Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Final Version
Date: (30 June 2014)
WP Leader:
CNR-IMAA
Contributing partners:
Scope of work
The scope of work from the contract no. 08-514/9 is creation of Local Strategy
and Action Plan for efficient use of resources in the City of Skopje,
harmonized with the activities of the existing SEAP in the framework of the
RE-SEEties project.
According to the needs from the RE-SEEties project and the request
from the City of Skopje, the Local Strategy and Action Plan of City of
Skopje was created and delivered on English.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
Introduction .................................................................................................... 10
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.2.
2.3.
3.2.
3.3.
Key stakeholders...................................................................................................... 20
5.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
5.1.1.
Buildings .......................................................................................................... 55
5.1.2.
Transport ......................................................................................................... 63
5.1.3.
Lighting ............................................................................................................ 68
5.2.
5.3.
6.
7.
5.3.1.
5.3.2.
5.3.3.
Energy efficiency...................................................................................................... 78
6.2.
6.3.
9.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
9.2.
9.3.
11. Monitoring and control of the action plan implementation ....................... 128
List of Tables
Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 21
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011............................................... 25
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 36
Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje ..... 37
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 40
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type .............. 45
Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje .......... 50
Table 5-8 Waste Parameters ................................................................................................... 53
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings ................................................................................. 55
Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector ............................................................................. 57
Table 5-11 Measures for Commercial and Service sector ....................................................... 59
Table 5-12 Measures for Transport ......................................................................................... 63
Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting ............................................................................................ 68
Table 5-14 Measures for Utilization of renewable energy sources ........................................ 71
Table 5-15 Measures for waste ............................................................................................... 75
Table 6-1 Measures for Energy efficiency ............................................................................... 78
Table 6-2 Measures for Renewable energy sources ............................................................... 94
Table 6-3 Measures for waste ................................................................................................. 98
Table 7-1 Evaluation results .................................................................................................. 102
Table 8-1 An overview of possible funding ........................................................................... 106
Table 10-1 SWOT Analysis ..................................................................................................... 126
List of Figures
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City
of Skopje .................................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
................................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje ................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually) ........................................................... 38
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje ........... 39
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje.................. 39
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential
buildings sector in the City of Skopje ...................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ........ 43
Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ................ 43
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for
2007 and 2008 ......................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years ......................................................... 47
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 200847
1. Introduction
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
12
There are several national strategies that should be considered for the topic of
this Case Study profile and the Local Strategy and Action plan of the City of
Skopje:
1. Energy Law Official gazette of RM No.16/2011
2. Strategy for energy development of Macedonia until 2030
3. Energy efficiency strategy of Macedonia until 2020
4. Strategy for using renewable energy sources in Macedonia until 2020
5. Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia (20082020)
6. National Waste Management Plan (2009-2015)
7. Waste Management Law ("Official Gazette of RM" No.68/04, 107/07,
102/08, 143/08 and 123/12)
The Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia, as the most
important along with the Energy Law for the commercial and public buildings
and for setting of the goals, describes in detail the measures and instruments
necessary to realize the energy policy of Macedonia, and specifies the
required investments and commitments to be made by the Government. The
EE Strategy further estimates the energy saving potential, which can be
realized under current economic circumstances.
The projections and simulations of the possible measures and instruments are
in accordance with the realization requirements of the energy policy principles
laid out in Strategy for energy sector development.
The present document is designed to assist the Government of Macedonia,
particularly the Ministry of Economy to meet a requirement under Article 125
of the Energy Law to prepare Implementation Plans for the energy efficiency
programs and measures contained in the Energy Efficiency Strategy and, by
extension, the NEEAP.
This way it will be possible to achieve a 14.35% objective of energy savings
by 2020, comparing to the average consumption in the 5 year period (20022006), through continued promotion of energy efficiency, monitoring and
13
2.2.
new lightning system. Activities aimed to make the public schools and culture
institutions energy efficient buildings will continue in the next 2 years.
Taking advantage of HABITAT II funds together with incentives from
municipalities in the City of Skopje it has been possible to start the
reconstruction of private buildings based on energy efficiency requirements.
Thanks to that it has become more and more popular among citizens to
require that kind of funds to improve and reconstruct their flats turning them
into energy efficient ones.
2. Study on energy efficiency of buildings owned by the City of Skopje
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumptions in
the buildings owned by the City of Skopje. The Council of the City of Skopje in
November 2012 adopted the Program for energy efficiency in which the
promotion of renewable energy sources was also included.
3. Waste Management Plan for the City of Skopje (2010-2015)
The Waste Management Plan proposes practical and financially viable
solutions to solve the main problems affecting municipal waste management,
taking into account local characteristics, advantages and opportunities.
4. Program for Waste Management for the City of Skopje 2013
The City of Skopje through the Program for Waste Management for the City of
Skopje defines the types of waste and the way they need to be managed,
identifying also measures and activities for the realization and funding of the
Program.
2.3.
The main reasons for setting up an improvement of the existing SEAP of City
of Skopje dealt mainly with, the need to take into account more sectors as well
as new legislations etc. The main barriers and weaknesses that were met
during the preparation of the previous SEAP still exist (ex. lack of data) and
will be and in the chapter 10. Conclusion SWOT.
