Ethics and Accountability

IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP
DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 1
Scope and Meaning of Ethics
Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions:

Ethics and Politics 1. They are inseparable to mans present existence, where the
material and spiritual, the body and the spirit form the person.
Sociology
2. It describes the general structure, attitude of social groups:

The family the government, the working class etc.
Value
3. It is something that a person prizes, cherishes and esteems as

important to him.
Intuitionism
4. It holds the theory that conscience is an innate or inborn

faculty that gives man an immediate knowledge of right and wrong.
Logic
5. It is a science of right or correct thinking.
Conscience
6. It is a judgment of human reason concerning the moral goodness

or evil of ones own action.
Ethics
7. It is especially concerned with the right way of doing things in

the business of living itself and with the principles underlying the
realization of recognized values in all human relationships.
Morality
8. It is the quality of human acts which we call some of these acts

good and some evil.
General Ethics
9. It is defined as the art or science of mans effort to live in

proper harmonious relationship with other men, groups or
institutions: and the study of his moral responsibility to discern
the rightness or wrongness of his actions.
Folkways
10. They are considered to be the right ways and true ways
because they exist in fact and are customary or traditional.
Exercise 2: Answer any two (2) of the following questions:

1. Discuss the relationship between ethics and other phases of life.
2. Discuss the importance of the study of ethics as described by the various
philosophers and authority in so far as human conduct and ethical system apply.
3. Explain the meaning of ethics as well as its origin leading to its development as a
body of knowledge in the field of social science.
4. Enumerate and discuss the various schools of moral and ethical thoughts in the
study of ethics.
ANSWER: Question No. 1.

Ethics as the analysis of human morality and conduct and a system of conduct
and behavior is related with other phases of human life. It encompasses all aspects of
human conduct the totality of life and mans existence. As such, it is related with
education, religion, law, art, politics and various codes of other professions.
Ethics is related with education in such a way that education endeavors to
develop a whole man. It aims to change man for the better and it is geared to achieve
perfection despite the innate imperfections of man. Ethics take the form of Value
Education which guides the individual in choosing wisely his values and in acting upon
them. Thus, education provides man a greater opportunity to make wise decisions in
life, doing what ought to be in dealing with his fellow and the society in general and
becoming a better individual in the context of education and ethics.
Ethics and religion are inseparable. Ethics teaches the value of religion.
Religion on the other hand, contributes to the teaching of ethics and continues to
enrich the moral life of people. These two concepts, ethics and religion complement
each other for they both aim to shape man as a moral and ethical being whose ultimate
goal is to live in the likeness of his Creator.
Ethics stands for moral goodness while art stands for beauty. Evil implies
ugliness and good is always beautiful. The aim of ethics and art is to arouse and inspire
the noble emotions of man.
Ethics and law are related in such a way that they require that man desires
good and act in accordance to it. Law tempered mans exercise of liberty. They are so
created to regulate mans conduct and in abiding to these laws, man becomes
responsible and sensitive to the rightness and wrongness of his conduct in relation to
the prevailing laws in human society.
Ethics is core of the codes of other professions like that of the lawyers,
teachers, doctors and other professionals. Ethics enables man to act according to
what is expected to him as a professional. It guides the professional man with his
duties and responsibilities towards his profession, to his colleagues, to his clients and
to the society in general.
Answer: Question No. 3.

Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos which means characteristic way of
acting. It is lexically defined as the analysis of morality and conduct.
Ethics originated from the time immemorial .It has a venerable origin. It can be
traced to Adam and Eve, who understood the natural law where ethics springs. Ethics is
also a branch of philosophy that deals with the rightness and wrongness of mans
conduct.
Human behavior is never the result of environmental factors of human traits
alone; it is always the result of interaction of the individual and his environment. In the
evolution of human conduct, three factors are considered pivotal: custom/folkways,
laws and conscience.
Ethics developed when man began to study the motives behind his actions and
the results as a consequence of such motive and action. It teaches man the meaning of
moral responsibility.
Ethics is not just a part of social science but it is in itself a science. Ethics is a
science of human acts with reference to the right and wrong. It is the study of the
rectitude of human conduct the scientific inquiry of morality of human actions. Ethics
is both a natural science and physical science. As a natural science, it employs the
power of human reason as it guides proper conduct. It is also a practical science in the
sense that, it is not studied for the love of learning alone but it is bound in conscience
to apply its principles to turn acts of man into human acts.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 2
The Importance of Ethics and Morality of Human Action

Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions.
Dictates of reason 1.It refers to the shared consciousness of prudent people about
the propriety of a certain action or manner of behavior.
Humanism
2.It is the principle that humanity is an end in itself.
Consent
3.The acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the

intention, thus, a woman is said to be show consent when she
consciously attracts attention to herself.
Atruism Hedonism
4.This type of hedonism stresses happiness, not for individual, but

for the greatest number of people.
Survival of the Fittest

5.This is the tendency of those best adapted to the
environment to survive the struggle.
Christian Ethics
6.The followers of this school of thought hold strongly to the

concept that ethics and morality in human beings springs directly
from the basic relations of man with God.
Moral Integrity
7.It is the only true measure of what man ought to be.
Rationalization
8.It is finding of arguments or excuses for doing what we want to

do because of impulse of emotion or self-interest.
Norm of Morality
9.It refers to the basis of distinction between right and wrong.
Hedonism
10.This school believes that the acquisition of pleasure is the main

goal of human life.
Exercise II. Answer the following questions.

1. Enumerate and discuss the various schools of moral and ethical thoughts in the
study of ethics.
There are various schools of moral and ethical thoughts in the study of ethics
such as
Christian Ethics or the Doctrine of Love, Naturalism or Ethics of Domination, Hedonism
or Doctrine of Pleasure, Rationalism or the Doctrine of Reason and Humanism or the
Principle of Humanity.
a. Christian Ethics or the Doctrine of Love. The advocates of this school of
thought hold strongly to the concept that ethics and morality in human
beings springs directly from the basic relations of man with God. They also
believed that there are two great concepts, first, there is a basic directive
to love God and second, to love your neighbor as you love yourself.
b. Naturalism or Ethics of Domination. The basic premise of this school of
thought lies in the belief that whatever natural or normal is right. The same
idea applies to action. If an action is performed as a result of normal
realistic behavior, then it must be considered ethically proper.
c. Hedonism or Doctrine of Pleasure. The proponents of this school of
thought believe that the acquisition of pleasure is the main goal of human
life. The more or intense the pleasure one gets of the actions, the more
right/proper the actions become.
d. Rationalism or the Doctrine of Reason. This philosophic thought believes
that reason is right and emotion is wrong. The use of reason allows man to
make wise and right decisions in life while emotion has the tendency to
deceive man.
e. Humanism or the Principle of Humanity. This philosophy was advocated by
Plato, Aristotle and Cato. They believed to the basic principle, the
assumption of the supreme goodness to be found in man.
2. Discuss hedonism or the doctrine of pleasure as one of the various schools of
moral and ethical thoughts.
Hedonism or the doctrine of pleasure stresses that the main goal of human
life is the acquisition of human pleasure. It advocated greater and more intense
pleasure as the basis of the rightness of an action or conduct. If every individual in the
society will do pleasurable things, then society would have the maximum of good in its
make-up.
Hedonism has four types: the psychological, ethical, egoistic and altruistic
hedonism.
Psychological hedonism views that every person seeks to gain his own pleasure in life.
The only motive of man is to gain pleasure and avoid pain . Ethical hedonism on the
other hand holds that we do not seek to gain pleasure or avoid pain but we should
choose our actions so as to bring about most happiness and the least unhappiness .
Egoistic hedonism accepts pleasure as a standard for self-interest while Atruistic
hedonism stresses happiness not for individual but for the greatest number of people.
There are weaknesses of the Hedonistic Theory, to wit: 1.as to psychological
hedonism, some men will seek pleasure all the time. 2.In Ethical hedonism is very
impossible to avoid pain 3.to accept pleasure as a standard of right and wrong is to
place emphasis almost upon the feeling to the neglect of the intellectual, aesthetic and
religious side of mans nature and 4.happiness is evidently a by-product and not an end
in itself.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 3
The Natural Law

