Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
4 1 Background
4.1
4.1.1 The intensity of a wave field
4.1.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle in rectangular coordinates
4.2 The Fresnel approximation
4 2 1 Positive vs
4.2.1
vs. negative phases
4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation
4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the angular spectrum
4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between confocal spherical surfaces
4 3 The Fraunhofer approximation
4.3
4.4 Examples of Fraunhofer diffraction patterns
4.4.1 Rectangular aperture
4.4.2 Circular aperture
4 4 3 Thin sinusoidal aperture grating
4.4.3
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating
4.5 Examples of Fresnel diffraction calculations
4.5.1 Fresnel diffraction by a square aperture
4 5 2 Fresnel diffraction by a sinusoidal amplitude grating-Talbot images
4.5
4.1 Background
In chapter 3 we dealt with most general form of the diffraction

theory.
I chapter
In
h t 4 we will
ill deal
d l with
ith
Intensity of a wave field
Huygens-Fresnel principle
Certain approximations to reduce the problem to a simpler
mathematical form. These approximations are:
Fresnel
Fraunhofer
We consider the wave propagation phenomenon as a system.
The approximations will be valid for certain class of inputs
inputs.
Preparation for the calculations related to the approximations
Spring 2010
Eradat Physics Dept. SJSU
4.1.1 The intensity of a wave field

Intensity is the physically measurable attribute of an optical wavefield
Intensity and power density are not the same but proportional
Intensity of a scalar monochromatic wave at point P
I ( P ) =| U ( P) |2
For a narrow-band (not perfectly monochromatic) intensity is given by
I ( P ) = | u ( P, t ) |
An infinite
time average
and I ( P, t ) = | u ( P, t ) |
Instantaneous
Intensity
In calculating a diffraction pattern, we are looking for the intensity of

th pattern.
the
tt
Spring 2010
4.1.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle in

rectangular coordinates
According to the first Rayleigh-Somefeld solution the diffracted field
on the xy plane due to the aperture on the plane is U I ( P0 ) and the
Huygens-Fresnel principle can be written as:
1
e jkr01
z
U I ( P0 ) =
U
(
P
)
cos
d
ds
where
h
cos
=
cos(
(
n
,
r
)
=
1
01
j
r01
r01
z
U ( x, y ) =
j
e jkr01
U ( , ) r012 d d ,
where r01 = z + ( x ) + ( y )
2
Two approximations are used in this result:

1) inherent approximation in the scalar theory
2) r01 >>
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x
P0
P1
4.2 The Fresnel approximation I

Goal: to reduce the H-F principle to a simple and usable expression
W achieve
We
hi
thi
this b
by approximations
i ti
ffor r01 :
Binomial expansion: ( x + y ) n = x n + nx n 1 y +
n(n 1) n 2 2
x y + ... + y n , n = 1, 2,3,...
2!
1
1
(1 + b) 1/ 2 = 1 b b 2 ... for 1 < b 1: the higher order terms are negligable
2
8
2
2
1 x 2 1 y 2
x y
r01 = z 1 +
+
z
1
+
+
+
...
2
2
z
z
z z
Where do we cut the series? We will use r01 in the diffracted field equation
z
e jkr01
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , ) 2 d d
j
r01
The term e jkr01 is very sensitive to the values of r01 specially since it is multiplied
b a very llarge number
by
b k = 2 / . IIn th
the visible
i ibl off the
th order
d 107. We
W keep
k
two
t
terms for the exponent. For r012 error introduced by dropping all terms but z is small.
2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
z
e jkr01
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , ) 2 d d =
U ( , )e 2 z
d d
j
r01
j z
The integration limit is let to using the usual boundary conditions.

Spring 2010
4.2 The Fresnel approximation II

k
2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
e jkz
2
z
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , )e
d d this looks like a convolution
j z
e jjkz j 2 z ( x )2 + ( y )2
U ( x, y ) = U ( , )h( x , y )d d where h( x, y ) =
e
j z
First form of the Fresnel diffraction integral
Another form of the Fresnel diffraction integral is expressed as the following

k
j ( 2 + 2 )
Fourier transform of the U ( , ) e 2 z
which is complex field
just to the right of aperture multiplied by a quadratic phase factor
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( 2 + 2 ) j ( x + y )
d d
e z
U ( , )e 2 z
Seond form of the Fresnel diffraction integral
Observation in the near field of the aperture or Fresnel diffraction region

x -
y -
< 1,
< 1,
z
z
and scalar theory approximation are assumed
Where r01 >> ,
Spring 2010
4.2.1 Positive vs. negative phases

Goal: to understand the meaning of the signs of the
phase exponentials:
in the spherical
p
wave e jkr01 and its equivalent
q
j
k 2 2
(x +y )
2z
in the quadratic approximation e

( for z > 0)
Sign convention: our phasors rotate in the clockwise
direction (the angle becomes more negative as time goes)
and their time dependence is e j 2 t
We move in space in such a way that we encounter
portions of the wavefield that were emitted earlier in time.
The phase must become more positive since the
Wavefront
emitted
later
Wavefront
emitted
earlier
y
phasor had not have time to rotate as far in clockwise.
k
We move in space in such a way that we encounter
portions of the wavefield that were emitted later in time.
The phasor will have advanced in the clockwise direction,
therefore the phase must become more negative.
Spring 2010
4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation I