The first SEAP of City of Skopje was created in 2011. The main reason for
creating the Local Strategy and Action plan was to refresh the previous SEAP
with updated data on the energy consumption and waste production.
Moreover, part of the planned measures have been already implemented
whereas other measures still needs to be implemented according to the new
environmental situation in the City of Skopje.
15
The previous version of the SEAP was created according to the guidelines
provided by the Covenant of Mayors. The sectors that were analyzed were
Buildings sector, Transport sector and Public lighting. After several public
discussions and considerations, conclusion was made that the sectors should
be broadened by waste and electro mobility.
The biggest problem concerning the implementation of the measures foreseen
in the previous SEAP was the residential buildings. In the period spanning
from the previous SEAP until now, a new legislation has been introduced was
created and the process can be more easily accomplished (certified energy
auditors were trained, the reconstruction of buildings must include energy
efficiency measures etc.).
16
(63.9%), financial services and real estate (61.3%), and there is a high share
of other service activities (51.3%) and the imputed banking services (49.8%).
GDP per capita in the Skopje region is the highest in the country. In 2007 it
equaled MKD 289,622/4.709 EUR. During the period, the GDP per capita in
the Skopje region is growing faster than the GDP per capita in the country, so
in 2007 it was two thirds higher than the GDP per capita on the level of the
Republic of Macedonia.
Number of business entities in the City of Skopje:
Type of legal entity
278
6,301
17,162
OTHER
4,764
Limited Partnership
SUBSIDIARY
41
23
1,465
Total
30,038
The bodies of the City of Skopje are Council and Mayor of the City of Skopje.
The City of Skopje is financed from its own sources of revenue, tax revenues,
revenues from the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of
funds, revenues from loans in accordance with the law and other revenues as
determined by law.
In the City of Skopje there are 16 Departments. To achieve a goal to provide
to its citizens to live in ecologically and energy efficient friendly City, Skopje
had started first with reorganization of its structure by establishing a Unit for
energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Tasks of the Unit is
to create measures and implement activities that will encourage the
authorities and citizens to save electricity, use renewable energy sources, use
public transport, build energy efficient private and public buildings, use of
energy efficient lighting. For successful realization of activities the Unit works
closely with Spatial Planning and Organization Department, Nature and
Environment Protection Department, Traffic Department and Communal
18
3.2.
19
3.3.
Key stakeholders
City of Skopje
Aerodrom
Kisela Voda
Butel
Cair
Centar
Gazi Baba
Gjorce Petrov
Karpos
Saraj
ZELS
21
MOMEE
Public Enterprises
Private Enterprises
Sloboda Prevoz
EVN Makedonija
Pakomak
Duropack AD Skopje
Osram
Rehau
Knauf Insulation
Viro energy
Ministry of Economy
22
Financial institutions
Energy Agency
Komercijalna Banka
Stopanska Banka
Uni Banka
Halkbank
Other institutions
Finance in Motion
GIZ
23
Estimated data (in the absence of relevant data, data are estimated
on the basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from
existing data).
The main gap and problem during the data collection was the division of the
energy consumption for different sectors. The data couldnt be divided
separately for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking etc. and is given in the tables
as one category.
24
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
The data that was collected is resent and reliable. However, the main gap and
problem that was encountered was the lack of key data. There is no statistical
information for most of the required data for the purpose of the forecast and it
need to be assumed.
Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
In order to determine the effect from the previous SEAP, as well as the
changes from the base year of the Local Strategy and Action Plan, this
chapter will provide comparison between 2008 and 2011.
2011 is chosen because of the full statistical coverage that was at disposal.
The data for 2011 is taken from the Programme for Energy Efficiency (20122015) of City of Skopje, while the data for 2008 was taken from the previous
SEAP and the Local Strategy and Action Plan.
From the table can be seen that the heat energy in the secondary schools is
significantly lowered, while the rest of the data is similar, or slightly increased
from 2008 to 2011. That is natural as the number of dwellings, registered
vehicles, enterprises etc. is increased
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
Sector: Buildings
Buildings owned by City of Skopje
MWh
MWh
Indicator
* - 2008**
H* - 2008**
Schools
Culture
Administration
Public Enterprises
TOTAL
Households
Commercial
TOTAL BUILDINGS
2087
853
372
3962
7274
1275724
242754
1525752
17422
2498
778
6997
27695
1216437
412682
1656814
25
MWh
* 2011***
2088
862
372
3891
7213
1336025
MWh
H* 2011***
11691
2827
778
6667
21963
1444351
1343238
1466314
307894
1804762
248810
66060000
12117857
308000
4.2.
In every phase in the creation of the local strategy and action plan, the RESEEties methodologies were used.
As preparation for the development of the strategy, every city that participated
in the RE-SEEties created Case Study, using the defined methodology for this
document. The aim of the case study was to determine the needs of the city
and to become basis for further development of the strategy.
The Case Study went through extensive quality control that included Peer
Review and utilization of indicators.
In the peer review, the participant was relevant stakeholders, knowledge
providers and professional organizations that provided remarks and
comments. Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties
used common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process.
The result of these activities was ASG Report with Recommendation. The
recommendations were implemented. The finalized document is incorporated
in this strategy and it is basis for further development of it.