Moral Law
1. It consists of moral norms that certainly dictate what sort of

behavior or conduct may or may not be expressed, what sort of
acts may or may not be performed within a particular community.
Natural Law
2. It is a concept of a body of moral principles that is common to

all humankind and, as generally posited, is recognized by human
reason alone.
International Law
3. A law which is concerned with the conduct of countries in their

relations with each other.
Plato
4. A philosopher who regards natural law as a discipline that every

human being must observe and adhere to, so that the individual
and common good may be realized or attained.
Unwritten Law
5. It is entirely a product of political evolution consisting of

customs, usages, judicial decisions and others.
Military Law
6. It is a system of law applying to persons in the military service.
Norms of Morality 7. They are the standards that indicate the rightfulness or
wrongfulness, the goodness or evilness, the value or disvalue of
thing.
Procedural Law
8. It consists of rules governing the legal practice and the way in

which courts operate.
Norm
9. In general, it is a standard of measurement.
Civil Law
10. It deals with the individuals relation to other individuals or

groups of individuals, not with society as a whole.
Exercise II.Answer the following questions.
1. Discuss the general concept of law which includes its origin, kinds and various
fields of study under it.
Law refers to the ordering principle or rule of action that people must obey or
Conform to. It is the body of rules or principles, prescribed by authority or established
by custom, that the state, community, society or other group recognizes as binding on
its members.
Laws are believed to be originated from customs, parental authority, and rules
of conduct handed down by religious leaders and lawgivers such as Moses, Confucius,
Gautama, Jesus and Mohammed, military power, decrees handed down by oligarchy,
direct action of the people in a general assembly, enactment of representative bodies
and decision of judges.
The following are the kinds of law: Procedural law consists of the rules
governing the legal practice and the way the court operates. Substantive law creates
primary rights and obligations of individuals.
There are fields if law in addition to the above cited genres. Criminal law deals
with act or felony in violation of a law prohibiting it. Civil law on the other hand, deals
with individuals relation to other individuals not with society in general. Administrative
law consists of the rules of administrative commissions that regulate such matters as
interstate commerce, aviation, communication and utilities. Admiralty or Maritime law
is a complete set of laws governing maritime property and affairs. International law is
concerned with the conduct of countries with each other. Military law is the system
of law applying to persons in the military service and Canon law or the body of rules
and discipline adopted by a Christian denomination.
2. Discuss the other norms of morality in terms of the natural law in contrast
with other moral laws.
Natural law is the concept of a body of moral principles that is common to all
humankind and is recognizable by human reason alone. Natural law is universal,
obligatory, recognizable and immutable.
Moral law is different from natural law and divine law. Divine law pertains to the
law of religious faith; moral law is definitely not religious. Relative to the natural law,
moral law has ethics as its foundation while the first is funded on metaphysics.
Moral law consists of moral norms that certainly dictate what sort of behavior
or conduct may or may not be expressed, what sort of acts may or may not be
performed within a particular community.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 4
Conscience and Determinants of Morality

Doubtful Conscience
1.A conscience which leaves a person undecided as to the

proper course of action.
Where
2. It refers to the circumstance of place where the act is

committed.
Act
3. It is a physical tendency towards a definite result.
Extrinsic evil
4. An act which in itself is not evil but is made evil

nonetheless on account of something else.
How
5. It refers to the manner by which the act is made

possible.
Conscience
6. It is often a reliable guide to morality but we must not

forget that it can lead us to error.
What
7. It refers to the act itself and to the quality and quantity

of the results of such act.
Certain conscience
8. It is the subjective assurance of the lawfulness or

unlawfulness of a certain act.
9. It expresses the idea that to manifest ones
consciousness is like having something on the heart.
Conscience
10. It is the inner sense of what is right or wrong in ones

conduct or motive, impelling one towards right action.
Exercises II: Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss the role of your conscience vis--vis the theories and concepts you
learned in this module. Was there more guilt you experienced in your acts or you
have no regret at all?
Conscience is the inner sense of what is right or wrong in ones conduct or
motives. It is believed to the interpreter of morality. It is also something we form
throughout our lives. It is the little voice within us that guides our actions.
They say to err is human but I personally believe that to commit mistake is the
natural tendency of man because of our imperfections. However, we should not make
this as an excuse to commit more mistakes and not learning from them. Most of the
time, I am confronted with dilemma, I dont know which to follow or consider in
making decisions and acting on them, whether my personal values or the societys
norm. But most often than not, the later prevails, thus, I become more prone to
mistakes by considering what I want and not what ought to be. But at the end of
the day, no matter how stubborn I am, I still cannot disregard the little voice that
guides me and help me make good decisions.
2. Discuss the determinants of morality and cite an instance or some instances
that you experienced when you were bothered by your own conscience.
The determinants of morality are:
a. The Act Itself. It means that the act itself should be moral to bring about
positive results. It does not support the saying the end justifies the means.
Because the evil means will never justify the good end, thus to consider an act
moral, the act itself should be moral.
b. The Motive of the Act. It is also referred to as the end or purpose of the act.
A good motive is consistent with the dignity of the human person. It is in
accordance with truth, justice, prudence and temperance.
c. The Circumstances of the Act. An act is an event. It happens in a definite time
and place. Morality takes into account the circumstances surrounding an act.
These circumstances are who, what, where, with whom, why, how and where. An
act to be moral should not go against the good in all respect as to the different
circumstances above-cited.
When I do bad things, I cant get rid of my conscience. It bothers me. It keeps
on reminding me of the bad things I did.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 5
Voluntariness and Moral principle involved In Actions Having Two Effects

Fear
1. It is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is

confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or
loved ones.
Passions/Concupiscence
2. They are tendencies towards desirable objects, or

tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things.
Violence
3. It refers to any physical force exerted in a person by

another free agent for the purpose of compelling a person
to act against his will.
A Person
4. Is morally responsible for any evil effect which flows

from the actions itself directly and necessarily as a natural
consequence, though the evil effect is not willed or
intended.
Perversion
5. It always involves moral turpitude and responsibility,

whereas peculiarity or anomaly does not.
Ignorance
6. It is the absence of intellectual knowledge which can

either be vincible or invincible.
Habit
7. Are defined as a more or less permanent quality which

dispose a faculty to act readily and with ease that may
result naturally from the repetition of the same act.
Simple Voluntariness
8.It is present in a person doing an act willfully, regardless

of whether he likes to do it or not.
Ignorance
9. It is the absence of knowledge which a person ought to

possess.
Vincible Ignorance
10. It is an impulse from without tending to force the agent

to act against his will.
Exercise II. Answer the following questions found below.

1. Explain the saying ignorance of the law excuses no one.
Ignorantia legis non excusat. This Latin dictum implies that being ignorant of
the existing laws is not an excuse to be exonerated or exempted from liabilities
resulting from an act or omission as a consequence of such ignorance. That is the
reason why publication of the law in a newspaper of general circulation is one of the
requisites for its validity so as to provide constructive notice to the public of its
enactment, otherwise it is unenforceable for lack of essential requisite for its validity
and constitutionality.
Though this legal principle is embodied in the Civil Code of the Philippines, there
are however some lapses of this. Not all people are aware of the existing laws, hence
their ignorance may result to violations. Thus in criminal law, the degree of instruction
or education may be taken as mitigating circumstance if the violator/accused is not
educated or is ignorant by reason of low degree of instruction.
2. Why are we accountable for our actions done out of habit?
Criminal and civil liability arise from an act or omission punishable by law.
Felonies are committed not only by means of deceit (dolo) but also by means of fault
(culpa). Hence, even our actions done out of habit, with or without intent or even by
reason of negligence, is not excusable if it violates the law or it transgresses the rights
of others.
The determinant of our liabilities arising from our actions is the damage it
causes to others. If our actions, whether done out of habit violate the substantive
rights of other people, then the doer will be subjected to appropriate sanctions
provided by law.
The factors that determine the liability are: intelligence, free will and
voluntariness. If the person has the capacity to discern whether his act is right or
wrong and has the ability to foresee the consequences of his action or can make
intelligent decision, then the person is said to possess a substantial degree of
intelligence to be aware of his action and the damage it may cause. Other factors are
free will and volition whether the persons action is not vitiated by force, coercion or
intimidation and that he acted with his own freewill. As the saying goes, an act against
my will is not my act.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 6
Filipino Culture: Social values, Ideas, Material Culture
Exercise 1: Give the correct answer by writing the terms or phrases required in the
space provided before each of the items found below:
Essential Good
1. That which contributes to the integral perfection of a person.
Subjectivity
2. It plays and important influence in the choice of values.
Apparent Good
3. It is actually an evil thing but is viewed as good under certain

aspects.
Hierarchy of Values4. It refers to the arrangement of values from the lowest to the
highest.
Rational Values
5. These are necessary to the functions and fulfillment of

intellect and will.
Beliefs
6. They embody peoples perceptions of reality and include the

primitive ideas of the universe as well as the scientists imperial
view of the world.
Laws
7. They are formalized norms, enacted by people that are vested

with government power and enforced by political and legal
authorities designated by the government.
Knowledge
8.It is the total range of what has been learned or perceived as

true.
Mores
9. They are special folkways which are important to the welfare of

the people and their cherished values.
Folkways
10. It is a persons social heritage or customary ways in which

groups organized their ways of behaving.
Exercise 2: Answer the following questions found below.