Fresnel approximation replaced the spherical secondary wavelets with
parabolic wavefronts in the Huygens-Fresnel principle
z
U ( x, y ) =
j
2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
e jkr01
e jkz
2z
U
(
)
d
U
(
)
e
d d
2
r01
j z
Parabolic wavelets
Spherical
wavelets
The accuracy of this approximation depends on the size of the higher

order terms in binomial expansion. A sufficient condition for accuracy is:
2
2
2
2
2
1 x 1 y
1 x y
r01 z 1 +
+
+
+
...
2
z
2
8
z
z
z
maximum phase change due to dropping
b 2 /8 term must be much less than one radian
e jkr01
2
2
2 1 x y
2
(O ) =
+
<< 1
8 z z
Max
z >>
4
3
Spring 2010
{( x ) + ( y ) }
2
2 2
Max
4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation II

Example: calculate the safe distance to use the Fresnel approximation
for a circular aperture of size 1cm and a circular observation ragion of
1cm with a light of = 0.5 m. (Answere: z >> 25 cm)
z >>
4
3
{( x ) + ( y ) }
2
2 2
hint: x and y should have their
Max
maximum possible values to evaluate the condition.

If the higher order terms do not change the value of the Fresnel integral
substantially, we can use the approximation.
They do not need to be small in this case.
Spring 2010
4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the

angular spectrum I
Goal: understand the implications of the Fresnel approximations from
the point of view of angular spectrum method of analysis
analysis.
We compare the transfer function of propagation through free space,
predicted by RS scalar diffraction theory, with the transfer function
predicted by the Fresnel analysis
General spatial phase dispersion
representing
propagation
2 z
2
2
H RS ( f X , fY ) = j 1( f X ) ( fY )
RS theory
e
f X 2 + fY 2 < 1 /
otherwise
0
A constant
phase delay
due to traveling
Qadratic phase
dispersion
j z ( f X 2 + fY 2 )
e jkz j 2 z ( x )2 + ( y )2 FT
jkz
h ( x, y ) =
e
H F ( f X , fY ) =
e
e
j z
All plane waves Different plane-wave
Fresnel approximation impulse response
Spring 2010
suffer equally
components suffer
different phase delays
10
4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the

angular spectrum II
j 2 z

H RS ( f X , fY ) = e
0
1( f X ) ( fY )2
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
H F ( f X , fY ) = e e
f X 2 + fY 2 < 1 / RS theory
otherwise
We can see that H F ( f X , fY ) is an approximation to the H RS ( f X , fY )

Applying the binomial expansion to the H RS ( f X , fY ) we get:
( f X )
1
1 ( f X ) ( fY ) 2
2
2
2 z
1( f X ) ( fY ) 2
j
( fY )
2 z ( f ) 2 ( f ) 2
X
Y
j
1

2
2
if ( f X )
1 and ( fY )
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
=e e
) =H (f , f )
F
X
Y
Conclusion:
H RS ( f X , fY ) H F ( f X , fY ) When the conditions: ( f X )
k
=2 = x
|k |
1,
kY
2
2
f
=
1 are satisfied. So Fresnel approxilation is equivalent
( Y)
|k |
to the paraxial approximation that is limitted to small propagation angles.
Spring 2010
11
4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between confocal

spherical surfaces I
Goal: analysis of diffraction between two confocal spherical surfaces
Confocal spheres: center of each lies on the surface of the other.
We set the spheres tangant to the plance we used before.
Located at z = 0 and z = z. r01 is the distance between two spherical caps.
We write the equations for both surfaces and find the distance between
them. Make paraxial approximation by using the binomial expansion.
Assuming the extend of the spherical caps about the z axis is small
compared to the radii of the spheres
spheres, ii.e.
e for z>>x and y , we get
r01 = z 2 + ( x ) 2 + ( y ) 2 r01 z U ( x, y ) =
z
j
U ( , )
x y
z
z
jk 01
jkr
e
d d ,
2
r01
r01
j [ x + y ]
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , )e z
d d
j z
Field on the
right hand
spherical cap
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Fourier transform of the Field on the

left hand spherical cap
z
12
4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between

confocal spherical surfaces II
Comparing the two form:

2
r01
j [ x + y ]
e jkz
z
)
U ( x, y ) =
U
e
d d
j z
Field on the
right hand
spherical cap
Fourier transform of the Field on the

left hand spherical cap
Compared with the Fresnel diffractionintegral:

k
j ( 2 + 2 )
Fourier transform of the U ( , ) e 2 z
which is complex field just
to the right of aperture multiplied by a quadratic phase factor
k
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( 2 + 2 )
j z ( x + y )
2z
d d
e
U ( , )e
We see that by replacing the two plates with spherical caps, the quadratic
factor in ( x, y ), e
k 2 2
(x + y )
2z
, and ( , ), e
k 2 2
+
2z
, have been elminated.
In fact these two phase factors are paraxial representations of spherical

phase surfaces. By having a spherical observation plane, they are gone.
On derivation of the Fresnel diffraction integral we approximated the
spherical waves with plane waves. Now getting back to spherical surfaces,
there is no approximation. Sherical surface will see the spherical wave like
a flat surface sees the plane wave.
Spring 2010
13
4.3 The Fraunhofer approximation I

Goal: applying another more stringent approximation to the Fresnel
diffraction integral to simplify the calculations for valid cases.
k
j ( 2 + 2 )
2
Fourier transform of the quadratic phase function, U ( , ) e z
, which is the
k
j ( 2 + 2 )
2
aperture
t
distribution
di t ib ti U ( , )), multiplied
lti li d b
by a quadratic
d ti phase
h
ffactor
t e z
2
k
j ( 2 + 2 ) j ( x + y )
z
2z
(
)
U
e
e
d d
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
Applying
pp y g the Fraunhofer approximation:
pp
z
phase factor e
k 2 2
+
2z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
k 2 + 2
U ( , )e
max
the q
quadratic
2
( x + y )
z
d d
Fourier transform of the aperture distribution

x
y
evaluated at f X =
and fY =
z
z
x
P0
Spring 2010
P1
14
4.3 The Fraunhofer approximation II

k ( + )
z
Fraunhofer approximation: z
or
aperture size,
2
max
Fresnel approximation: z
Since k =
( x - ) 2 + ( y - ) 2
is a large number Fraunhofer approximation is much
stringent than Fresnel approximation