For the data presented in this document, the previous SEAP was used, but
updated for the results from the data collection process and the deliverable
under WP3 from the RE-SEEties project Resource Consumption Forecast
26
Report City of Skopje. The methodology and templates for data collection
from this work package were used.
This strategic document also used the Feasibility Study for Renewable energy
sources potential that was produced during the implementation of the RESEEties project and with the methodology created there.
The RE-SEEties project developed methodology for the creation of the Local
Strategy and Action Plan which was used in this document.
In order to finalize the Local Strategy and Action Plan, the stakeholders took
active participation in the development of the strategy. City of Skopje and
MACEF organized 6 stakeholder meetings that supported the development of
the strategy in every step from the beginning.
Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties used
common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process
similar to the Case Study. The result of these activities was ASG Report with
Recommendation. The recommendations were implemented in the finalization
of the strategy.
For several chapters of this document, the Step-By-Step Methodology with
Initial Criteria for assessment was used, in the policy recommendation, the
state-of-art technologies etc.
4.3.
Getting results
The potential for reduction of the CO2 emission if all measures are
implemented is 601 ktCO2. The estimated energy savings is 1024191MWh.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
121 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are
considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have
27
28
29
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
SUBCATEGORY
Total heated
2
area (m )
Heat consumption
(kWh)
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
82 623
7 788 874
145
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
242 517
17 422 704
132
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
115 790
11 691 398
101
AVERAGE CONSUMPTION
440 930
36 902 976
122
KINDERGARTENS
32
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
33
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
Heat consumption
(kWh)
5738
528812
92.16
OTHER INSTITUTIONS
16142
1969752
122.0
Culture Average
21880
2498564
114.19
SUBCATEGORY
LIBRARIES
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
34
The heat and electricity consumption in cultural buildings owned by the City of
Skopje is expected and typical for these buildings category. Consistent
application of energy efficiency measures can reduce electricity and heat
consumption by up to 60% compared to current consumption.
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje and the units of local selfgovernment
For the purposes of presenting consumption data, the buildings in this
category were divided in two subcategories:
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje;
Administration buildings
(municipalities).
of
the
local
self-government
units
From the total number of buildings in this category, namely 11, the City of
Skopje has one building with a total area of 5 527 m 2 and the units of local
self-government have 10 buildings with a total area of 13 618 m 2.The total
electricity consumption in administration building of the City of Skopje and of
the local self-government units in 2008 was 875 763 kWh, resulting in a
specific consumption of 45.74 kWh/m2. Electricity consumption by
subcategories is presented in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
35
Table 5-3 shows the heat energy consumption parameters in the category
administrative buildings of the City of Skopje and with regard to the local selfgovernment units.
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government buildings
SUBCATEGORY
Specific consumption
2
(kWh/m )
5 527
778 613
140.87
MUNICIPALITIES
13 618
1 927 604
141.55
Administration - Average
19 145
2 706 217
141.35
CITY OF SKOPJE
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
36
Enterprise or institution
name
Total
area
total electricity
consumption
(kWh)
Specific subsector
electricity
consumption
(kWh/m2);
Total heat
consumption
(kWh)
Specific heat
consumption
(kWh/m2).
3500
70802
20
330670
94
6934
412590
60
1404127
202
322
51220
159
26119
81
13221
2388000
178
3137142
237
PE Parks and
Greenery
1175
27649
24
273473
233
PE Communal
Hygiene
4877
576492
118
826681
169
5303
362026
69
883237
166
675
73285
108
116050
171
PE City Parking
Public Transport
Enterprise Skopje
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje
37
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually)
38
Educational buildings;
Cultural buildings;
Public enterprises;
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
39
The energy analysis of buildings owned by the City, based on available data
for 2008, shows that there are great potentials for electricity and heat savings
in all subsectors. It is obvious from analysed data that the greatest amount of
electricity and heat is consumed in buildings operated by public enterprises.
Energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje for 2008
Data on the total number of households in the City of Skopje and total area as
input parameters for the energy consumption analysis are based on statistical
data from the 2002 Population Census, increased by the number of newlybuild residences in the six-year period between 2002 and 2008 published by
the State Statistical Office (publications for the period 2002 to 2008).
The total number of households in the City of Skopje in 2008 is 164 377,
covering a total area of 11 448 261 m2. According to data from the State
Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, a total of 1 275 724 MWh of
electricity were consumed in the residential buildings sector, resulting in a
specific electricity consumption of 79.70 kWh/m2.
Data on heat consumption from district heating were obtained from
Toplifikacija AD, and data on firewood consumption from PE Makedonski
Shumi.
Table 5-11 shows heat energy parameters by energy source for the
residential buildings sector in the City of Skopje.
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the City of
Skopje
Energy source
District heating
Number of
households
Heat
consumption
(MWh)
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
49157
3423628
111.47
Oil
21978
1530701
78.75
Firewood
11056
770000
399
Electricity
56965
3967395
91.57
Coal
5235
364565
43 747 808
120
144 391
10 056 289
Natural gas
TOTAL
40
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential buildings
sector in the City of Skopje
The energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje shows great potentials for electricity and heating savings.