1. Why is love of God often equated with love of fellowmen?
God said Love your neighbor/fellow as you love me. These words from God
became the bases of mans love to his fellow as a sign of mans love for God. We are
bound to show or express our love to our fellowmen because of the belief that
whatever you do to others, either good or evil, it is as if you have done it to God
Himself.
2. Discuss the implications of freedom of religious worship based on your
observations prevailing today.
Article III, Sec.5 of the Philippine Constitution provides the freedom of
religion. It is a right granted and protected by the Constitution. It has two aspects:
freedom to believe, which is an absolute right and freedom to act according to ones
belief, which is regulated by the State in the exercise of its police power.
However, people tend to abuse this right without understanding that this right
is not absolute. The State regulates its exercise especially when the practice of
religious worship is against the law, moral, public policy and public order. Other people
put up a religion for the purpose of personal gain by indoctrinating their
followers/members and collecting money from them. Some exercise weird religious
ceremonies thus they were dubbed as cults.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 7
Filipino Values- Beliefs, traditions, Cultural Awareness and Traits
Values
1. It is means the quality of desirability which is believed to adhere in an

idea, object or action.
Utang-na-loob2. It means debt of gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped
him through the trials he had undergone.
Hiya
3. It is an emotion-laded attitude involving honor, dignity and pride.
Rebel
4. He is a socially immature individual who wants the right to make his

own decisions but refuses to assume the responsibility for the
consequences of his decision.
Social justice5. It requires that we live only simple lives and that we should not flaunt
our wealth, especially in the midst of so much poverty and deprivation.
Bayanihan
6. It involves the creation of an association with neighbors and the

helping attitude whenever one is in disastrous need.
Moral maturity 7. It is a process of conversion. It means shedding off the old self and
putting on the new self.
Success
8. It is measured in terms of moral responsibility.
Integrity
9. It connotes perfection of the whole from the perfection of its parts.
Filipino Values10. Are those we drive from our culture or way of life, from our
distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and true.
Exercise II. Answer the following questions below.

1. Discuss the nature and context of Filipino values?
Filipino values are those given emphasis in the culture and traditions of
Filipinos. They are centered on the Filipino way of life. They are cultural habits that
define the Filipino attitude towards life in general and towards specific actions in
particular. Hence Filipino values are our distinctive way of becoming human in this
particular place and time.
The values of the Filipinos spring from their peculiar way of viewing life,
its origins, its meaning and its purpose. They are rooted from his awareness as a Filipino
and what is expected of him by his group.
Though based on universal values, Filipino values are said to be distinct
because it is rooted and manifested in our unique way of viewing and understanding life.
Example is the principle of moderation of the Greeks, Romans, Confucians and Buddists
find its equivalent in hindi labis, katamtaman lang of the Filipinos.
However though distinct from others, we do not claim that the elements
of Filipino values are absent in the value system of other people or other culture. Our
Filipino values is a way of recognizing and distinguishing us from the rest based on our
actions, preferences , attitudes and our perception lo life in general the Filipino way.
Another concern is that, universal human values in a Filipino context,
historical, cultural, socio-economic, political, moral and religious, take on a distinctive
set of Filipino meanings and motivations. A Filipino value or disvalue does not exists
alone, in isolation or in vacuum but are clustered around core values like social
acceptance, economic security, social mobility and the like. Thus, to change the
framework of values, it may be necessary to change the context of the negative values
that hinder Filipino development.
Lastly, our Filipino values, in the aspect of historical consciousness of
values, has evolved among our people. The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from
inequality and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family and to the nation. Filipino
consciousness of these values varies at different periods of history. They change, as
society and people change. However, despite the inevitable changes in the Filipino
values, one thing remains constant, that we Filipinos are people who value life, human
dignity, love and social justice.
2. Discuss and harmonize the core Filipino values with that of his cultural
awareness and traits.
Values are not taught, they are caught. This dictum affirms that
values are not inherited; they are personally cultivated and lived. Values involve a moral
commitment to do what is good and just. And to live with it means embodying the core
Filipino values in which other values are derived. Examples are some cultural awareness
and traits like, hiya, amor propio, utang na loob, bata-bata, pakikisama, byanihan,
close family ties, delicadeza and palabra de honor. These values are in congruence
with the core Filipino values however, there are also some disadvantages depending on
how they are understood and practiced.
Although these traits are generally positive, these practices also have the
inclination to be applied negatively. A debt of gratitude for instance, is sometimes
repaid by giving special favors to the others regardless of the moral outcome. While
close family ties can also lead to favoritism. Thus, in the case of their negative
applications, there is a need to harmonize them with the core Filipino values otherwise
these positive values will be given their negative meaning or interpretation.
Man should not be confused with what to consider, with what should prevail and
what is ought to be in case of conflict among the core values and cultural awareness and
traits. Cultural awareness and traits must be harmonized with the core values. Their
practiced and observance must be guided by the Filipino values and what is socially
acceptable and not what should be as perceived by the individual.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 8
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipinos
Political power
1. It is concentrated in the hands of the elite and the

participation of most Filipinos often is limited to voting in
election.
Colonialism
2. It developed a mind-set in the Filipino which encouraged

us to think of the colonial power as superior and more
powerful.
Religion
3. It is the root of Filipino optimism and its capacity to

accept lifes hardships.
Kanya-kanya syndrome
4. It results in the dampening of cooperative and

community spirit and in the denial of the rights of others.
Lack of Discipline
5. It encompasses several related attitude towards time

and space which manifest itself in lack of precision and
compulsiveness in poor time management and in
procrastination.
Social environment
6. It is characterized by feudal structure with great gaps

between the rich minority and the poor majority.
Extreme Personalism
7. It is manifested in the tendency to give personal

interpretation in actions, i.e. take things personally.
Pakikipagkapwa-Tao
8. It is manifested in a basic sense of justice and fairness

and in concern for others.
Sense of joy & Humor
9. It is manifested in the Filipino love for socials and

celebrations in our capacity to laugh even in the most trying
times and in the appeal of political Satire.
Ability to survive
10. It is manifested in our capacity for endurance despite

difficult times and in our ability to get by on so little.