At optical frequencies: = 0.6 m; aperture width = 2.5 cm; z
1600m
A less stringent condition is called the "antenna

antenna designer formula":
formula :
for an aperture with linear dimension of D, the Fraunhofer approximation
will be valid if z >
2D2
now z > 2000 meters (>> is replaced with >)
The Frauhofer diffraction pattern will form at very far distances but we
can bring the pattern by using a proper lens or proper ilumi
ilumination.
nation
Will see in the problems.
Spring 2010
15
Bessel functions I
The Bessel functions or cylinder functions or cylinderical harmonics
of the first kind,
kind J n ( x),
) are defined as the sol
solutions
tions to the
d2y
dy
+
x
+ ( x2 n2 ) y = 0
Bessel differential equation: x
2
dx
dx
These functions are nonsingular at the origin
origin.
2
(-1)l
1
2 l +|m|
|
|
x
m
2l +|m|
2
l !(| m | +l )!
l =0 2
2
1
sin x
J m ( x)
m=
2
x
2
1
cos x
m=
2
x
J m ( x ) = (1) m J m ( x) m = 0,1, 2, 3, ...
d m
x J m ( x) = x m J m 1 ( x)
dx
A derivative identity:
An integral identity:
u ' J 0 (u ')du ' = uJ1 (u )
Bessel function addition theorem: J n ( y + z ) = m = J m ( y ) J n m ( z )
k =- J k ( x) = 1;
n
eiz cos Eradat
= J 0 ( zPhysics
) + 2Dept.
j
JSJSU
n ( z ) cos( n )
Spring 2010
There are more of these identities. Check you favorite math handbook.
16
Bessel functions of the first kind (MATLAB)

u = (0:0.1:15)
BJ0=besselj(0,u);
BJ1=besselj(1,u);
BJ2=besselj(2 u);
BJ2=besselj(2,u);
BJ3=besselj(3,u)
plot(u,BJ0,u,BJ1,u,BJ2,u,BJ3);
legend('J0','J1','J2','J3')
title('Bessel
title(
Bessel functions of first kind');
kind );
xlabel('u'),ylabel('J')
grid on
Bessel functions of first kind

1
J0
J1
J2
J3
0.5
-0.5
05
10
15
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17
Bessel functions II
Various integrals expressed in terms of the Bessel functions:
J n ( z) =
J n ( z) =
in
cos( z sin n )d
1
J 0 (a ) =
2
eiz cos cos(n )d
1
J n ( z) =
2 i n
Bessel's first integral
eiz cos ein d with n = 0
ia cos
or
J 0 ( z ) = (1)
k =0
(Z
/4
( k !)
/2
zn
J n ( z) =
sin 2 n u cos( z cos u ) du for n = 1, 2,...
( 2n 1) !! 0
x z 1
1
1
n 1
2 z
J n ( x) =
e
z
dz
for
n
>
2 i
2
The Bessel functions are normaized:

2
J n ( x)dx = 1 for n = 0,1,

, , 2,..
, .
4
J ( x)
Integrals involving J1 ( x) : 1 dx =
and
0
3
x
Spring 2010
1
J1 ( x )
xdx
=
x
2
18
Fourier transform of a circularly symmetric

function I
Most apertures and lenses have circular symmetry for example
1
x2 + y 2 a
x2 + y 2 > a
g ( x, y ) = {
expresses a circular aperture with radius of a.
The circular symmetry justifies usage of cylindical coordinates.

x = r cos ; y = r sin ; r = x 2 + y 2 ; = tan 1 ( y / x)
f x = cos ; f y = sin ; =
dxdy = rdrd ;
f X2 + fY2 ; = tan -1 ( fY / f X )
df X dfY = d d ;
F { g ( x, y )} = G ( f X , fY ) = g ( x, y ) e j 2 ( f X x + fY y ) dxdy
Now apply change of varaibles:

2
F { g (r , )} = G0 ( , ) = d g (r , )e j 2 ( cos r cos + sin r sin ) rdr

For circularly symmetric functions g is only function of r. So we write:
g (r , ) = g R (r )
2
G0 ( , ) = d g R (r )e
Spring 2010
j 2 r cos( )
rdr = g R (r )rdr e j 2 r cos( ) d
19

function II
G0 ( , ) = g R (r )rdr e j 2 r cos( ) d
this relation is correct for any value of including = 0,
1 2 ja cos( )
Value of the integral
e
d = J 0 (a) is own known as the
0
2
zeroth order Bessel function of the first kind.
With substituting a = 2 r and = 0 we get:
Fourier-Bessel transform, B , or
B ( ) = G0 ( ) = 2 rg R (r ) J 0 (2 r )dr
0
Hankel transform of zero order
The inverse Fourier-Bessel transform is then:
B g (r , ) = g R (r ) = 2 G0 ( ) J 0 (2 r )d
1
Conclusions:
1) Fourier transform of a circularly symmetric function is a circularly
summetric function itself.
2) There is no difference between the direct and inverse transform operations.
Spring 2010
20