Existing residences are highly inefficient and numerous and continuous
energy efficiency measures must be undertaken in order to reduce energy
consumption and resulting CO2 emissions.
Energy consumption analysis for the commercial and service sector
buildings in the City of Skopje for 2008
It was not possible to collect all required data for an energy analysis of the
commercial and service buildings subsector. The commercial and service
buildings subsector comprises 9 058 buildings with a total area of 2 427 544
m2.
During the data collection phase, data were obtained from EVN Macedonia on
the total electricity consumption by households and by the commercial sector
in the City of Skopje. Representatives of EVN Macedonia stated that their
software solutions cannot allocate the respective consumption to each of the
two buildings subsectors. Therefore, electricity consumption in commercial
sector buildings in the city can only be estimated. Previous experiences in this
area show that estimates are not accurate, due to the fact that variations in
consumption between the different building categories in this sector are quite
high. For the purposes of this analysis, a value of 100 kWh/m2 was used as
the specific electricity consumption in the commercial sector in the City of
Skopje.
41
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of Skopje
42
The main conclusion of the energy analysis in the buildings sector is that
potential energy savings in this sector are very high and that significant
energy savings and environmental impacts can be achieved through
implementation of various energy efficiency measures.
43
Relevant data for the transport sector energy consumption analysis were
collected from the following sources:
City of Skopje;
Based on collected data, the following parameters were determined for each
individual subsector of the transport sector:
44
Fuel consumption
The table below shows the various fuel types used for the vehicles owned and
operated by the City of Skopje, as well as fuel consumption by fuel type.
Consumption is presented in litres and kilograms, as well as in energy units,
with the aim of facilitating comparison.
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type
Fuel type
Consumption (l)
Consumption (MJ)
Diesel
1516095
53,010,262
Petrol
209724
7,424,722
TOTAL
1 725 819
60 434 984
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of Skopje
46
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for 2007
and 2008
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008
47
Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008
48
Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership
49
Fuel type
Consumption (t)
Passenger cars
Consumption (t)
Off-road vehicles
Consumption (t)
Mopeds and
motorcycles
Consumption (t)
TOTAL
Petrol
37155.85
695.20
266.04
38117.10
Diesel
17748.56
14448.26
32 196.82
775.88
775.88
LPG
Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje
Conclusion
Figures show the total fuel consumption for the transport sector in the City of
Skopje. It is obvious that private and commercial vehicles consume the most
fuel. Consequently, recommended measures for greenhouse gas emissions
reduction in the transport sector are focused on public transport, but also on
raising awareness and education about environmentally sustainable transport.
50
Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by subsectors
Data on fuel consumption for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje show that petrol has the largest contribution (approx. 49%), followed
by diesel fuel (approx. 48%).Alternative fuels (natural gas, LPG, bio-fuels)
contribute less than 1% of total consumption, which leads to the conclusion
that there is significant room for improvement in the future. According to
available data, passenger cars are responsible for the largest portion of fuel
consumption in this category, namely approx. 88%.Having this in mind,
special care should be given to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the
passenger car category of the transport sector.
Public transport is an essential part of the transport system of the City of
Skopje, and has significant advantages when compared to the use of
passenger cars, expressed as lower fuel consumption per transported
passenger and smaller environmental impact. Therefore, one of the main
aspects of sustainable transport must be increasing the efficiency of public
transport. One of the main recommendations in this Action Plan aimed at
reaching the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport
sector is to continue the on-going activities for improvement of the quality of
public transport.
Waste statistics
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
51
The general data, like population, was gained from the Census in 2002 and
modified with the specific annual growth of the relevant indicator.
The rest of the data was collected from the State Statistical Office and from
the local PE Komunalna Higiena. This data has referent year of 2012 as
stated and justified in the Chapter 5 Waste Forecasting.
The results of the data collection are shown below.
52
Data requested
study year
Value
2012
128850
506926
128850
241.134
0
76.44
0.694
164
0
0
16.4
53
Unit
year
t/year
inhabitants
100%
%
%
%
%
100.00%
100%
%
31.70%
0.29%
68.01%
%
%
100%
100%
0%
0%
%
Notes
Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna
Higiena
Census 2002
glass
metals
plastic
organic waste
hazardous waste
WEEE
0.694
76.44
54
%
%
%
%
%
%
5.1.
5.1.1. Buildings
Public buildings
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings
Measure/activity name
2011
2727.7 MWh
0.668
55
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
2011- 2020
1.07 M
2.03
Short description/commentary
56
Residential sector
Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector
Measure/activity name
Donors (support)
2011-2017
3.06/3.87
0.19/0.24
1.69/2.15
Short description/commentary
Donors
57
Flat owners
2011- 2020
6.71
Short description/commentary
ESCO companies
58
Hospital renovation
Implementing body
Hospital managers/directors
NGO sector
2011-2020
25.2/ 68.23
1.5/ 4.07
10.8/29.3
Short description/commentary
Donors
Gauges (encourage
consumption)
59
more
rational
energy
Measure/activity name
Municipal authorities
Private sector
Financial institutions
2011-2020
0.35
0.21/ 0.56
1.41/ 3.87
60
Company owners
Short description/commentary
Financial institutions
EE Fund
Efficient lighting.