1. Discuss the comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino
character.
Who is a Filipino? To answer this question means to characterize a Filipino
either by giving his positive or negative attributes. A Filipino is resilient, flexible, hard
working and has a strong belief in God. On the contrary, one can also say, a Filipino is
indolent, has an attitude of procrastination and colonial mentality. This implies that a
Filipino character has strengths and weaknesses.
The strengths of the Filipino character are:
a. Pakikipagkapwa-tao. It is manifested in a basic sense of justice and
fairness and in concern for others. It is demonstrated in the Filipinos ability
to empathize with others, in helpfulness and generosity in times of need, in
the practice of bayanihan or mutual assistance, and in the famous Filipino
hospitality.
b. Family Orientation. It is showing genuine and deep love for the family. This
results in a feeling of belongingness or rootedness and basic sense of
security.
c. Joy and Humor. These are manifested by the pleasant and positive
disposition in life by the Filipinos. A sense of humor and a propensity of
happiness contribute not only to the charm but also to the indomitability of
the Filipino spirit. It results to optimism and capacity to survive despite
lifes adversities.
d. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity. Filipinos have a great capacity to
adjust and to adopt to circumstances and to the surrounding environment,
both physical and social.
e. Hard Work and Industry. Poverty and the willingness to improve life
conditions are the motivations of the Filipinos to work hard.
f. Faith and Religiosity. Filipinos have a deep faith in God and their innate
religiosity enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the
context of Gods will and plan.
g. Ability to survive. Filipinos have the capacity for endurance. This survival
instinct is related to the Filipinos who bravely carry on through the harshest
economic and social circumstance.
On one hand, Filipino character has weaknesses:
a. Extreme personalism. This is manifested in the tendency to give personal
interpretation in action or taking things personally. Because of this,
Filipinos have difficulty dealing with all forms of impersonal stimuli.
b. Extreme Family-Centeredness. This is one of the Filipinos greatest

strengths but also becomes a serious flaw. Excessive concern for the
family creates an in-group to which the Filipino is fiercely loyal, to the
detriment of concern for the larger community or common good.
c. Lack of discipline. It is manifested in the lack of precision and
compulsiveness, in poor time management and in procrastination.
d. Passivity and lack of initiative. This is manifested in the attitude one
waits to be told what has to be done.
e. Colonial mentality.
This refers to the lack of patriotism and
preference to anything foreign.
f. Kanya-kanya syndrome. This negative character results in the dampening
of cooperative and community spirit and in the denial of the rights of
others because of selfishness and self-serving attitude.
g. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection. This is the tendency of the
Filipinos to be superficial and flighty. Filipinos give emphasis on porma
rather than substance.
This comparative analysis on the strengths and weaknesses of Filipino
character implies that there is a need to reexamine our values and that
let us do something to turn our weaknesses or negative characters into
strengths in order to preserve Filipino values and character.
2. Discuss the roots of the Filipino character and assess the contribution of the
moral recovery program of the Ramos administration in so far as the current
administration sis concern.
The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipinos have their roots in the following
factors:
1.) home environment 2.)social environment 3.) culture and language 4.) history 5.)
educational system 6.) religion 7.) economic environment 8.) political environment
9.) mass media and 10.) leadership and role models.
Filipino character is affected by the above mentioned factors. Our family
orientation as well as social factors like social structures and social organizations
shapes our behavior and character. The family as the most basic social institution lay
the foundation of our character. The school, church and community reaffirm our values
and orientation we receive at home. Our culture provides standard of conduct that
every member is ought to follow and language serves as a medium for the transmission
of culture and value system from one person to another, from one generation to the
next. Our history as a people and the history of our nation also help shape our
character as Filipinos. Our positive and negative attributes were inherited from our
ancestors and colonizers. What we are today is the product of our past as people and as
a nation. The educational system and other factors that affect the education of a
person either affirm or shake the foundation of the values acquired from family
orientation. They make or break an individual, thus, educational system must be
consistent with the social and personal values of the people, of Filipino people in
particular. Religion is the root of Filipino optimism. It provides people with the sense of
direction in life. The economic and political environment, as well as the mass media and
the role model or leadership also plays an important role in the value-formation of an
individual. Our character is defined by the existing economic and political environment
as well as the prevalent leadership system in the government. Our exposure to mass
media makes us aware of almost all things around us, be it beneficial or detrimental to
our character. If man is not vigilant enough, then mass media has the power to
influence him to go against the established norm to favor his worldly capriciousness.
Given these factors, building our character and values is both personal and collective
responsibility. One must established his personal values in congruence with what is
ought to be as determined by the society where he is a member.
The Moral Recovery Program: building a People, Building a Nation
implemented during the Ramos administration created a positive impact to the present
administration. It was reiterated in this program the significance or the important role
of the people in nation building. We need to improve our negative characters like selfinterest over common good, our being passive and expecting our leaders to take all the
responsibility in solving our nations problems. The task of nation building is not the sole
responsibility of the government, we need to partake to this responsibility and it should
start from us. If we demand for change- then change must start from every Filipino.
Now, Filipinos are more aware, conscious and participative in the affairs of the State.
They finally realized that in building a nation, every Filipino is part of this endeavor.
Our collective effort will bring about positive changes that in the end, all Filipinos will
reap the fruit of our toil not as individuals but as a nation. Like the famous saying goes,
do not ask your country what it can do for you, instead ask yourself what you can do
for your country.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 9
Morality and Accountability in the Public Service
Preamble
1.It explicitly denotes the norms and conduct that all

Filipinos must adhere to.
Administrative Ethics
2. It is important in public administration because it serves

as guide in doing public functions which the law has not
contemplated.
Public Administration
3. It has no universal norms but each government

prescribes a code of conduct for its officials and
employees.
Public policies
4. It cannot be expressed to be perfect but ethical policies

are affective policies.
Public office
5. It is a right, an authority, and a duty created and

conferred by law or fixed by law for certain period of time
or enduring at the pleasure of the appointing power.
Public officials &

Employees
6. They are required to take oath or affirmation to uphold

and defend the constitution upon their assumption to duty
in the public service.
Commission on Audit
7. It has the power, authority and duty to examine, audit

and all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of,
and expenditures or uses of funds and property of the
government.
Civil Service Commission
8. It embraces all branches, subdivision, instrumentalities,

and agencies of the Government, including governmentowned-or controlled-corporation with original charters.
COA, CSC, Office of the 9. The common features of these institutions are they
enjoy a substantive degree of fiscal autonomy in the sense
that they are not subject to the fiscal controls of the
executive.
Corrective Approach
Of CSC
10. It deals with corrective measures that deals with

administrative discipline but is not a function within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the CSC.

1. Harmonize the various codes or ethical standards vis--vis the conduct of public
officials and employees in terms of the current morality and accountability
situation prevailing in the public service.
Public office is a public trust. Public officials and employees should observe the
highest standard of morality, integrity, honesty and loyalty to the public to whom they
are accountable. As such, they are bound to the rules set by various codes or ethical
standards in the conduct of public officials and employees.
The Administrative Code of ethics sets norms of conduct for public servants.
Politically, people bear the responsibility for the conduct of public administration. They
determine the standard of integrity and public life and lay bedrock of a healthy
political environment in society. The Code of Ethics for Public Service is a selfregulation manual among professionals. Public administration has no universal norms but
each government prescribes a code of ethical conduct for its officers and employees.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution particularly sec.1 of Article XI states that public
office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times accountable to
the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act
with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lies. Sec 13 of the same article provides
the power, functions and duties of the Ombudsman to serve as watchdog of public
officials conduct. The Constitution also created the Civil Service Commission as the
central personnel agency of the government. It is an independent body that set its own
rules and regulations in the conduct of public employees.
Despite these prevailing code or ethical standards, a lot of public officials and
employees seem to neglect their duties and responsibilities to the public. They
prioritize personal gain over public interest. They betray public trust by enriching
themselves at the expense of the public to whom they owe honesty and accountability.
Graft and corruption in all forms are rampant and seemed to be an indispensable part
of public service. The government must be very vigilant in the conduct of public
officials and employees. It should not sleep in its duty to correct and apprehend erring
government officials who abuse their positions or promoting personal gain in virtute
oficii, or by virtue of their office. Giving them sanctions is a way of setting example to
others and it will serve as a reminder that public office is a public trust - that public
officials are at all times accountable to the people.
2. What remedies can you suggest to improve standards of conduct and morality
among public servants taking into consideration in the prevailing situation you
observe in your own agency?
We must do something to minimize, if we really cannot totally eradicate
all forms of corruption in the public service. However, we should not make this
an excuse to tolerate the misconducts of public officials and employees. They
should set an example to everybody; hence they are expected to observe the
highest degree of honesty, integrity and loyalty the public.
The government through its agencies and instrumentalities vested with
power and jurisdiction to implement the various codes and standards of conduct
of government officials and employees should be very serious in the
implementation of the code of conducts. They should not tolerate any
misconduct of public officials and employees. The erring public officials and
employees must be subjected to the appropriate sanction provided by law under
the principle of due process. The law must be applied equally without favoring
any person or class.
Another remedy is the conduct of regular seminar for public officials and
employees on their duties and responsibilities, and on how to carry out their
functions, their accountability and responsibility to the public.
Let us be reminded that the kind of public servants we have is reflective
to the kind of people and the kind of government we have. If we want to effect
change, then let us all work together to eradicate corruption and to improve the
standards of conduct and morality of the public servants.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 10
Republic Act 6713

