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UoS Coordinator Charles Collyer

BMED2405 Gut and Nutrient Metabolism

S2, 2014

Lecture Schedule
Code and Title

Lecture Summary

-General Introduction
-Nomenclature
U5L1: Anatomy of the Upper -Oral Cavity
Digestive Tract
-Pharynx
-Oesophagus
-Stomach

Description of the structure of the

upper GIT as seen with the light and
electron microscope. Includes analysis
U5L2: Histology of the upper of the oral cavity, salivary glands,
GIT
oesophagus and stomach. Focus is on
the function of the upper GIT and how
this is reflected in the microscopic
structure

Learning Outcomes

Lecturer

With regard to the macroscopic structure of the upper digestive Richard Ward
tract:
ANAT
-Define the various parts of the digestive tract and their individual
boundaries.
-Give a general account of the similarities found along the gut
tube including its nerve and vascular supply.
-Describe and correlate with function the structure of the oral
cavity, orophaynx and laryngopharynx.
-Describe and correlate with function the individual
characteristics and topographical relationships of the
oesophagus and stomach including their nerve and vascular
supply.
-Draw a neat, clearly labelled, identified and orientated diagram
of a sagittal section through the oral cavity, oropharynx and
laryngopharynx.
-Draw a neat, clearly labelled, identified and orientated diagram
of an anterior view of the oesophagus and stomach.
-Tabulate the material used in any description or discussion.
Suz. Ollerenshaw
HSTO
-Know the common wall layers of the GIT.
-Describe the structure and ultrastructure of the upper GIT.
-Identify key features and how they reflect the function of the
organ.
-Classify the epithelium in each region of the upper GIT

With regard to the macroscopic structure of the lower digestive

Richard Ward
tract:
ANAT
-Define the various parts of the lower digestive tract and their
individual boundaries.
-Define and describe the structure of the abdominal cavity and
walls, pelvic cavity and walls and the perineum.
-Describe and correlate with function the structure of the
peritoneum and give examples of its mesenteries.
-Give a general account of the similarities found along the gut
tube including its nerve and vascular supply.
-General Introduction
-Describe and correlate with function the individual
-Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
characteristics and topographical relationships of the duodenum,
U5L3: Anatomy of the Lower -Peritoneum, Supply
jejunum and ilium, including their peritoneal relationships, nerve
Digestive Tract
-Duodenum
and vascular supply.
-Jejunum and Ilium
-Describe and correlate with function the caecum, appendix, the
-Large Intestine
various parts of the colon, rectum and anal canal. Include their
general location, key relationships, peritoneal relationships,
nerve and vascular supply.
-Compare the similarities and differences between the different
parts of the lower and upper digestive tube and state those
characteristics which would help identify them in isolation (ex
situ).
-Draw a neat, clearly labelled, identified and orientated diagram
of the lower digestive tube in situ and its parts as isolated
structures.
-Tabulate the material used in any description or discussion.
Description of the lower GIT as seen
Suz. Ollerenshaw
with the light and electron microscope. -Describe the structure and ultrastructure of the lower GIT.
HSTO
Includes analysis of the small and
Identify the key characterisitic features which allow differentiation
U5L4: Histology of the lower
large intestine, rectum and anal canal. between small and large intestine.
GIT
Focus is on the function of the lower
-Explain how the structure reflects the function
GIT and how this is reflected in the
microscopic structure.
-Explain in general terms the control systems that regulate
Sharon Herkes
function of the gastrointestinal tract
PHSI
-Describe neural control of gastrointestinal function
-Name four types of GI peptides/hormones, their actions and
U5L5: Gastrointestinal
-Neural and endocrine control
where they are found
control and gastric acid
-Gastric Acid secretion
-Detail the cellular mechanisms involved in gastric acid secretion
secretion
-Using the stomach as an example, outline how enteroendocrine
hormones/peptides regulate and control gastric acid secretion
-Explain the three phases of acid secretion control and how they
are achieved
-Detail the cellular mechanisms involved in salivary secretion
Sharon Herkes
and its control
PHSI
-Detail the cellular mechanisms involved in pancreatic exocrine
U5L6: Absorption and
-Salivary and Pancreatic secretion
secretion and its control
secretion
-Mucosal transport
-Explain in general terms the mechanisms involved in net
absorption and secretion of intestinal water and electrolytes
-Outline how Vitamin B12 is absorbed