61
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
2013- 2020
No investment cost
11229.6 MWh
2.75
62
5.1.2. Transport
Construction companies
2011/2020
11.62 GWh/year
2.89
Short description/commentary
Donations
Funds
63
Measure/activity name
Construction companies
2011/2020
32.80 GWh/year
8.16
Short description/commentary
Donations
Funds
64
Implementing body
2011- 2020
No investment cost
1,11
Short description/commentary
65
/2020
0.47
1.46
Short description/commentary
Donors
66
Measure/activity name
PE Gradski Parking
2014- 2020
0.25
Short description/commentary
67
5.1.3. Lighting
Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
2011-2020
52.2 MWh
0.047
Short description/commentary
Donors
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
2011- 2017
No cost
0.39
68
Measure/activity name
Market laws
2011- 2018
No cost
252.13
Short description/commentary
Measure/activity name
Market Law
2013- 2017
69
4850 MWh
4.437
Short description/commentary
70
5.2.
2011- 2020
8189 MWh
7.49
Short description/commentary
All City-owned buildings by 2020 will have built solar hot water
collectors.
The total thermal-energy consumption of the City-owned
buildings as measured in 2008 was 68242.96 MWh. The
expected thermal energy saving for hot water is estimated at
12%.
Measure/activity name
Energy auditors
NGOs
Private sector
2011-2020
71
22.8/82
0.7/2.51
7.45/ 26.8
Short description/commentary
Donors
Private sector
72
Measure/activity name
Financial Institutions
Public Services
2010-2015
1.5
0.09
0.9
Short description/commentary
Donors
73
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
2013- 2020
11229.6 MWh
2.75
Measure/activity name
Implementing body
Ministry of Economy
2007-
0.02
74
0.2
5.3.
Waste management
Short description/commentary
The goal is non-interference in waste collection. Quantities of
construction and demolition waste require the establishment
of an adequate network of landfill facilities. Initially, these
investment projects can be planned and implemented in
parallel with the establishment of regional management
centres municipal solid waste by investing in a simple
separation facility placed in a separate area of the centre for
management of municipal solid waste; products can be used in
the construction / operation of landfills, waste wood can be
added to the light fraction of municipal solid waste.
75
Measure/activity name
76
Short description/commentary
Activation of licensed private sector investment in equipment
for the collection, storage and processing to manage specific
waste streams and end products are realized with the
establishment of ( voluntary ) harmonized schemes and proper
taxation of selected products such as old tires, used oils and
means lubrication , packaging and packaging waste , waste
electrical and electronic equipment , etc. ,ensuring payment
for services performed through the entire supply
Collection / processing and disposal.
Measure/activity name
77
Energy efficiency
Implementing body
Implementation beginning/end (years)
2011- 2020
Short description/commentary
3.80
78
Measure/activity name
Ministry of Economy
NGO sector
2011- 2020
Short description/commentary
70.23
2.
3.
4.
79
5.
Biomass heating;
Solar collectors;
Heat pumps;
80
Residents' associations
NGO sector
2010- 2020
7.08/ 24.15
0.79/2.69
2.28/7.77
Short description/commentary
Municipalities
Private capital
Flat owners
81
Measure/activity name
Donors (support)
2011-2020
0.51
0.25/0.68
1.59/2.03
Short description/commentary
Donors
Company owners
Financial institutions
EE Fund
82
Measure/activity name
2010-2020
1.44/2.52
0.13/0.42
1.73/5.63
Donors
83
Measure/activity name
Private sector
NGO sector
2011-2020
0.32/0.32
0.69/1.94
4.51/ 26.8
Short description/commentary
Private sector
Donors
84
Measure/activity name
2011- 2020
No cost
0.910
This measure aims at stimulating the purchase of energyefficient appliances for the needs of all buildings owned by the
City of Skopje through the introduction of Green Public
Procurement policy.
The criteria in buying such appliances are to be previously
defined and standardised in a separate Rulebook, and all
newly acquired appliances must meet the set criteria.
Upon measure implementation, electricity saving by 2020 is
deemed at 7%, compared to 2008.
85
Private sector
NGO sector
2011-2020
0.84/ 0.84
0.67/ 2.92
3,59/ 15,65
Short description/commentary
Private sector
NGOs
86
Measure/activity name
Public/Private sector
2010/2020
3,346/11,074
10.332/34.244
Short description/commentary
Private sector
Donations
87
Measure/activity name
NGOs
2012-2016
0.14/0.43
Donors
88
Scope of activities:
The Ministry of Transport and the NGOs are responsible for
the information campaign.
The Ministry of Funding is competent for the amendments to
the Law on VAT (OGRM 102/2010) and the Law on Excise Duty
(OGRM 34/2010), but also for the tax reduction on the import
of EE vehicles from all categories:
- tax reduction (VAT by 15%)
- 10% reduction of excise duty for higher category vehicles.
- Introduction of proportionate discounts for the registration
of vehicles depending on fuel's Euro standard (Euro 6, Euro 5,
Euro 4)
Car sale companies should submit monthly reports on vehicle
sale to the State Statistical Office of the Republic of
Macedonia.
The State Statistical Office is responsible for processing and
publishing the final annual report (statistics) on the sale of
new eco-friendly vehicles.