space provided before each of the items found below.
1. A constitutional commission which has the primary

responsibility for the administration and
enforcement of R.A. 6713.
2. It is established in order to motivate and inspire

servants to uphold the highest standards of ethics.
Relatives
3. These refer to any and all persons related to

public official or employee within fourth civil degree
of consanguinity or affinity including bilas, inso and
balae.
Person
4. It includes natural and juridical persons unless

the context indicates otherwise.
Gift
5. It refers to a thing or a right to dispose of

gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of
another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated
sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.
Political neutrality
6. A condition by which public officials and

employees shall provide service to everyone without
unfair determination and regardless of party
affiliation or preference.
R.A.6713
7. A law which embodied the Code of conduct and

ethical Standards for Public Official and Employees
and spelled out in fine detail the dos and donts for
government official and employees in and out of
workplace.
Receiving Gifts/Solicitation
or Acceptance of gift
8. It includes the act of accepting directly or

indirectly, a gift prom a person other than a member
of his family or relative.
Simple living
9. It is a norm of conduct by public officials and

employees and their families shall lead modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income.
Divestment
10. It is the transfer of title or disposal of interest

in property by voluntarily, completely and actually
depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or
title to it, in favor of a person or persons other than
his spouse and relatives.
Exercise II. Answer the following questions;

1. Discuss the norms and conduct and ethical standards vis--vis the conduct of
public officials and employees in term s of the current morality and
accountability situation prevailing in the public service.
R.A. 6713 otherwise known as the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees uphold the time-honored principle of public office
being a public trust. It also grants incentives and rewards for exemplary service
and it enumerates the prohibited acts and transactions and provided penalties for
violations thereof.
It reiterates the observance of the standards of personal conduct in the
discharge and execution of official duties such as : commitment to public interest,
professionalism, justness and sincerity, political neutrality, responsiveness to
the public, nationalism and patriotism, commitment to democracy and simpler
living.
To ensure that no public official or employee will divest to his function, R.A.
6713 determines what constitutes prohibited acts and transactions in addition to
the act or omission of public officials and employees prescribed by the Constitution
and the existing laws. The following include: financial and material interest,
outside employment and other activities related thereto, disclosure and misuse
of confidential information, solicitation or acceptance of gifts. Any person found
to have committed any of the following acts will be subjected to penalty as provided
by this Act.
Despite the clear provisions of this Act and the penalties prescribed herein, a
lot of public officials and employees still continue to commit the prohibited acts and
transactions. Based on what I observed in the public service, the ethical standard
and morality of public officials are doubtful. They promote and protect their
personal vested interest over public interest. A lot of them are engage in illegal
transactions and most of the time, they benefit themselves under their guise of
their public office or positions for their personal gain at the expense of the public.
They view public office as a lucrative business or a way to amass wealth. Very few
public officials and employees observe simple living. They interfere in the
transactions of the government to promote their personal interest or most of the
time, they make use of their position to protect their business, thus conflict of
interest arises, but then again this is resolved in their favor.
One will tolerate the misconduct of another if everyone is doing the same thing.
It is as if a normal thing to them to cheat on people, anyway, once caught, they can
easily slip out and evade the law which has no power to correct them. The law no
matter how stiff it is will become toothless, if the people assigned to enforce them
are lenient and not dead serious in its implementation. The principle of public office
being a public trust is a mockery and there is no way we can raise the morality and
conduct in the public service. This is the screaming reality, and it seems that we are
too deft and dumbed to listen, respond and act on it.
2. Why is it the incentives and awards being offered under R.A. 6713 and other
safeguards are ineffective behavioral patterns for values development among
public servants in the fight against graft and corrupt practices in government.
A system of annual incentives and reward is hereby established in order to motivate
and inspire servants to uphold the highest standards of ethics. The conferment of
awards shall take into accounts among other things, the following: the years of service
and the quality and consistency of performance, obscurity of the position, the level of
salary, the unique and exemplary quality and achievements etc.
However, despite the effort of the government to provide incentive and rewards to
the qualified and deserving public officials and employees, still it cannot solve the
problem on corruption among public servants. Corruption is already rooted in the public
service. This is because, most public officials and employees live beyond their means.
They dont observe a modest or simple living, thus their salary, allowances and other
incentives seem insufficient to meet their multifarious wants and needs. Unless they
learn to value and respect the office they hold and to inculcate in their mind that they
are supposed to serve the people as their masters, they being public servants should
not take advantage of the people and the their positions, corruption remains, like a
termite, it will consume the very foundation of our government.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 11
Executive Order No.292

Compulsory arbitration
1. A method of settling disputes which has become

hardened and irreconcilable and remains unresolved
after exhausting all available remedies exploring all
avenues for a peaceful settlement of the dispute
under existing laws and procedures.
Position
2. It refers to a set of duties and responsibilities

assigned by competent authority to be performed
by individual or either full-time or part-time basis.
Preventive Suspension
3. It is not a punishment or penalty for misconduct

in office, but is considered to be a preventive
measure.
Administrative Offenses (Rule XIV) 4. They are offenses which are classified into
grave, less grave and light, depending on the grave of its nature and effects of said
acts on the government service.
Arbitration
5. A process whereby a third party who may be an

individual arbitrator, a board of arbitrators, or
arbitration court is empowered to render a decision
which disposes of the dispute and is binding on both
parties.
Loyalty award
6. It is an incentive granted to an employee who has

completed at least ten (10) years of continuous and
satisfactory service in the government.
Grievance
7. It refers to as a complaint in writing which has, in

the first instance and in the employers opinion, been
ignored, overridden or dropped without the
consideration.
Career Service
8. It is composed of positions/appointments to
which prior qualification in an appropriate
examination is required.
Dismissal
9. A penalty which shall carry with it a cancellation

of eligibility, forfeiture of leave credits and
retirement benefits, and the disqualification for
reemployment in the government service.
Grave Offense
10. A charge that is conceptually an administrative

case which carries with it the penalty of dismissal
even in the first offense.
Exercise II. Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss the process of resolving conflicts as provided for E.O.292.
E.O. 292 otherwise known as the Omnibus Rules Implementing Book V of
E.O.292 and Other Pertinent Civil Service Laws provides for modes or processes of
resolving conflict and disputes among public servants in the various departments and
agencies of the government. These are: Conciliation. A process whereby a third party
(conciliator) brings the parties together encourages them to discuss their differences
and assist them in developing their own proposed solutions. Mediation. A process
whereby a third party (mediator) is more active in assisting the parties reach
acceptable solutions to the problems and help them develop or come out with an
acceptable solution. Arbitration. A process whereby a third party who may be an
individual arbitrator, a board of arbitrators or an arbitration court is empowered to
render a decision which disposes of the dispute and is binding on both parties.
Arbitration may be voluntary where the arbitrators are chosen by the parties and it
can also be compulsory in case of hardened and irreconcilable dispute despite the
exhaustion of all possible remedies, problem remains unsolved.
The disputes involving the parties must follow the grievance procedure
implemented by the Grievance Committee, presenting their complaint and defenses
through oral discussion or in writing. In case of unsatisfactory result of the
proceeding, the decision is subject to the appeal to the agency head.
In all forms of grievances or disputes, voluntary arbitration is more favored
than compulsory arbitration.
2. Formulate or design a performance incentive and awards system which can be

applied to the agency you are currently employed.
If I were to formulate or design a performance incentive and award system in the
institution where I am currently employed, I guess I will adapt in toto the provisions of
Rule X of E.O 292 regarding incentive award system. Particularly the giving of loyalty
awards to those who have rendered satisfactory service of 10 years and above plus
monetary reward, giving Performance Incentive based on the evaluation conducted by
the institution, Productivity Incentive, Retirement Awards, Year-end Benefits, other
demandable benefits like Thirteen Month Pay, Service Incentive Leave. Maternity and
Paternity Leave under SSS Law, Bonus plus Gift Cash, Rice Allowance to regular and
probationary employees, granting scholarship grants to deserving employees.
These are little ways of recognizing and valuing the satisfactory and notable service
and loyalty of the employees.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 12
Bureaucratic Norms and Graft and Corruption

Social values
1. These are values that are necessary for the promotion of

human society as a whole, integrating the motivation and
interest of members towards the common objective or goal.
Values
2. They are classified according to the level of human life

to which they correspond.
Confidentiality norm
3. This is a norm which consists of the entrustment and

professional secrets involved in confidential matter.
Bureaucratic norm
4. These are standards, customs and models being observed

in an organization.
Jurisdictional norm
5. It is a norm wherein an employee works within the

confines of his responsibility.
Republicanism/Acountability6. They embody the western thought that in a democratic

to the people
and republican system in the government, the people are
the sovereign masters who should be served by their
servant corps promptly and responsibly in all levels of
governance.
Freedom of abode and
Movement
7. This guarantees the right of a person to have his home in

whatever place he chooses and also to travel within his
country and abroad.
Value
8. It is intimately related to the search for meaning in

human life.
Truth
9. It is natural to man and is the basis of social life.
Biological values
10. These are the values necessary to the physical survival

of man as an organism.