function III
Following the Fourier integral theorem. and simmilarity theorem, we get:
BB 1 { g R (r )} = B 1B { g R (r )} = BB { g R (r )} = g R ( r ) when g R (r ) is continuous.
1
G
0
a2 a
B for Fourier-Bessel transform.
All other Fourier
Fourier transform theorems apply since this is just a special
case of the general two-dimensional Fourier transforms.
B { g R (ar )} =
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21
Fourier transform of a circular aperture with

radius a
x2 + y 2 a
1 r a
1
g ( x, y ) =
g R (r ) =
2
2
0 r > a
x +y >a
0
Substituting g R (r ) in
G0 ( , ) = G0 ( ) = 2 rg R (r ) J 0 (2 r )dr
0
G0 ( ) = 2 rJ 0 (2 r )dr
0
Using the the integral identity:

r ' = 2 r
G0 ( ) =
2 2
1
G0 ( ) =
2 2
u ' J 0 (u '))du '' = uJ1 (u )
r ' = 2 a
a
2 a
1
0 2 r J 0 (2 r )d (2 r ) = 2 2 0 r 'J 0 (r '))dr '
J (2 a )
J (2 a )
=2 a 2 1
with k = 2
2 a J1 (2 a ) = a 1
2 a
r =0r'=0
and r = a
J (k a)
G0 (k ) = F ( k ) = 2 a 2 1 where J1 is a first order Bessl function.
a
kEradat
Spring 2010
Physics Dept. SJSU
22
Circular aperture with Bessel functions

in MATLAB
1
g ( x, y ) =
0
x=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
y=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
A=y.'*x;
i index=0;
i_index
0;
for i=-15.1:0.5:14.9
j_index=0;
i_index=i_index+1;
for j=-15.1:0.5:14.9
j_index=j_index+1;
r=sqrt(i^2+j^2);
if r <=5
A(i_index,j_index)=1;
else A(i_index,j_index)=0;
end
end
end
d
subplot(2,1,1);
mesh(x,y,A);
title('Circular Aperture')
axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 0 1]);
a=1;
kx=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
(
)
ky=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
[kax,kay]=meshgrid(kx,ky);
ka=sqrt(kax.^2+kay.^2);
Gka=2*pi*a^2.*besselj(1,ka)./(ka*a);
subplot(2,1,2);
mesh(kx,ky,Gka);
xlabel('kx'); ylabel('ky');
axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 -1 4]);Eradat
title('Fourier Bessel of Circular Aperture')
x2 + y 2 a
1 r a
g R (r ) =
0 r > a
x2 + y 2 > a
J (k a)
G0 (k ) = F ( k ) = 2 a 2 1
k a
Physics Dept. SJSU
Spring 2010
23
Circular aperture with Bessel functions in

MATLAB
Spring 2010
24
Circular aperture with FFT in MATLAB

%PHYS 258 spring
p g 07, Nayer
y Eradat
%A program to plot a circular aperture
function
%and its Fourier transform using fft and shift
fft function
x=(-2:0.05:2);
y=(-2:0.05:2);
( 2 0 05 2)
A=y.'*x;
i_index=0;
for i=-2:0.05:2
j_index=0;
i index=ii_index+1;
i_index
index+1;
for j=-2:0.05:2
j_index=j_index+1;
r=sqrt(i^2+j^2);
if r <=0.2
A(i_index,j_index)=1;
else A(i_index,j_index)=0;
end
end
end
subplot(2,1,1);
mesh(x,y,A);
h( A) %3D plot
l t
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); zlabel('E');
title('Circular aperture');
fft_v=abs(fft2(A));
fft_val=fftshift(fft_v);
%shift zero
zero-frequency
frequency component to center
of spectrum
subplot(2,1,2);
mesh(x,y,fft_val);
xlabel('fx'); ylabel('fy'); zlabel('E');
title('fft of Circular aperture');
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25
4.4 Examples of Fraunhofer diffraction

patterns
We can apply the results of Fraunhofer approximation to
calculate the complex field distribution pattern across
any given aperture.
The physically observable quantity is the intensity of the
radiation rather than the field strength
strength.
In the following examples we will calculate the intensity
distributions across the apertures.
Spring 2010
26
Screen amplitude transmittance function

complex field amplitude
imediately behind the screen
Screen amplitude transmittance function=
incident complex field amplitude
Screen amplitude transmittance for an infinite opaque screen:
1
t A ( , ) =
0
in the aperture
outside the aperture
It is possible to introduce for example

a) Phase mask: spatial patterns of phase shift by means of transparent
plates of various thickness
b) Amplitude mask: spatial attenuation by placing an absorbing photographic
transparency with real values between 0 t A 1
These two techniques extend all realizable values of t A
over the complex planes within the unit circle.
Spring 2010
27
4.4.1 Rectangular aperture I

Goal: calculate the intensity of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at
a distance z from a rectangular aperture located on an infinite opaque
p
amplitude
p
transmittance:
screen. Aperture

t A ( , ) = rect
rect
2
2
w
w
X
Y
where wX and wY are the half widths of the aperture in and directions.
Illumination: a unit-amplitude, normally incident, monochromatic plane wave:
p
is the
For such an illumination the field distribution jjust across the aperture
transmittance function t A , and the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is:
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
U ( , )e
2
( x + y )
z
d d
Fourier transform of the aperture distribution

x
y
evaluated at f X =
and fY =
z
z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
F {U ( , )}
U ( x, y ) =
e
f X = x / z , fY = y / z
j z
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4.4.1 Rectangular aperture II

e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
F {t A ( , )} f = x / z , f = y / z
U ( x, y ) =
e
X
Y
j z

t A ( , ) = rect
rect
2 wX
2 wY
F {t A ( , )} = 2 wX sin c ( 2wX f X ) 2 wY sin c ( 2 wY fY ) with A = 4 wX wY
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
A sin
i c ( 2 wX f X ) sin
i c ( 2 wY fY )
j z
f X = x / z , fY = y / z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
2 wX x
2 wY y
U ( x, y ) =
e
A sin
i c
i c
sin
j z
z
z
2
A
2w x
2w y
I ( x, y ) =| U ( x, y ) |2 = 2 2 sin c 2 X sin c 2 Y
z
z
z
Spring 2010
29
4.4.1 Rectangular aperture III