89
Car-free days
Implementing body
Drivers
Municipalities
Media
2011/2020
0.5 1
0.21/0.38
0.64/1.16
Short description/commentary
Municipalities
Donors
90
Measure/activity name
Municipalities
NGOs
Public enterprises
Private sector
2011/ 2020
54.5
6.76/ 21.12
20.92/65.34
Short description/commentary
Municipalities
Donors
Public enterprises
Private sector
91
Measure/activity name
Citizens
Municipalities
on-going
0.04 - 0.06
0.00857/0.00857
0.263/0.263
Short description/commentary
Municipalities
Donors
92
Measure/activity name
Introduction of carpooling
Implementing body
2013- 2017
6.82
93
6.2.
Implementing body
2011.-2020.
2.06
Short description/commentary
94
Measure/activity name
NGo sector
2014-2020
90 000
0.02
0.22
Short description/commentary
Measure/activity name
Ministry of Economy
NGO sector
2014- 2020
0.021
0.2
95
Short description/commentary
7.
8.
9.
Measure/activity name
Ministry of Economy
2014-2020
1 000 000
0.102
0.6
Short description/commentary
96
Measure/activity name
Scientific organisations
Ministry of Economy
City of Skopje
2015-2018
200 000
0.02
1.16
Short description/commentary
97
6.3.
Short description/commentary
Measure/activity name
98
Measure/activity name
99
101
1. Transport
INDICATOR
MONITORING METHOD
TREND/EFFECT
QUANTIFICATION
Increase
N/A
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase
Increase
15
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
10000
City administration.
decrease
71000 MWh
City administration.
Increase
100 people
decrease
88910 MWh
Increase/decrease/neutral
2. Buildings
102
decrease
342934 MWh
Increase/decrease/neutral
121 ktCO2
3. Public lighting
4. Local Energy
Production from
RES
5. Citizens
involvement
Increase/decrease/neutral
decrease
City administration.
decrease
288828 MWh
City administration.
Increase
300+
Increase
N/A
decrease
259 ktCO2
City administration.
Increase
9608 MWh
Increase
50119 MWh
decrease
42 ktCO2
City administration.
Increase
10000
Survey
Increase
121092 MWh
decrease
51700 MWh
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
Increase/decrease/neutral
71 ktCO2
108 ktCO2
103
Increase/decrease/neutral
6. Green Public
Procurement
(GPP)
City administration.
104
Increase
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
121 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are
considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
259 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy effect from the proposed measures in the Local
Energy Production from RES in City of Skopje is 9608 MWh electrical energy
and 50119 MWh of heat energy. These measures will have estimated effect
on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of 42 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
Citizens involvement in City of Skopje is 121092 MWh. These measures will
have estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2
emission of 71 ktCO2. As mentioned before, these measures are mostly
horizontal measures.
The total energy saving can be estimated to 1024191 MWh and the total
reduction of CO2 emission is 601 ktCO2.
105
Funding
Maximum
amount
Type
Share of
total cost
(%)
Availability
period
Budget finance
100
2008 - 2020
ESCO Model
Budget
finance/private
capital
Depending on
the
agreements
100
2008 - 2020
MBDP
Loan/budget
finance
$500,000 for
EE projects
and $4 mil. for
RES projects
60%
MBDP,
10%
budget
finance
and 30%
2008 -2020
106
bank funds
IPA II Programmes
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
Horizon 2020
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
80 billion
for 7 years
BalkanMediterranean
Programme
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
Structure funds
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
347.41 billion
Euros in total
After the EU
accession
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
50
1992 - 2020
ELENA
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
15 mil. Euros
per project
100
2010 -2020
100
2010 -2020
Democracy
Commission Small
Grants Programme,
US Embassy, Skopje
Grants
$24000 per
project
100
2005 -2020
ORIO: Infrastructure
Development
Programme
Grants
Up to 2 mil.
Euros per
project (until
2014)
107
85%
Renewal
phase
2014-2020
8.1.
EU funding
The European Union offers a financial aid for projects related to renewable
energy, energy efficiency and environmental protection available through
several EU Programmes. There are certain programmes modified to
Macedonia's facilitated accession, while all basic programmes are intended
for all EU member-states and the accompanying members within the frame of
the Memorandum of Cooperation.
Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance - IPA
All local and regional authorities in the Republic of Macedonia have an access
to the funding of RES and EE projects through the Instrument for PreAccession Assistance - IPA. The European Commission forms a single
instrument for pre-accession assistance (IPA II) for the period extending
through the following financial cycles (2014-2020). It replaces the preaccession financial instruments IPA 2007-2013, PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, the
financial instrument for Turk and the instrument for the Western Balkans CARDS. IPA Council Regulation (EC) No. 1085/2006 was adopted on 17 July
2006. IPA strives at providing directed assistance for the candidate countries
or potential candidate countries for EU membership, including Macedonia. In
order for every country to reach its goals in the most effective way possible,
IPA consists of five different components: Transition Assistance and Institution
Building; Cross-Border Cooperation; Regional Development; Human
Resource Capacity Building and Rural Development. The components are
currently under consideration, but the working documents from IPA II shows
that there will not be many differences. This requires countries to have the
administrative capacities and the structures for assuming responsibility for the
management of funds awarded as assistance.
