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Human-Computer Interface
Surveillance Systems
Webcam based energy/power saver
Photography[22]
Phase 2:
Implementation of RGB color model for skin detection.
Applying Viola-Jones method for face detection.
Phase 3:
Comparison of accuracy and processing time of methods
used in phase 1 and phase 2.
2. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
START
INPUT IMAGE
SKIN SEGMENTATION BY
USING YCbCr AND HSI
SKIN SEGMENTATION
BY USING RGB
VIOLA JONES
ALGORITHM
MORPHOLOGICAL
OPERATIONS
YCbCr
SEGMENTED
IMAGE
COMBINED
SEGMENTED
IMAGE
HSI
SEGMENTED
IMAGE
FINAL FACE
DETECTED
MORPHOLOGICAL
OPERATIONS
FINAL FACE
DETECTED
DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3107
38
a)
RGB Colour Space In order to detect skin color components. After color segmentation the left over noise
following set of rules have been found to be more accurate in the background can smoothened using morphological
than other models[3,5].
processing. Hence the open (erode followed by dilate)
operation was performed using a structuring element[28].It
(R>95) AND (G>40) AND (B>20) AND
was observed that the open operation has resulted in huge
(max min > 15) AND (|R-G|> 15) AND (R>G) AND reduction in the number of small noisy specs. Erode
(R>B) AND (R>220) AND (G>210) AND (B>170) AND shrinks the selected area and expands the background,
(R>B) AND (G>B)
whereas dilate operation does the reverse of this[5,19].
b)
HSI,HSV,HSL(Hue,Saturation,Intensity,Value
,Lightness)
Hue-saturation based colorspaces were introduced when
there was a need for the user to specify color
numerically.It describe color with intuitive values, based
on the artists idea of tint, saturation and tone.Hue defines
the dominant color (such as red, green, purple and yellow)
of an area , saturation measures the colorfulness of an area
in proportion brightness.The intensity,lightness or
value is
to the color luminance[3,9,5]. The
intuitiveness of
colorspace components and explicit
discrimination between luminance and chrominance
properties made these colorspaces popular in the works on
skin color segmentation. The most noticeable range which
was used by algorithm to detect the skin for H value is:
0.05 < H < 0.07
c) YCbCr Colour Space
This colour space has been defined to meet the increasing
demand of digital algorithms in handling video
information and has become the widely used
in digital videos. It has three components, two is of
chrominance and one is of luminance[3,11].
6. VIOLA-JONES
Viola-Jones technique is based on exploring the input
image by means of sub window capable of detecting
features. This window is scaled to detect faces of different
sizes in the image. Viola Jones developed a scale invariant
detector which runs through the image many times, each
time with different size[18,24].The system architecture of
Viola Jones is based on a cascade of detectors. The first
stages consist of simple detectors which eliminates only
those windows which do not contain faces [16].These
detectors constructed from integral image and Haar like
features shown in figure.
Copyright to IJIREEICE
DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3107
39
N
o.
Size of
Image
T
F
T
P
F
P
F
N
F
A
R
%
SR
(%)
DA
(%)
P
T
se
c
251x201
10
100
100
7.0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
179x182
318x158
275x183
300x185
300x192
276x183
279x173
259x186
300x140
1
0
4
3
4
2
4
7
6
7
5
3
3
4
2
4
7
3
6
5
2
0
3
1
5
0
8
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
40
0
42
33
55
0
72
14
0
65
100
70
75
64
100
40
85
100
75
100
100
100
100
100
50
85
100
3.6
7.3
6.6
9.1
7.9
7.2
4.5
4.5
5.6
Combined
segmented image
Detected Faces
Copyright to IJIREEICE
DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3107
40
Step-2: When the skin is extracted after that Viola-Jones operations. In the second method, Viola Jones algorithm is
is applied to detect faces.
tested along with RGB color model. It is found that
accuracy of first algorithm is more but it requires more
This algorithm was applied on 10 group of images and processing time as compared to other. The average
satisfactory results were obtained.
processing time required for first algorithm is about
6.3sec, whereas for second algorithm it is 5.1sec.One more
important observation is made in this work, that, if one
method gives good results for an image then second
method may or may not give significant results for the
same image. It is observed that the first algorithm is
suitable for simple background and different lightning
conditions of images and the second algorithm is suitable
Input Image Segmented Image Detected Faces
for simple as well as complex background of images.
Fig. 6: Face Detection Process using method 2
Future scope : In this work only two color models
(YCbCr &HSI) are tested alongwith morphological
operations and RGB color model tested with Viola Jones
algorithms. In future, other color models can also be
applied for further improvement of performance of these
algorithms.
REFERENCES
Fig.
7: Sample results of detection of multiple faces using
method 2
Table 2. Color Model and Viola Jones
N
o.
Size of
Image
T
F
T
P
F
P
F
N
SR
%
F
A
R
%
0
DA
%
PT
sec
251x201
10
100
50
6.9
179x182
318x158
100
100
3.4
100
100
275x183
5.7
100
100
300x185
5.5
100
100
300x192
5.4
100
100
7
8
276x183
279x173
6.2
7
6
7
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
5.4
3.2
9
10
259x186
100
66
3.3
300x140
100
60
6.0
Average
Values of
evaluation
parameters
Skin color
models and
Morphological
Operations
Skin color
models and
Viola jones
1.
Accuracy%
91%
88%
2.
Processing
Time(sec)
6.3 sec
5.1 sec
9. CONCLUSION
In this research work, two different approaches were
tested for multiple face detection in color images. In first
approach, face detection is performed with the help of
YCbCr and HSI color models and some morphological
Copyright to IJIREEICE
DOI 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3107
41
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[16]
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