A2
2 2 wX x
2 2 wY y
I ( x, y ) =| U ( x, y ) | = 2 2 sin c
sin c
z
z
z
2
Exercise: prove that width of the maine lobe or distance between the
fi t two
first
t
zeros is
i x =
z
wX
Solution: we need to find roots of the I, when y=0, we have

2 wY y
sin c
= 1 so we need to require
z
2 wX x
sin
i
2
w
x
= 0 2 wX x = m x = m z
sin c 2 X = 0
2 wX x
2 wX
z
z
z
z
z
z
with m = 1 we get x+ =
and x =
x =
wX
2 wX
2 wX
2
Spring 2010
30
Spring 2010
31
4.4.2 Circular aperture I

Goal: calculate the intensity of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at
a distance z from a circular aperture of radius q located on an infinite
opaque screen
screen. Aperture amplitude transmittance:
q
t A (q ) = circ
w
Circular symmetry suggests using the cylinderical coordinates and the
Fourier-Bessel transformation. The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is:
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
U ( , )e
2
( x + y )
z
d d
Fourier-Bessel transform of the aperture distribution

x
y
evaluated at f X =
and fY =
z
z
e jkz j 2kz r 2
B {U ( q )}
where r = x 2 + y 2 is the radius in the
U ( x, y ) =
e
=r / z
j z
aperture plane and =
Spring 2010
f X2 + fY2 is the radius in the spatial frequency plane.

32
4.4.2 Circular aperture II

Illumination: a unit-amplitude, normally incident, monochromatic plane wave:
For such an illumination the field distribution just across the aperture is the
transmittance function t A ,
e jkz j 2kz r 2
e jkz j 2kz r 2
q
B circ
=
B {t A ( q )}
U (r ) =
e
e
=r / z
j z
j z
w =r / z
J1 (2 w )
r
kwr
q
2
; 2 w =
B circ = A
where A = w . With =
w
z
z

A jkz j 2kz r 2
U (r ) =
e e
j z
2
J1 (kkwr / z )
2 kwr / z
A J (kwr / z )
I ( r ) = 2 1
kwr / z
z
The
Th Airy
Ai pattern.
tt
Width of the central lobe measured along the x and y axis: d = 1.22
Spring 2010
z
w
33
4.4.2 Circular aperture III

E
Exercise:
i
P
Prove th
thatt width
idth off th
the central
t l llobe
b measured
d along
l
th
the x and
d y axis
i
z
on the Airy pattern is: d = 1.22
w
2
A J1 (kwr / z )
we start from the Airy pattern: I ( r ) = 2
= 0 for the roots*.
z
kwr
/
z
J1 (kwr / z )
kwr 2 wr
3.8317 z
= 0 for
f r 0 so
=
= 3.8317 r =
kwr / z
z
3.14 w
z
z
r = 1.2203
w
Using the table we an calculate the other zeros
*First
First few roots of the Bessel functions for the first kind using BesselZeros[n
BesselZeros[n,k}
k}
in Mathematica
zero
1
2.4048
3.8317
5.1356
6.3802
7.5883
8.7715
5.5201
7.0156
8.4172
9.7610
11.0647
12.3386
8.6537
10.1735
11.6198
13.0152
14.3725
15.7002
11.7915
13.3237
14.7960
16.2235
17.6160
18.9801
14.9309
Spring5 2010
16.4706
17.9598
19.4094
20.8269
22.2178
Eradat
Physics
Dept. SJSU
34
The grating equation

C diti ffor th
Condition
the constructive
t ti iinterference
t f
f a light
for
li ht passing
i
through a transmission grating:
n2 sin 2 n1 sin 1 = m
The grating equation
n2 sin 2 = n1 sin 1 + m
A "positive" diffraction order (m>0) 2 > 1
Grating
A "nagative" diffraction order (m<0) 2 < 1
2 and 1 are signed angles poitive counterclocckwise
2 > 1 corresponds to the zeroth order

For a reflection grating bothe incident and reflected
rays are on the same
side so n1 = n2 = n
n1
Spring 2010
n2
35
4.4.3 Thin sinusoidal amplitude grating I

Goal: calculate the intensity of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at a
distance z from a thin sinusoidal amplitude grating.
The amplitude trnsmittance function is:
1 m

t A ( , ) = + cos(2 f 0 ) rect
rect
2 2
2w
2w
We have assumed that the grating structure is bounded by a square
aperture of width 2 w.
m is the p
peak-to-peak
p
change
g of amplitude
p
tA
1
transmittance across the screen.

f 0 is the sptial freuency of the grating.
thin means the structure can be modeled by a simple
0.5
amplitude transmittance (no effect on the phase).