1. Discuss the various bureaucratic behaviors according to Ledevina Carino.
Bureaucratic norms are standards, customs and models being observed in an
organization. Hereunder are the prevailing bureaucratic norms according to Professor
Ledevina Carino of the University of the Philippines:
a. Universalistic norm. Refers to the behavioral pattern in which a public servant
attends to the needs of the people in a consistently uniform way, without giving
undue favor to any person.
b. Priority norm. Refers to the values in which public service provides entertains
those in need of service in the chronological order of their arrival or first
come, first served basis.
c. Efficiency norm. It is the delivery of service in a very little time and little cost
to the public.
d. Technical norm. It has something to do with the use of the persons
skill/professional training in serving the client. It is based on the premise that,
the more competent, the more effective and reliable he is.
e. Jurisdictional norm. It is a norm wherein employee works within the confines of
his responsibility.
f. Confidentiality norm. It consists of the entrustment and professional secrets
involved in confidential matter.
2. Discuss the general social values of Filipinos.
The general social values of the Filipinos include:
The conscious past rather than the planned future. It means the traditions
of the past as remembered by the elders are our guide to the present and not the
predictions of experts about the future. We value our history. Our past determines the
future and guides us to the present.
Fatalistic rather than manipulative attitude. Filipinos tend to regard thoughts,
subjects, persons and events sacred or as posed with peculiar virtues and specific
powers and think them as ends in themselves. Manipulation on the other hand implies
that man controls his destiny. Filipinos believed in destiny. They believe that life is a
matter of chance not a choice.
Authoritarian rather than libertarian. It is the choice between submission to
legitimate authority and defense of individual rights.
Particularistic rather than universal norms. Particularistic implies that ones
loyalty is to the subgroup of which he is part. This is deeply rooted to the Filipino
values of closed family ties and utang na loob.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 13
Filipino Social Values: Double Standard Mentality and Harmonization Between

Bureaucratic Norms and Social Values
Unethical-Illegal acts
1. These are acts typically committed in government

offices or agencies that are tasked to collect
revenues, fees and charges or which issue permits
and licenses, or which conduct bidding for public
works and office supplies.
Complacency
2. It is the feeling of being comfortable with the

present state of affairs which leads one to be
indifferent to existing problems.
Pakikisama
3. A Pilipino word which means giving in or yielding to

the will of the leader or the majority so that the
decision of the group becomes unanimous.
Closed family ties
4. It is in a sense a potential for god or evil, which

may help or hinder personal and national
development, depending on how they are understood
or practiced or lived.
Ethical-Illegal conflict
5. It is caused by lack of congruence between what

is sanctioned by law and what society regards as
acceptable.
Priority norm
6. It refers to the first come, first serve basis in

the delivery of service.
Confidentiality norm
7. It refers to the premature disclosure of any

information treated as confidential in nature by
persons not authorized to do the announcement may
constitute injustice committed against the
organization.
Bureaucratic norm
8. It exemplifies the traits and behaviors of the

public with its encounter to any bureaucratic
organizations.
Human values
9. These are ideas, actions, habits or experiences

that contribute to the promotion of human life.
Filipino values
10. These are values that are given emphasis in the

culture and tradition of the Filipinos which
contribute to the shaping of Filipino character
known as ugaling Pilipino.

1. Harmonize various codes or ethical standards vis--vis the conduct of public
officials and employees in terms of the current morality and accountability
situation prevailing in the public service.
R.A. 6713 otherwise known as the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees uphold the time-honored principle of public office
being a public trust. It also grants incentives and rewards for exemplary service
and it enumerates the prohibited acts and transactions and provided penalties for
violations thereof.
It reiterates the observance of the standards of personal conduct in the
discharge and execution of official duties such as : commitment to public interest,
professionalism, justness and sincerity, political neutrality, responsiveness to
the public, nationalism and patriotism, commitment to democracy and simpler
living.
To ensure that no public official or employee will divest to his function, R.A.
6713 determines what constitutes prohibited acts and transactions in addition to
the act or omission of public officials and employees prescribed by the Constitution
and the existing laws. The following include: financial and material interest,
outside employment and other activities related thereto, disclosure and misuse
of confidential information, solicitation or acceptance of gifts. Any person found
to have committed any of the following acts will be subjected to penalty as provided
by this Act.
Despite the clear provisions of this Act and the penalties prescribed herein, a
lot of public officials and employees still continue to commit the prohibited acts and
transactions. Based on what I observed in the public service, the ethical standard
and morality of public officials are doubtful. They promote and protect their
personal vested interest over public interest. A lot of them are engage in illegal
transactions and most of the time, they benefit themselves under their guise of
their public office or positions for their personal gain at the expense of the public.
They view public office as a lucrative business or a way to amass wealth. Very few
public officials and employees observe simple living. They interfere in the
transactions of the government to promote their personal interest or most of the
time, they make use of their position to protect their business, thus conflict of
interest arises, but then again this is resolved in their favor.
2. List down and discuss the standards of personal conduct that should be
internalized and put into practice by all public officials and employees serving in
government.
One of the salient features of R.A. 6713 is Sec.4: Norms and Conduct of Public
Officials and Employees mandating them to observe the following standards of
personal conduct in the discharge of their official duties:
1. Commitment to public interest. Public officials and employees shall always
uphold the public interest over and above personal interest. Government
resources must be used efficiently, effectively, economically and honestly to
avoid wastage in public funds. They should also observe austerity in all their
transactions and provide people with public goods and services.
2. Professionalism. Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their
duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and
skills. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to
duty.
3. Justness and Sincerity. Public officials and employees shall remain true to the
people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not
discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged.
4. Political Neutrality. Public officials and employees shall provide service to
everyone without unfair determination and regardless of party affiliation or
preference.
5. Responsiveness to the public. Public officials and employees shall extend
prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public.
6. Nationalism and Patriotism. Public officials and employees shall at all times loyal
to our beloved country and to the Filipino people, promote and use locally
produced goods, resources and technology and encourage appreciation and pride
of courtesy and people.
7. Commitment to Democracy. Public officials and employees shall respect the
essence of democracy, maintain public accountability, and uphold and protect our
Constitution, serve and protect the people, preserve the integrity of our
national territory and sovereignty.
8. Simple living. Public officials and employees shall maintain austerity and shall
lead modest lives appropriate to their positions and income.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 14
Graft and Corruption

Evasion in the public bidding in the awarding of contract 1. They justify giving
benefits to unqualified recipients which are very evident in employment and awarding of
contracts.
1987 Phil.Constitution
2. It established anti-corruption bodies that are

considered special independent bodies to support the
principles of honesty, integrity, and public accountability.
Lagay system/bribery
3. The act of citizens to bribe government officials

occupying sensitive positions in government is perpetuated
due to bureaucratic red tape.
Grand corruption
4. The theft or misuse of vast amounts of public resources

by sate-officials usually members of , or associated with,
the political or administrative elites constitutes grand
corruption.
Extortion
5. This is done by government officials against their clients

by demanding money, valuable items, or services from
ordinary citizens who transact business with them or with
their office.
Corruption
6. It has been viewed as a cultural and psychological

phenomenon in a country marked by incompatible legal and
cultural norms.
Employment of fixers
7. It is another method of bribe whereby people will pay

certain individuals who may or may not be government
employees to process or obtain personal requirements for
them.
Graft
8. It is a form of political corruption in which officials

gains something due to a position of power, trust, or insider
knowledge.
Ghost projects & payrolls 9. This is done by high officials of the government whereby
non existing projects are financed by the government
while non-existing personnel or pensioners are being paid
salaries and allowances.
Corruption
10. As defined by the PAGC, it involves behavior on the part

of the officials in the public sector, whether politicians or
civil servants, in which they improperly and unlawfully
enrich themselves.