In the case of potential
candidate countries, such measures will be implemented through the
Transition Assistance and Institution Building component.
The City of Skopje, as a unit of the local self-government, is eligible for project
implementation in the area of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources
as part of this programmes.
Balkan-Mediterranean Programme (part of previous SEE transnational
programme)
The Hellenic Managing Authority of European Territorial Cooperation
Programmes was unanimously elected as the Managing Authority of the new
Transnational Programme "Balkan-Mediterranean" of the Programming Period
2014-2020.
The new Programme will have an estimated budget of 60,000,000 euros.
108
Albania;
Bulgaria;
Cyprus;
Republic of Macedonia; and
Greece
will participate in it.
The "Balkan-Mediterranean" Programme shall promote economic, social,
environmental and institutional cohesion and development in the wider area
by improving socio-economic competitiveness and institutional capacity in the
regions. Its thematic priorities will be connectivity, environment and
entrepreneurship.
European Union Programmes
At a session in 2008 the Macedonian government passed the decision to
include Macedonia in the EU Programmes. All programme members may
compete under the same conditions.
In regard to the fact that as a candidate member, Macedonia has no share in
EU's budget, it will pay cash into the budget of the relevant programme. EU
programmes via the environmental protection component and the
opportunities for energy efficiency projects are the Competitiveness and
Innovation Programme (CIP) and the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7),
whereby:
Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever
with nearly 80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020) in
addition to the private investment that this money will attract. It promises more
breakthroughs, discoveries and world-firsts by taking great ideas from the lab
to the market.
Horizon 2020 is the financial instrument implementing the Innovation Union, a
Europe 2020 flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe's global
competitiveness.
Seen as a means to drive economic growth and create jobs, Horizon 2020
has the political backing of Europes leaders and the Members of the
European Parliament. They agreed that research is an investment in our
future and so put it at the heart of the EUs blueprint for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth and jobs.
109
8.2.
and enhances city's communication with the NGOs and the civil associations.
The city may also take the associating role in the project budget. There are
project calls once or twice a year, depending on budget's global utilisation. All
information is available on the web site: www.gefsgpmacedonia.org.mk
8.3.
National funding
ESCO model
ESCO (Energy Service Company) bears the name of a service market
concept in the area of energy. ESCO's financial model foresees project
development, implementation and funding for the promotion of energy
efficiency and the reduction of maintenance cost. The aim of every project is
to decrease energy cost via the installation and maintenance of a new and
more efficient equipment and optimisation of energy systems, thus ensuring
return on investment through savings attained in a period of a few years,
depending on the client and the project.
The ESCO Company assumes the risk of anticipated savings and provides
guarantees therefor, as a supplement to innovative projects for energy
efficiency promotion and energy consumption reduction, often accompanied
by financial solutions for project implementation. During the payment of
investments related to energy efficiency or renewable sources, the consumer
pays the same energy amount paid before project implementation. Upon
investment pay-off, the ESCO Company retreats from project, while the client
continues to save as a result of the project. All projects have been tailored to
the client needs. The client hence has the opportunity to modernise the
equipment with no investment risk, whatsoever. The benefit ensuing from
ESCO model is the fact that during all project stages the client works with only
one company professionally working towards energy cost reduction through
energy efficiency projects, and at the same time minds the investments risks.
The ESCO model also takes a view of all energy systems regarding
circumstances and the state of affairs allowing the optimal selection of
measures suitable for investments and savings. ESCO service users may be
private companies and public organizations, institutions and local authorities.
The response to the need and the difficult entry for energy efficiency project
funding recommends the establishment of a special mechanism for EE and
RES project funding in the City of Skopje in the form of ESCO for the relevant
buildings. It should also be pointed out that there are several funds in the
country applicable only by the City of Skopje via the ESCO mechanism,
whereas private companies are the only entities that meet the lending
conditions.
Energy Efficiency and RES Fund
The EE and RES Fund is a financial mechanism for the financing of
Government- and/or City-funded projects, but also based on a multilateral
116
The bank offers favourable credits that may prove useful to the City of Skopje,
but only under the mediatorship of the ESCO companies. Following are some
of the credits active through the bank.
118
9. Policy recommendations
In order to achieve resource efficient communities, especially from energy and
waste valorisation view, the policy makers must take into account both on
technological, economic, political and demographic aspects. This chapter
gives guidelines for policy makers in view of three thematic areas: waste
valorisation, energy efficiency and sustainable exploration of renewable
resources.
The chapter Guidelines for Policy Makers represents conclusion from the
previous analysis of the policy making process and the current policies of the
European Union. It gives direction and suggestions for policy makers in order
for them to achieve their goal resource efficient community.
This chapter intends to provide policy makers on regional and local level with
guidelines, starting from the process of policies elaboration and following
every step of this cyclic process. These guidelines will provide a general aim
the process of decision making, which will go beyond the specific topics and
areas under the focus of the RE-SEEties project.
9.1.
119
reconstruction old ones, to take into account the new available market
technologies in the process.
Promote waste separation
Separation is the process by which waste is separated into different elements.
Waste sorting can occur manually at the household or automatically
separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment
systems.