BMED2405 Gut and Nutrient Metabolism

Code and Title

UoS Coordinator Charles Collyer

Lecture Schedule
Lecture Summary

Learning Outcomes

-List the enzymes involved in nutrient digestion and

their origins
-Explain the steps involved in digestion of
U5L7: Digestion &
Digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins and fats and
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
absorption of nutrients
their absorption
-Explain how the absorbable units of carbohydrate,
protein and fat digestion are absorbed by the
enterocyte and enter the blood
-Recall the general properties of smooth muscle
contraction
Types and functions of motility
-Name the types of motility that occur in each section
U5L8: Motility and reflexes in
Reflexes
of the gastrointestinal tract
the GIT
-Explain the function of each type of motility
-Explain how gastrointestinal reflexes work and give
examples
With regard to the macroscopic structure of the
organs associated with the lower digestive tract:
-Describe and correlate with function the individual
characteristics and topographical relationships of the
liver, pancreas and spleen including their peritoneal
-Introduction
relationships, nerve and vascular supply.
U5L9: Anatomy of the Liver, -Liver
-Draw a neat, clearly labelled, identified and
Pancreas and Gall Bladder
-Pancreas
orientated diagram of an anterior and posterior view
-Spleen.
of the liver, an anterior view of the biliary system and
pancreas and a lateral (diaphragmatic) and medial
(visceral) view of the spleen.
-Tabulate the material used in any description or
discussion.
Description of the structure of the accessory
organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen) of -Describe the structure and ultrastructure of each of
U5L10: Histology of the
the GIT as seen with the light and electron
the accessory organs.
Liver, Pancreas and Spleen microscope. Focus is on the function of these
-Explain how the structure of each organ reflects its
organs and how this is reflected in the microscopic function.
structure.
Types of carbohydrates and their effects on blood
glucose levels. The necessity for blood glucose
U5L11: Fate of dietary
regulation. The glycemic index as a measure of
carbohydrates I
glucose response. Regulation and endocrine
function of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.
Transport and fates of glucose including:
formation of glycogen in muscle and liver
U5L12: Fate of dietary
(glycogenesis); formation of fat in adipose tissue
carbohydrates II
and liver (lipogenesis); supporting pathways and
-Describe metabolic pathways focusing on the
alternative fates of glucose, such as the pentose
regulation of key control points in different tissues
phosphate pathway.
and physiological states. Students are not expected
The fate of ingested fats and cholesterol.
to know every enzyme or the structure or identity of
U5L13 Fate of dietary fats I
Metabolism, functions, processing & transport of
every intermediate in a pathway.
fats and cholesterol. Review of fat digestion and
-Explain the importance of maintaining homeostasis
chylomicrons in the gut.Processing of lipoproteins of biochemicals including glucose and cholesterol,
by the liver. Transport of fats and cholesterol to the and describe mechanisms for maintaining
peripheral tissues. Endogenous formation of
U514 Fate of dietary fats II
homeostasis
cholesterol. Strategies to regulate blood
-Extrapolate known theory to predict effects of
cholesterol concentration.
physiological situations, inhibitors and stimulators, on
metabolic pathways and rates
Protein & nucleic acid metabolism. The processing -Extrapolate known theory to critically evaluate
U5L15: Fate of dietary
of amino acids and formation of urea. Pathways of statements regarding fuel metabolism and diet,
nitrogen:
amino acid backbone synthesis and degradation. -Interpret and present graphical data .
Overview of nucleotide formation and degradation -Explain and evaluate methods and strategies for
measuring or altering the levels of biochemicals, for
example in planning dietary or pharmacological
interventions (eg the Glycemic index, treatments of
diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia)
Maintenance of blood glucose levels. The
breakdown and catabolism of glycogen, fat and
U5L16: Fuel selection during protein stores during the post-prandial period,
starvation and malnutrition short-term fasting and long term food deprivation.
Introducing gluconeogenesis and ketone body
formation.