1. Discuss the concept of graft and corruption and include the practices prevailing
in the public and private sector.
Graft is a form of political corruption in which an official gains something due to a
position of power, trust, or insider knowledge. Corruption on the other hand means the
abuse of a public office for personal gain or other illegal or immoral benefit. These two
concepts are often used together or associated with one another whenever a public
official or employee uses his position for personal gain.
Graft and corruption is very rampant not only in the public sector but also in the
private sector as well.
Public sector corruption is a symptom of failed governance at the country level.
Sadly, Philippines is one of the most corrupt nation in the world. Probably that is the
reason why we cannot solve the economic crises in our country despite the change in
the administration. According to the political slogan of Pres. Noynoy Aquino, di ako
magnanakaw..kayo and boss ko. This slogan which created a big impact or appeal to
the masses who are already sick and tired of corrupt governance, this probably ensured
his victory in the presidential race last May 2010 election. Our difficulty to solve both
political and economic problems of our country is often attributed by other politicians
to the form of government that we have. But I believed that the problem does not lie
to the form of government, and CHACHA is not even the solution to the worsening
economic situation of our country. The problem lies to the people who run the
government and to the corrupt officials who use the guise of public office for their
personal gain.
Filipinos are aware that both government officials and businessmen are to be
blamed equally for corruption. However, people seem to believe that government
officials should be held more closely accountable for wrongdoing than their private
counterparts because government activities affect their lives directly.
There are specific types of corruption in the Philippines both prevalent in the public
and private sectors. In the case of corruption in the private sector, the question of
where corruption is common, more than half of the respondents in September 2000
survey said that it is just the same in the government sector. Below are the types of
corruption in the Philippines:
1. Tax evasion. This is very rampant particularly in the private sector due to the
refusal of those engaged in private enterprise to honestly declare their income
and to pay the corresponding taxes to the government.
2. Ghost projects and payroll. This is usually done by high officials whereby nonexisting projects are financed by the government and non-existing personnel are
being paid salaries and allowances.
3. Evasion of Public Bidding in the Awarding of Contracts. The Bids and Awards
Committee forego the awarding if contracts through public bidding, or award
these contracts to favored business enterprises or contractors. To evade
bidding, purchasing government agencies would embark on a piece-meal
purchasing strategy, whereby small amount of supplies and materials will be
bought on a continuous process.
4. The practice of passing the contracts from one contractor to another. This
is to retain a certain percentage of the value of the project to the contactor
and subcontractors resulting to the use of substandard materials or even
unfinished projects.
5. Nepotism and Favoritism. Government officials appoint their family members,
relatives and friends to government positions even if they are not qualified. This
is the root cause of inefficiency in the public service.
6. Extortion. This is done by government officials to their clients by demanding
money, valuable items, or services from ordinary citizens who transact
businesses with them or with their office.
7. Tong or Protection Money. It is a form of bribery which is done by citizens
performing illegal activities and operations. This is to protect them in their
illegitimate activities.
8. The Lagay System or Bribery. It is an act of citizens to bribe government
officials occupying sensitive positions in the government are perpetuated due to
bureaucratic red tape. Another method under this is the employment of fixers
to process personal requirement for them in exchange of money.
2. How public sector corruption does differ from that of the private sector
corruption? How do we reconcile the afore cited question to the assaying it
take two to tango in graft and corrupt practices in the public service.
Corruption in the public sector is as bad as the corruption in the private sector.
According to the survey, the eight forms of corruption as previously discussed are also
prevalent in the private sector but only more serious in the public sector. Graft and
corruption is more prevalent in the public sector because of the fact that public
officials and employees are entrusted with great deal of money, a temptation on their
part. It gives them the tendency to use government or public resources for personal
gain. Unlike in the private sector, generally, only the high officials are usually engaged
in illegal and immoral activities because of their easy access to the resources of their
company or institution where they belong. Another reason why corruption is minimized
in the private sector is that employers or company owners keep tract on the
expenses/expenditures of their company by employing company accountant. This is to
balance their income and expenditures and to check on the possible loopholes.
The saying it takes two to tango means any person who engage in graft and
corruption be it in the public or private sector connives with other people to perpetuate
the illegal act. This is to ensure that their immoral or illegal activity will be kept secret
or in case it is discovered, at least they are an ally to make defense for them. Hence,
most of the time, graft and corruption is made with conspiracy or connivance for
personal enrichment at the expense of the public.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 15
Remedies: Administrative Code of 1987; Republic Act 6713

Simple living
1. A provision of R.A 6713 which states that public officials

and employees and their families shall lead a modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income.
Relatives
2. These refer to any and all persons related to the public

official or employee within fourth civil degree of
consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso, or balae.
Gift
3. It refers to a thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any

act of liberality, in favor of another who accepts it, and
shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous
disposition thereof.
Positions or gratuities
4. They should not be considered additional, double or

indirect compensation.
Responsiveness to the public 5. It is the duty of public officials or employees to

extend prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public.
Political neutrality
6. A norm which public officials and employees are required

to provide service to everyone without unfair discrimination
and regardless of party affiliation or preference.
Substantial stockholder
7. It refers to any person who owns, directly or indirectly,

shares of stock sufficient to elect a director of a
corporation.
Commitment to public
interest
8. A norm in which public officials and employees are

required to always uphold the public interest over and
above personal interest.
Receiving any gift
9. It is an act of accepting, directly or indirectly, a

gift from a person other than a member of his
family or relative.
Responsiveness to the public
10. A norm required under RA 6713 in which public

officials and employees are required to extend
prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the
public.

1. Discuss the complementary remedial measures against graft and corrupt
practices as provided for under E.O. 292 and R.A.6713.
Since people who are engaged in graft and corruption are dead serious to
propagate their illegal activities, then I guess the government should also be very
serious and firm in the implementation of the corrective and remedial measures to
fight graft and corruption.
E.O.292 enumerates the following provisions vis--vis the prohibited acts that
public officials and employees should observe in the p-performance of the duties
and functions in the civil service.
1. No appointive official shall hold office or employment in the government or
any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof including government-owned and
controlled-corporations unless otherwise allowed by law. This is tantamount to
double compensation and may result to conflict of interest.
2. No elective or appointive officer or employee shall receive additional, double
or indirect compensation unless otherwise allowed by law.
3. No officer or employee in the Civil Service including members of the Armed
Forces shall engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity.
4. No laborer, whether skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled shall be assigned to
perform clerical duties.
5. No detail or reassignment shall be made within three months before any
election.
6.No detail or reassignment in the national, provincial, city and municipal
government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof including
government-owned and controlled-corporations with original charters shall be made
in favor of a relative of the appointing or recommending authority, or of the chief
of the bureau of office, or of the persons exercising immediate supervision over
the appointee.
7. No discrimination shall be exercised, threatened or promised against, or in
favor of, any person examined or to be examined or employed by reason of his
political and religious opinions or affiliations, sex or civil status.
8. No officer or employee under administrative investigation shall be allowed to
resigned pending decision of his case.
R.A 6713 enumerates the prohibited acts and transactions as well as the
penalties and remedies thereto to control graft and corrupt practices in the
government:
2. No public official or employee shall maintain financial and material interest in
the government or to any transactions of the government.
3. No public official or employee shall during their incumbency. Hold outside
employment and other related activities thereto.
4. No public official or employee shall divulge confidential or classified information
officially known to them by reason of their office.
5. No public official or employee shall solicit or accept gift, gratuity, favor,
entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from any person in the course
of their official duties.
6. No public official or employee shall divest or shall avoid conflict of interest at
all times.
Other remedial measures under this Act, is the declaration of the assets and
liabilities and financial disclosure of public official and employees upon their
assumption in office,, identification of their relatives and accessibility of
documents for transparency.
These are remedies and corrective measures to prevent graft and corruption in
the government.
2.Discuss the prohibited acts and transactions that public officials and
employees be restrained in the performance of their duties and responsibilities.
The following are prohibited acts and transactions that public officials and
employees be restrained in the performance of their duties and responsibilities:
1. Financial and material interest.
No public official or employee shall maintain financial and material interest in
the government or to any transactions of the government.
2. Outside employment and other related activities thereto.
No public official or employee shall during their incumbency. Hold outside
employment and other related activities thereto.
3. Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information.
No public official or employee shall divulge confidential or classified
information officially known to them by reason of their office.
4. Solicitation of gifts.
No public official or employee shall solicit or accept gift, gratuity, favor,
entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from any person in the
course of their official duties.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
MDM-EETEAP

