Propagation Modeling For Umts

Propagation Modeling for UMTS
Commercial-in-Confidence
Contents
UMTS spectrum
Model types
Map data requirements
CW measurements
Model calibration exercise
Session Aims
This session answers the following questions:

!
What are the characteristics of a UMTS radio frequency?
What is a propagation model?
What are the main types of propagation model available?
What map data is required for a propagation model?
How do I calibrate a propagation model?
3rd Generation Spectrum Allocations

1885
ITU
1880 1900 1920

UMTS
GSM 1800
DECT
Unpaired
1920
Japan
1980
Paired UL
2110
IMT-2000
20102025
UMTS
UMTS
SAT
Unpaired
2110
Korea
2110
USA
PCS
1910 1930
UL
1850
PCS
1980
2110
1950
MSS
2170
2200
UMTS
SAT
IMT-2000 2170
IMT-2000 2170
Land Mobile DL
1990
2200
2110
Reserved
DL
1900
UMTS
2200
Land Mobile DL
Land Mobile UL
1850
2170
Paired DL
IMT-2000 1980
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Land Mobile
Land Mobile
Land Mobile UL
1920
1800
UMTS
2010 2025
MSS
Land Mobile
(WARC-92)
Europe
1980
IMT-2000
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
The UMTS Radio Carrier

5MHz bandwidth.
200kHz Rasterised carriers.
!
Centre frequency can be

adjusted in 200kHz steps.
Adjacent Channel Performance

!
5MHz
Base Station
"ACLR1 = 45dBm
"ALCR2 = 50dBm
Mobile
"ALCR1 = 21dBm
"ALCR2 = 24dBm
5MHz
Power
level
Power
level
TX
Power
ALCR1
ALCR2
fn
fn+1
fn+2
5MHz
Power
level
UK Spectrum Allocations
D
Vodafone
Hutchison
0.3MHz
14.6MHz
10MHz
Orange
BT Cellnet
One2One
20MHz
D D
14.8MHz
0.3MHz
10MHz 10MHz
What is a propagation model?
A mathematical model used by computer planning tools to

predict coverage from a radio transmitter.
!
Typical inputs
" 3D terrain data
" Land use data (Clutter)
" Building outlines
" Building heights
Model Types (1)

Deterministic (Ray tracing)
Empirical (Statistical)
Well understood. 2G standard.

Lower computational overhead.
Wide variety available.
Less accurate in small urban
cells.
Subjective clutter classification.

Only accurate in environment
where measurements were
taken.
Few proven models available

Higher computational overhead
More map data required
More suited to small urban sites
Higher accuracy
Higher resolution
Street Canyon
More map data required

More suited to microcells
Model Types (2)

In practice, few planning tools use a single mode of model and most
are a hybrid of these methods.
Macrocell models are normally based on statistical techniques.

A large variety of Microcell models have been proposed.
Statistical Models
Carrier wave measurements are
made from test transmitters.
The measurements are plotted

vs. log(distance).
A straight line is fitted through

the data.
A basic y=mx +c formula can be

used to estimate path loss.
The formula can be modified to

account for other factors eg. Tx
height, Rx height & terrain
effects.
Plot of measurements vs. log(distance)
Deterministic Models
The planning tool traces rays
from each site through an
accurate 3D representation of
an urban area.
Typically a major component of

the calculated path loss is free
space loss.
The effect of reflections

diffraction and absorption due to
buildings can be incorporated
into the model.
Reflected ray
Diffracted ray
Popular Macrocell Models

Okumura - Hata
!
Industry standard.
Not well suited for ranges under 1km.
Upper frequency limit 2GHz.
Wavecall
!
Not so well accepted.
Fully deterministic no calibration required.
Suitable for urban macro and microcells.
Available for many common planning systems.
Popular Microcell Models

Prediction Model
University of Lund
University of Karlsruhe
Method Used
Parameters
2D
Dual Slope
Empirical
Ray Launching
3D Over Roof-top Required Data
Walfisch
Ikegami Method
Walfisch Bertoni
Method
Walfisch
Ikegami Method
Walfisch Bertoni
Method
CNET
Ray Tracing
Swiss Telecom
Ray Tracing
Ericsson
Mathematical
Reflected +
Penetrated Rays
9 Reflections +
Ground + Street
Diffraction
Reflection +
Diffraction
Telecom
Street Canyon
Semi -Empirical
Scattering +
Diffraction
Ray Tracing
Ray Tracing
Reflection +
Diffraction
Reflection from
Wall and Street
University of Stuttgard
Ray Launching
6 Reflections + 2
Diffractions
University of Karlsruhe
Ray Tracing
Walfisch Ikegami
University of Valencia
CNET
ASCOM ETH
Ray Launching
The Most
Dominant Rays
are Considered
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout
2D Building
Classes
2D Building
Layout +
Building Height
3D Building
Layout
2D Building
Layout +
Building Height
2D Building
Layout +
Building Height
2D Building
Layout +
Building Height
Results
Path Loss
Path Loss + CIR
Path Loss
Path Loss + CIR
Path Loss
Path Loss
Path Loss
Path Loss
Path Loss + CIR
Path Loss + CIR
Path Loss + CIR
Path Loss + CIR
Map data requirements (1)

The minimum requirements for
map data are:
!
Height
Clutter
Some propagation models also

require building information:
!
Building vectors
Building rasters
Map data requirements (2)
The resolution of map data will depend on several things.

!
Budget
" You can pay as much as you like for map data.
" Better data requires deeper pockets.
Area type
" Urban areas warrant higher resolution data (1 - 50 m).
" Rural areas warrant lower resolution data (50 - 200 m).
Model type
" Microcell models require better data than Macrocell models.
" Macrocell models typically use 20 - 200 m.
" Microcell models typically require 1 - 20 m.
Carrier Wave (CW) Measurements

CW measurements are
GPS
accurate radio measurements

used to calibrate propagation
models.
A number of temporary test

sites are used for the test
transmissions.
Signal strength measurements

and GPS fixes are made along
predefined routes.
These measurements must be

averaged before they can be
used for model calibration.
CW Test Sites
A typical network would require 3 different propagation models eg.
!
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Each model would require measurements from 10 - 15 test sites for

calibration.
The test sites used for propagation modeling should:

!
Be representative of typical cellular sites.
Should be free of obstructions.
CW Test Routes
CW test routes must be planned carefully.
Routes must avoid:
!
Elevated sections of road.
Cuttings.
Tunnels.
Bridges.
Sufficient measurements must be made in each clutter type for the

model to be valid.
Typically the distances driven for each site would be in the order of
!
80km per urban test site.
160km per rural test site.
CW Measurement Equipment
Measurements should be distance based.

!
Equipment can be:

!
Distance triggered.
Time triggered.
GPS outputs position every 1 second.

!
Measurements should be taken no closer than 0.38.
Position interpolation is required for each measurement.
Test mobile measurements are NOT suitable.

Propagation Modeling For Umts

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