S2, 2014
Lecturer
Sharon Herkes
PHSI

Sharon Herkes
PHSI

Richard Ward
ANAT

Suz. Ollerenshaw
HSTO

Gareth Denyer
BCHM

U5L17: Molecular
mechanisms &
consequences of diabetes

As the title says!

U5L18: Drugs for diabetes

-Describe the role of the pancreatic hormones in

Margaret Sunde
The lecture will introduce the control of blood
controlling blood glucose
PCOL
glucose and the role of the pancreatic hormones in
-Explain and contrast the key pathogenic features of
regulation of insulin secretion. It will cover the
Type I and Type II diabetes
rationale behind different approaches to diabetes
-Describe the rationale behind the approaches to
treatment, in Type I and Type II diabetes. The main
treating the different types of diabetes
classes of drugs used to treat diabetes will be
-Recognize the main classes of drugs used to treat
described.
diabetes

BMED2405 Gut and Nutrient Metabolism

Code and Title

U5L19: How drugs are

absorbed in the GIT

U5L20: Drug metabolism

phase 1
U5L21: Drug metabolism
phase 2

U5L22: Drug Eliminination

U5L23: Gut Microbiome I

U5L24: Gut Microbiome II

U5L25: Gut Microbiome III

UoS Coordinator Charles Collyer

Lecture Schedule
Lecture Summary
The oral route is the most common way of getting
a pharmaceutical agent into plasma. However,
crossing the gut wall is not straightforward. This
lecture introduces the mechanisms involved in the
passage of drugs from the GIT to the plasma. The
principal pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC, t1/2,
C and V are also introduced.
This lecture outlines phase 1 metabolism, its
characteristics and some key examples. The
importance of phase I metabolism and the effect of
genetic differences in phase I enzyme phenotype
will be exemplified.
This lecture introduces phase II drug metabolism
and provides contextual examples of the effect on
drug elimination and enterohepatic recycling
This final lecture links the previous concepts of
metabolism to their inherent goal which is
elimination of xenobiotica (and drugs). Ways in
which elimination can be altered in the context of
poisoning will be presented.
The gut and its microbes.
Gut anatomy and location of microbes
Infectious diseases of the gut (Bacteria: Enterics,
V. cholera, Campylobacter), Viruses
(enteroviruses), Protists (Giardia, Cryptosporidium,
Entamoeba)
Diarrhoea and infant mortality
Germ-free vs conventional
The concept of the gut microbiota as an
additional organ
Dominant microbes normally found in the gut
(Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes)
Gut pathogens: diarrhoea and ulcers.
Defenses bile salts, mucin
Defenses normal flora
Endogenous vs foodborne acquisition
Toxin-based diseases
Host manipulation (remodeling of cytoskeleton,
expression)
Gut dysbiosis: IBD, obesity and diabetes .
Our microbes cause variation between us
Homeostasis and individuality
Immune state and disease predisposition
influenced by bacteria
Fusobacterium and CD
PRR and inflammation

Learning Outcomes

S2, 2014
Lecturer
Michael Murray
PCOL

This module of four lectures will provide students

with an understanding of the ADME factors
(absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination)
that influence drug action.
Students will appreciate how these factors relate to
drug efficacy and toxicity and the significance of
inter-individual variation in the genes that encode the
enzymes and transporters that influence ADME.

Michael Murray
PCOL

Michael Murray
PCOL
Michael Murray
PCOL

Andrew Holmes
MICR
-Know the major pathogens of the gut and the
infection route.
-Know the major barriers to infection by the oral route
-List key anatomical, immunological, and metabolic
differences between GF and conventional gut.
-Know the numerically dominant phyla of the gut
microbiota.

-Phage-encoded toxins and adhesins

-Cysts and spores
-Helicobacter a disappearing bug?
-Describe the basic link between long-term diet and
microbiome dysbiosis
-Recognize the potential for antibiotics to induce
disease
-Know the concept of prebiotic and probiotic

Andrew Holmes
MICR

Andrew Holmes
MICR