PSU Urdaneta
MODULE 16
Remedies: Sandiganbayan and Ombudsman

Inter-agency/Anti- Graft
Coordination Council
1. An agency of government that coordinates the

government anti- graft and corrupt efforts in the
country.
Commission on Audit
2. It is an office which serves as the watchdog of

the financial operation of the government.
Presidential Commission of
Good Governance (PCGG)
3. It is an agency which created primarily to go

after any alleged ill-gotten wealth.
Ombudsman
4. A constitutional office which investigates and

acts on complaints filed against public officials and
employees, and serves as the peoples watchdog of
the government.
Sandiganbayan
5. It acts as the anti-graft court of the Philippines

and has jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases
involving graft and corrupt practices and such other
offenses committed by public officials and
employees.
Department of Justice
6. It conducts preliminary investigation on

complaints of a criminal nature against public
officials and employees that are filed with it,
subject to the approval of the OMB, if the offense
investigated was committed by such official or
employee in relation to his office.
Ombudsman
7. It publicize matters covered by its investigation

when circumstances so warrant with due prudence.
8. It serves as the central personnel agency of the

government which is mandated to establish a career
service and promote moral, efficiency, integrity,

responsiveness, and courtesy in the civil service.
National Bureau of Investigation 9. These law enforcement agencies conduct factPhilippine National Police
finding investigation on graft and corruption.
R.A. 8249
10. A law which creates two avenues for trying

erring members of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and other members subject to military
laws.

1. Discuss the functions and role of the Sandiganbayan and Office of the
Ombudsman in the combat of graft and corrupt practices.
Article XI, sec.4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that the present
anti-graft court known as sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its
jurisdiction as now hereunder provided by law. And pursuant to this constitutional
provision, R.A. 8249 also known as Act Further Defining the Jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan was made into law. This Act classifies the Sandiganbyan as a special
court and places it at par with the Court of Appeals.
Sandiganbayan acts as the anti-graft court of the Philippines. It has jurisdiction
over civil and criminal cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other
offenses committed by public officers and employees, it is in charge of maintaining
morality, integrity and efficiency in the public service.
Sec 5 of article XI of the 1987 Constitution created the independent Office
of the Ombudsman which is also to be known as Tanodbayan.
The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions and
duties. (Sec.13):
a. Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any
public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to
be illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
b. Direct upon complaint or its own instance, any public official or employee to
perform and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent and
correct any abuse or impropriety in the performance of duty.
c. Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official
or employee at fault, and recommend the removal, suspension, demotion, fine,
censure or prosecution and ensure compliance therewith.
d. Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, subject to such
limitations as provided by law, to furnish documents relating to contracts or
transactions entered into by his office involving disbursement of public funds.
e. Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the
discharge of its responsibilities.
f. Publicized matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant
and with due prudence.
g. Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud,
corruption in the government and make recommendations for their elimination.
h. Promulgate rule and procedures and exercise such other powers and perform
such functions or duties as may
be provided by law.
2. Discuss the other measures employed to combat graft and corruption practices
by various agencies of government.
The government employs various measures, anti-corruption bodies and other
agencies to combat the problem of graft and corruption in the Philippines.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A. Legal Measures
The 1987 Philippine Constitution. Article XI of our Constitution states that a
public office is a public trust, public officials and employees must at all times
accountable to the people. Sec 2 of the same article provides for impeachment
and recall as means of removing erring public officials for betratyi8ng public
trust and culpa bale violation of the constitution.
R.A. 3019 also known as the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices of 1960.
This law enumerates all corrupt practices of any public officer, and provides the
corresponding penalties.
Executive Order No.292 or the Administrative Code of 1987. It reiterates
the provisions embodied in Sec 1. Of the 1987 Constitution. It also gives the
President the power to institute proceedings to recover properties unlawfully
acquired by public officials and employees.
R.A. 6713. This act promotes a high standard of ethics and requires all
government personnel to make an accurate statement of assets and liabilities.
R.A.N.6770 or the Ombudsman Act of 1989. This act provides the functional
and structural organization of the Office of the Ombudsman.
Aside from the legal; measures, there are also constitutional bodies
created to combat graft and corruption. These are: 1. Ombudsman whose
functions are earlier discussed , the Civil Service Commission and the
Commission on Audit.
There are also other government anti-corrupt bodies, to wit:
1. Department of Justice. It conducts preliminary investigation on complaint
on criminal nature against public officials and employees that are fed with it.
It prosecutes cases if the public officials and employees involved belong to
the ranks lower than the salary grade 27.
2. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and Philippine National Police

(PNP). These law enforcement agencies conduct fact0finding investigation
on graft and corruption cases.
3. Presidential Commission of Good Governance (PCGG). The agency created
primary to go after the alleged ill-gotten wealth.
4. Presidential Commission Against Graft and Corruption. This office is
created by E.O.151 by then Pres. Ramos to investigate graft and corruption
cases in the executive department.
5. Inter-agency on Anti-graft Coordinating Council. This coordinates the
government anti-graft and corruption efforts in the country.

Ethics and Accountability

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Ethics and Accountability

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IBAAN, Jocelyn C.

DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions:

2. It describes the general structure, attitude of social groups:

3. It is something that a person prizes, cherishes and esteems as

4. It holds the theory that conscience is an innate or inborn

5. It is a science of right or correct thinking.

6. It is a judgment of human reason concerning the moral goodness

7. It is especially concerned with the right way of doing things in

8. It is the quality of human acts which we call some of these acts

9. It is defined as the art or science of mans effort to live in

Exercise 2: Answer any two (2) of the following questions:

ANSWER: Question No. 1.

Answer: Question No. 3.

DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

The Importance of Ethics and Morality of Human Action

2.It is the principle that humanity is an end in itself.

3.The acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the

4.This type of hedonism stresses happiness, not for individual, but

Survival of the Fittest

6.The followers of this school of thought hold strongly to the

7.It is the only true measure of what man ought to be.

8.It is finding of arguments or excuses for doing what we want to

9.It refers to the basis of distinction between right and wrong.

10.This school believes that the acquisition of pleasure is the main

Exercise II. Answer the following questions.

DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions.

1. It consists of moral norms that certainly dictate what sort of

2. It is a concept of a body of moral principles that is common to

3. A law which is concerned with the conduct of countries in their

4. A philosopher who regards natural law as a discipline that every

5. It is entirely a product of political evolution consisting of

6. It is a system of law applying to persons in the military service.

8. It consists of rules governing the legal practice and the way in

9. In general, it is a standard of measurement.

10. It deals with the individuals relation to other individuals or

Exercise II.Answer the following questions.

DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions.

1.A conscience which leaves a person undecided as to the

2. It refers to the circumstance of place where the act is

3. It is a physical tendency towards a definite result.

4. An act which in itself is not evil but is made evil

5. It refers to the manner by which the act is made

6. It is often a reliable guide to morality but we must not

7. It refers to the act itself and to the quality and quantity

8. It is the subjective assurance of the lawfulness or

10. It is the inner sense of what is right or wrong in ones

Exercises II: Answer the following questions:

DM 202 Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service

Voluntariness and Moral principle involved In Actions Having Two Effects

Exercise 1. Give the correct answer to the following questions.

1. It is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is

2. They are tendencies towards desirable objects, or

3. It refers to any physical force exerted in a person by

4. Is morally responsible for any evil effect which flows

5. It always involves moral turpitude and responsibility,

6. It is the absence of intellectual knowledge which can

7. Are defined as a more or less permanent quality which

8.It is present in a person doing an act willfully, regardless

9. It is the absence of knowledge which a person ought to

10. It is an impulse from without tending to force the agent

Exercise II. Answer the following questions found below.