Illumination: a unit-amplitude plane wave
t A : the
th field
fi ld distribution
di t ib ti across the
h aperture.
t
Figure: cross section of the grating amplitude transmittance function.
Spring 2010
x
36
4.4.3 Thin sinusoidal amplitude grating II

The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is the Fourier transfor of t A :
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
F {U ( , )} f , f =
F {t A ( , )} f , f
U ( x, y ) =
e
e
X
Y
X Y
j z
j z
but first:
k
m
m
1 m
1
F + cos(2 f 0 ) = ( f X , fY ) + ( f X + f 0 , fY ) + ( f X f 0 , fY )
4
4
2 2
2

2
F rect
rect
= Asnic ( 2 wf X ) snic ( 2 wfY ) where A = 4 w is the
2w
2w
area of aperture bounding the grating.

A
m
m
snic ( 2 wfY ) snic ( 2 wf X ) + snic(2 w( f X + f 0 ) + snic(2 w( f X f 0 )

2
2
2
With f X = x / z and fY = y / z
F {t A ( , )} =
U ( x, y ) =
Spring 2010
A
j z
jkz
e e
k 2 2
x +y
2z
2w
m
2w
2 wy
2 wx m
+
+
+
snic
snic
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
X
X
0
z
z
2
z
z 2
37
4.4.3 Thin sinusoidal amplitude grating III

A d fi
And
finally
ll
A jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2 wy
I ( x, y ) =
e
e
snic
j z
2w
m
2w
2 wx m
snic
+ sin c( ( f X + f 0 z ) + sin c( ( f X f 0 z )
z
z
2
z 2
2w
m
2w
2 wx m
2 2 wy
+
I ( x, y ) =
snic
snic
sin
c
(
+
+
(
f
f
z
)
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
X
X
0
0
z
2
z
z
z 2
j z
For f 0 1/ w or for a very fine grating rulling the overlap between the sinc
functions is negligible and I is approximately eual to the sum of squared amplitudes.

2
A
m2
m2
2w
2 2 wy
2 2 wx
2 2w
I ( x, y )
snic
sin
i c ( ( f X + f0 z) +
sin
i c2 ( ( f X f0 z)
snic
+
z
4
z
z
z 4
j z
= Diffraction efficiency = fraction of the power in a single order of the Fraunhofer diff. patteren.
m
m
1 m
1
It can be found from: F + cos(2 f 0 ) = ( f X , fY ) + ( f X + f 0 , fY ) + ( f X f 0 , fY )
4
4
2 2
2
Since the delta functions determine power of the pattern and sinc functions only spread them.
2
m2
m2
1
1
m
m
0 = = 0.25, 1 = =
, 1 = =
so 1 max =
= 6.25% and total power
2
4
16
4
16
16

in 3 orders is 3/8. The rest of the power is lost by absorption of the grating.
Spring 2010
38
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating I

Goal: calculate the intensity of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at a
distance z from a thin sinusoidal phase grating.
The amplitude trnsmittance function is:
t A ( , ) =
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )

rect
rect
2w
2w
Sinusoidal phase difference
e
introduced by the grating
average phase delay caused by grating is elliminated by proper choice of teference

teference.
We have assumed that the grating structure is bounded by a square aperture of width 2w.
m is the peak-to-peak excursion of the phase delay.
f 0 is the sptial freuency of the grating
grating.
thin means the structure can be modeled by a simple phase transmittance (no effect
on amplitude).
Ill i ti
Illumination:
a unit-amplitude
it
lit d plane
l
wave
t A : the field distribution across the aperture.
Spring 2010
39
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating II

t A ( , ) = e
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )

rect
rect
2w
2w
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
F {U ( , )} f , f =
e
F {t A ( , )} f , f
X Y
X Y
j z
j z
Using the Bessel function identity: e
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
m j 2 qf0
= Jq e
2
q =
m j 2 qf0

F {t A ( , )} = F J q e
F rect
rect
2
2
w
2
w
q =
m
F {t A ( , )} = J q ( f X qf 0 , fY ) [ A sin c(2 wf X ) sin c(2 wfY ) ]
q = 2
m
F {t A ( , )} = AJ q sin c 2 w ( f X qf 0 ) sin c ( 2 wfY )
2
q =
U ( x, y ) =
Spring 2010
A
j z
jkz
e e
m
2w
2 wy
J
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
(
)
q
0
2
z
Dept.
SJSU
q = Physics
Eradat
k 2 2
x +y
2z
40
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating III

t A ( , ) = e
U ( x, y ) =
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
A
j z
jkz
e e

rect
rect
2w
2w
k 2 2
x +y
2z
q =
m
2w
2 wy
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
(
)
0

2
z
2
A jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
m
2w
2 wy
I =
e e
J
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
)
0
q
z (
j
z
2
z
=
q
For f 0 1/ w or for a very fine grating rulling the overlap between the sinc
functions is negligible and I is approximately eual to the sum of squared amplitudes.

2
A 2m
2 wy
2 2w
I J q sin c
x qf 0 z sin c 2
z
z q = 2
Displacement
of the order
fromthe
center

We see that introduction of the sinusoidal phase grating has deflected power from
the zeroth order to the higher ordes.
2
A m
Peak intensity of the qth order = J q
z 2
It happens when y = 0 and x qf 0 z = 0 x = qf 0 z
Spring 2010
41
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating IIII

Displacement of qth order from the center of the pattern = qf 0 z
For q = 0 or zeroth order y = 0 and x = 0
For q = 1 or first order y = 0 and x = f 0 z function of frequency of the grating lining,
wavelength, and distance of observation.
So for spectroscopy in the blue region we need hight f 0 grating or larger spectrometer.
= Diffraction efficiency = fraction of the power in a single order of the Fraunhofer diff. patteren.