Landfills are an increasing problem. Through separation there are both
environmental and economy benefits and the Landfill problem is addressed at
the same time.
Reduce waste production
To reduce the waste means to limit the waste creation in the first place. This
can be accomplished through maximize the use of the resources, generating
product with less packaging (minimum packaging), improving the products
durability. Reducing also means to change the habits, for they have essential
role in minimizing the waste creation.
Reuse products
The reuse of waste is tightly connected to reduce of the waste creation.
Typically, the products that are not in use are considered as waste although
some of those products can be reused with different function (ex. glass jar for
food keeping), can be used with repairmen, donating, selling etc. This way,
reuse also leads to reduce.
Recycle materials
Through recycling, the materials that are considered as waste can become
useful products, that is resources. This process also has environmental and
financial benefit. Recycling is recommended when reducing and reusing are
not a possibility.
Recover energy and materials
121
When reducing, reusing and recycling are over, the rest of the waste should
go through thermal and biological processes. These processes aim into
converting the waste in energy, heat, compost, fuel or other useful resource.
9.2.
122
Management in industry.
Intelligent management
The intelligent management in transport means control of the traffic lights,
control of the movement of the public transport, information for the citizens,
even suggesting new routes when for some reason the traffic is blocked (car
accident, work on the roads etc.).
Maximal use of public transport
Public transport is a shared passenger transport service available to the
general public. This type of mass transit is considered significantly more
efficient than any other type of transport. A study by the Brookings Institution
and the American Enterprise Institute found that public transportation in the
U.S uses approximately half the fuel required by cars. "Private vehicles emit
about 95 percent more carbon monoxide, 92 percent more volatile organic
compounds and about twice as much carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide than
public vehicles for every passenger mile travelled" (Lyndsey Layton, 2002).
Green waves
The green waves in the traffic lights can have both ecological and economical
influence. The less start-stop driving will result with decreasing of the fuel
consumption, thus it will influence the environment and the financial savings.
Especially it is important to introduce the green wave for the public
transportation, not only for the environmental and economic point of view.
Also it will make the public/mass transport faster and more attractive to the
general public instead of using a car.
123
9.3.
Feed-in tariffs
Feed in tariff is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in
renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by offering long-term
contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of
generation of each technology. The goal of feed-in tariffs is to offer cost-based
compensation to renewable energy producers, providing the price certainty
and long-term contracts that help finance renewable energy investments.
Energy Audits with recommendation of RES measures
Energy Audits are almost everywhere mandatory in given time period. Good
policy recommendation is for the Energy Audit Report to include justified and
economical renewable energy sources measures for implementation on the
building in question. The analysis of the possibilities in the report will be also
educational and motivational for the building owner.
New technologies
Utilization of new technologies is useful in every field. It increases the
efficiency of the process and has both environmental and economic benefits.
It is highly advised, when developing new projects and reconstruction old
124
ones, to take into account the new available market technologies in the
process.
Quality control
Quality control can be checked through several laboratories on different
aspect, that will certificate the products on a national level. The quality of the
market products will be on satisfactory level and the results and goals will be
higher.
Also obligatory trainings and certification on the service providers must be
established (e.g. installers of solar thermal collectors, energy auditors etc.)
With this measure, the services will be good and the installed systems will
work properly.
Transfer regulations in national and local policies especially in the
sector of valorization and implementation control
This policy measure is more intended towards IPA countries in the
southeastern Europe region (and wider). The European Union policies should
be transferred where possible in the national and local policies. Here should
be noted that this trend is increasing and visible results are already made in
this area.
Penalty regulations
Penalty regulations are envisioned as insurance and mechanism of the
implementation of the laws and bylaws. If there are no penalties, the
regulations are more likely to not be implemented and the goals will not be
meet.
Compliance with legal obligations and contracts (polluters pay)
If the big polluters cannot be forced to stop the pollution that the legal
obligations and contract must ensure that they will pay for the pollution. The
money then will be used for environmental actions and projects that will
compensate for the pollution of the polluters.
125
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
126
governmental organizations
Established competition between the
municipalities in preparation of EE
Action Plans
production
Lack of interest from stakeholders
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
127
Monitor and control set energy savings targets for each individual
measure in the Plan;
128
the CO2 Emissions Inventory for year 2011.It is important that the same
methodology is used for the development and updating of the existing Action
Plan, so that results would be comparable.
129
12. References
1. SEAP of City of Skopje, 2011
2. Programme for Energy Efficiency of City of Skopje, 2012
3. RE-SEEties, Step by step methodology for policy making, 2013
4. RE-SEEties, Roadmap for endorsement, 2013
5. RE-SEEties, Case Study profile of City of Skopje
6. RE-SEEties, Integrated SEE methodological toolkit for resource efficiency with final
SEE criteria for assessment, 2013
7. Strategy for improvement of the energy efficiency of Republic of Macedonia until
2020. Ministry of Economy, 2010
8. Strategy for utilization of RES in Republic of Macedonia until 2020, Ministry of
Economy, 2010
9. Rulebook for EE in buildings, Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia No. 143/2008
10. First Action Plan for EE in Republic of Macedonia until 2018, Ministry of Economy
11. Energy Law, Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia No.16/11
130