh LVsV ,aM okj % , F;ksfjfVdy ,ukfyfll* esa varjkZ"Vh; la?k"kZ vkSj ;q osQ dkj.kksa
dk vR;fkd O;kid ewY;kadu fd;k gSA okYV~t us bfrgkl osQ vkjaHk ls izeq[k fopkjdksa }kjk ?kksf"kr ;q osQ flkUrksa dk ewY;kadu
djrs gq, ;q osQ rhu izeq[k ksrksa dk foHkktu fd;k gS
osQusFk ,u- okYV~t us ;q osQ izeq[k eUrO;ksa dk o.kZu rhu izeq[k ksrksa osQ vkkkj ij fd;k gSA

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1- ekuo LoHkko dk O;ogkjvarjkZ"Vh; lacakksa osQ varxZr igyh ekU;rk osQ lanHkZ esa ;q osQ izeq[k dkj.kksa dk osQUnz fcUnq
euq";ksa dh izfr vkSj O;ogkj gSA LokFkZijrk] xyr funsZf'kr izgkj] vkos'k ,oa ukle>h osQ iQyLo:i ;q gksrs gSaA
2- jkT;ksa dh vkarfjd lajpuk;g lekt gh gS] tks ekuo thou dk fodkl djrk gS] foaQrq lkFk gh ;g lnkpkjh cukus
okyh laLFkk Hkh gSA gkykafd ekuo LoHkko dks la?k"kZ ls T;knk oqQN djuk gS] fiQj Hkh ;g lekt esa yksxksa osQ laxBu dh izfr gS]
tks lkewfgd bPNk osQ ml izeq[k ro dks lfEefyr djrh gS] tks ;q dks T;knk Li"V cukrk gSA bl izdkj ;q dk nwljk ksr jkT;
dh vkarfjd lajpuk gSA okYV~t ,d lk{; osQ vkkkj ij Li"V djrk gS fd vkard ls izHkkfor dyg ls ihfM+r jkT; rc vkdfLed
vke.k osQ fy, dk;Z djus osQ cnys ,sls ;q dk iz;kl djrk gS] tks vkarfjd 'kkafr yk,xkA ;gka varjk& lkekftd la?k"kZ dks
varjkZT; la?k"kZ dk lgkjk ysdj lekkku djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
3- varjkZ"Vh; vjktdrk;fn jkT; dh lajpuk vkSj 'kklu O;oLFkk dh iz.kkyh ekuo O;ogkj dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] rc
varjkZ"Vh; iz.kkyh dh lajpuk dks Hkh jkT; osQ O;ogkj dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,A vfkdrj izHkqrk lEi jkT;ksa osQ ikl muesa dkuwu
ykxw djus dh dksbZ iz.kkyh ugha gS] izR;sd jkT; vius gh dkj.k] f'kdk;rksa vkSj vfHkyk"kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS] blfy,
dHkh&dHkh la?k"kZ c<+dj ;q dk :i kkj.k dj ysrk gS] D;ksafd izR;sd jkT; bldk vafre fu.kkZ;d gS fd mlosQ vius gh y{;
osQ fy, D;k t:jh gS] dksbZ Hkh jkT; viuh uhfr;ksa osQ f;kUo;u osQ fy, fdlh Hkh le; 'kfDr iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA leLr jkT;ksa
dks 'kfDr dk eqdkcyk 'kfDr ls djus vFkok nqcZyrk dh dher pqdkus osQ fy, gj le; rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
okLrfod :i ls okYV~t dh ;s rhu kkj.kk,a ekuo la?k"kZ dh O;k[;k djrh gSa] osQoy varjkZ"Vh; la?k"kZ dh gh ughaA izFke nks
ekU;rk,a varjk&lkekftd la?k"kZ osQ dkj.kksa dh Hkh O;k[;k djrh gSaA lekt osQ laxBu osQ Lo:i ls feydj ekuo Lo:i dh
LokHkkfod vkkedrk la?k"kZ dh ck vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA rhljh ekU;rk osQ vuqlkj varjkZ"Vh; vjktdrk dks vUrjkZ"Vh; la?k"kZ dk
rkRdkfyd dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA

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