m
It can be found from: F {t A ( , )} = J q ( f X qf 0 , fY ) [ A sin c(2 wf X ) sin c(2 wfY ) ]
q = 2
Since the delta functions determine power of the pattern and sinc functions only spread them.
m
0 = J q2
m
Plot 0 = J q2 we see that when m/2 is root of J0 then the central lobe wanishes. 1 max = 33.8%
2
1
which is much greater than that of the sinusoidal amplitude grating which is
= 6.25.
16
There is no power absorption and sum of the power in all orders is equal to the total incident power.
power between the lobes varies as m changes.
g
The distribution of p
Spring 2010
42
4.5 Examples of Fresnel diffraction

calculations
Based on the example we will choose a different
approach to the Fresnel diffraction examples.
convolution representation.
Frequency domain approach
Spring 2010
43
4.5.1 Fresnel diffraction by a square

aperture I
Goal: calculate the intensity of the Fresnel diffraction pattern at
a distance z from a square
q
aperture
p
of width 2 w located on an infinite opaque
p q
screen. The amplitude transmittance function:

t A ( , ) = rect
rect
2w
2w
The complex field imediately behind the aperture:

U ( , ) z =0 = rect
rect
2w
2w
Illumination: a unit-amplitude, normally incident, monochromatic plane wave
Using the convolution form of the Fresnel diffraction formula:
w
2
2
j ( x ) ( y )
e jkz
z
U ( x, y ) =
e
d d
j z w
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
I ( x) I ( y ) where
j
I ( x) =
Spring 2010

( x )2
d d
and
I ( y) =

( y )2
d d
44
4.5.1 Fresnel diffraction by a square aperture II

Change of variables:
2
( x )
z
and
1
I ( y) =
2
1 2 j 2 2
I ( x) =
e
d
2 1
1 =
2
(w + x)
z
2
( y )
z
and
2 =
and
j 2
2
2
( w x)
z
2
2
and
2 =
(w + y)
(w y)
z
z
With the Fresnel number: N F = w2 / z and normalized distance variables
1 =
g
we have:
in the observation region
X=
and
(
2(
Y=
) and
+ Y ) and
the limits of the integrals become:
1 = 2
NF + X
2 = 2
1 =
NF
2 = 2
Spring 2010
NF X
NF Y
45

aperture III
Using
j 2
2
d = e
j 2
2
d e
j 2
2
d and the Fresnel integrals:
z
t2
t2
C ( z ) = cos
dt and S ( z ) = 0 sin
dt we write
0
2
2
1
C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S (1 ) and
I ( x) =
2
1
C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
I ( y) =
2
e jkz
C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S (1 )
U ( x, y ) =
2j
z
C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
2
2
1
I ( x, y ) = C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + S ( 2 ) S (1 )
4
{
}
{C ( ) C ( ) + S ( ) S ( ) }
2
Spring 2010
46
Fresnel integrals
Fresnel integrals are defined as:
C ( z ) + iS ( z ) = e
z
j t2
2
t2
C ( z ) = cos
dt
0
2
z
dt
and
t2
S ( z ) = sin
dt we write
0
2
Spring 2010
47
The Fresnel integrals

S(u) and C(u) are entire
functions or integral
functions i.e. they are
analytical at all finite points
of the complex plane.
The Fresnel integrals are
tabulated and are available
in many mathematical
computer programs
Spring 2010
48

aperture III
Fresnel integrals:
z
t2
t2
C ( z ) = cos
dt ; S ( z ) = 0 ssin
dt
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
I ( x, y ) = C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + S ( 2 ) S (1 ) C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
4
N F = w2 / z for a fixed w and , as z increases, the Fresnel number decreases
z
}{
and the true physical distance distance represented on the x = X z and

y = Y z axis are increased.
Figure shows the normalized intensity distribution along the x axis ( y = 0) for
various normalized distances from the aperture as represented by fresnel number.
As z 0,
0 and , N F becomes very large and U ( x, y ) approaches
the product of a delta function and e jkz and shape of the doffraction pattern
approachs the shape of the aperture. Limit of the process is the geometrical optics
prediction of the comple
complex field
field:
x Dept.
SJSU
y
Physics
U ( x, y ) = e jkzU ( x, y, 0) Eradat
= e jkz rect
rect
2w
2w
Spring 2010
49
Fresnel diffraction patterns at different

distances from a square aperture.
As NF->0 diffraction pattern becomes
wide and smooth approaching
Fraunhofer diffraction
As NF approaches infinity diffraction

pattern becomes sharp and narrow
approaching the geometrical
shadow of the aperture
Spring 2010
50
4.5 2 Fresnel diffraction by a thin sinusoidal

amplitude grating-Talbot
grating Talbot images I
Goal: calculated the Intensity distrubution of the diffraction by a thin
sinusoidal amplitude grating using the Fresnel diffraction formulation.
F simplicity
For
i li it we neglect
l t th
the fi
finite
it extent
t t off the
th grating.
ti
The field transmotted by the grating has a periodic nature or we limit the
attention to the central region of the pattern.
The amplitude transmittance function
is modeled as:
1
[1 + m cos(2 / L ]
2
Where L is the period of the lines
t A ( , ) =
parallel
ll l tto th
the axis
i .
Illumination: a unit amplitude normally
incident plane wave.
The field immediately behind
the grating is t A .
Spring 2010
Grating
structure
51

grating Talbot images I
We will use the convolution form of the Fresnel diffraction equation
k
j ( x )
e jkz
2z
U ( x, y ) =
U
(
)
e
j z
+ ( y )2
d d
or the Fourier transform of the equation

j
k 2 2
+
2z
Fourier transform of the U ( , ) e

which is complex field
just to the right of aperture multiplied by a quadratic phase factor
k
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( x + y )
j ( 2 + 2 )
d d
e z
U ( , )e 2 z
x -
y -
< 1,
< 1, or observation is in the
z
z
near field of the aperture or Fresnel diffraction region
Where r01 >> ,
and scalar theory approximation are assumed

O we can use the
Or
th transfer
t
f function
f
ti approach:
h
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
H F ( f X , fY ) = e e
Spring 2010
)
52

grating Talbot images II
By omitting the constat term e jkz , H F is:
H F ( f X , fY ) = e
j z f X 2 + fY 2
In any problem that deals with a purely periodic structure

structure, the transfer function
approach yeilds the simplest calcultions.
1) find the spatial frequency spectrum of the field transmitted by the aperture:
1
(2 / L ]
[1 + m cos(2
2
m
m
1
1
F {t A ( , )} = ( f X , fY ) + ( f X + f 0 , fY ) + ( f X f 0 , fY ) ; with f 0 =
L
2
4
4
1
m
1
1
m
F {t A ( , )} = ( f X , fY ) + f X + , fY + f X , fY
2
4
L
L0
4
1
The transfer function evaluated at ( f X , fY ) = , 0 becomes
L
t A ( , ) =
1 j 2
H , 0 = e L and it is unity at the origin. So after propagation
L
of a distance z the Fourier transform of the field becomes:
1
m j 2
1
1
m j 2
F {U ( x, y )} = ( f X , fY ) + e L f X + , fY + e L f X , fY
2
4
L
L0
1 m j L2 j 2L x m j L2 j 2L x
+ eDept.eSJSU
( x, y ) = F F {U ( x, y )} = + eEradate Physics
Spring U
2010
2 4
4
1
53

grating Talbot images III
z
j 2
1
2 x
L
U ( x, y ) = 1 + me
cos
2
L
I ( x, y ) =
1
z 2 x

2
2 2 x
m
m
1
+
2
cos
cos
+
cos
2
4
L
L
L
Now consider 3 special cases for the observation distance:

1)
z
L2
= 2n z =
2nL
L2
where n = 0, 1, 2
1
1
2 x
2 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 + 2m cos
+
=
+
cos
1
cos
m
m
4
L
L 4
L
this is perfect image of the grating. These images that are formed without
aid of a lens are called "Talbot images" or "self-images".
2)
z
2
= (2n + 1) z =
(2n + 1) L2
where n = 0, 1, 2
1
1
2 x
2 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 2m cos
+ m cos
= 1 m cos
4
L
L 4
L
This is also image of the grating with a 1800 spatial phase shift or
"contrast reversal". These too are called "Talbot images".
Spring 2010
54

grating Talbot images IIII
1
(n ) L2
z
2
3) 2 = (2n 1) z =
where n = 0, 1, 2 then
L
2
1 + cos ( 4 x )
z
2 2 x
cos 2 = 0
Using cos
=
2
L
L
1
1 m 2 m 2
4 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 + m cos
1
cos
=
+
+
4
L
4
2
2
L
This is an image with twice frequency of the original grating and has
m2
reduced contrast (nisted of 1 and m we have 1 and
and the background
2
is now brighter by + m 2 / 2. This is called the "Talbot subimage".
For example for m = 0.3 we have m 2 / 2 = 0.045
Spring 2010
55
Locations of Talbot image planes behind the

grating
Talbot
subimages
A guide to
the eye
Grating
Phase
reverse
T lb t
Talbot
image
Talbot
image
2L2/
Phase
reverse
Talbot
image
Talbot
image
2L2/
Spring 2010
56

Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

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Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

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Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

In chapter 3 we dealt with most general form of the diffraction

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4.1.1 The intensity of a wave field

In calculating a diffraction pattern, we are looking for the intensity of

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4.1.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle in

Two approximations are used in this result:

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4.2 The Fresnel approximation I

The integration limit is let to using the usual boundary conditions.

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4.2 The Fresnel approximation II

First form of the Fresnel diffraction integral

Another form of the Fresnel diffraction integral is expressed as the following

Seond form of the Fresnel diffraction integral

Observation in the near field of the aperture or Fresnel diffraction region

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4.2.1 Positive vs. negative phases

in the quadratic approximation e

phasor had not have time to rotate as far in clockwise.

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4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation I

The accuracy of this approximation depends on the size of the higher

maximum phase change due to dropping

b 2 /8 term must be much less than one radian

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4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation II

hint: x and y should have their

maximum possible values to evaluate the condition.

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4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the

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4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the

We can see that H F ( f X , fY ) is an approximation to the H RS ( f X , fY )

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4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between confocal

Fourier transform of the Field on the

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4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between

Comparing the two form:

Fourier transform of the Field on the

Compared with the Fresnel diffractionintegral:

Seond form of the Fresnel diffraction integral

, have been elminated.

In fact these two phase factors are paraxial representations of spherical

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4.3 The Fraunhofer approximation I

Seond form of the Fresnel diffraction integral

Fourier transform of the aperture distribution

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4.3 The Fraunhofer approximation II

is a large number Fraunhofer approximation is much

stringent than Fresnel approximation

A less stringent condition is called the "antenna

now z > 2000 meters (>> is replaced with >)

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u ' J 0 (u ')du ' = uJ1 (u )

Bessel function addition theorem: J n ( y + z ) = m = J m ( y ) J n m ( z )

Bessel functions of the first kind (MATLAB)

Bessel functions of first kind

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eiz cos cos(n )d

Bessel's first integral