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Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
CONTENTS
SECTION
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
SCOPE
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
General
Drag Reducing Fibre Suspensions
Transition Delay
4
5
5
6.1
6.2
6.3
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
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NOMENCLATURE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
FIGURES
1 PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE
CONSTANTS y1+ and C1+ IN THEVAN DRIEST
EXPRESSION FOR THE EDDY VISCOSITY
24
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
Whilst this method is accurate enough for many engineering purposes, such
empirical correlations do not have a physical basis and it is extremely difficult to
extend them from Newtonian fluids to non-Newtonian and drag reducing fluids.
The integration of the energy equation provides a much more satisfactory
general approach.
1
SCOPE
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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where rz is the eddy viscosity. Pr tr is the turbulent Prandtl number and can be
assumed equal to unity (see Ref. [1]). For fully developed flows equation (2) has
been integrated for the case of constant wall flux by Lyon (see Ref. [2]) and for
the case of constant wall temperature by Seban and Shimazaki (see Ref. [3]).
The expressions developed by Lyon and by Seban and Shimazaki are very
complex and require the solution of double integrals. However, simplified
integrations of equation (2) have been presented by Edwards and Smith (see
Ref. [1]). In this work it was recommended that the dimensionless heat transfer
coefficient be calculated from:
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Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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Before solving equation (5) it is necessary to define the eddy viscosity. This is
considered below.
5 THE EDDY VISCOSITY FOR NON-NEWTONIAN AND DRAG REDUCING
FLUIDS
Smith and Edwards (see Refs. [4] and [5]) have demonstrated that standard
Newtonian eddy viscosity expressions can be successfully adapted to predict
heat transfer to non-Newtonian and drag reducing fluids in turbulent pipe flow.
The most accurate eddy viscosity expression in the wall region is that due to Van
Driest (see Ref. [6]).
where:
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Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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Away from the wall it is recommended that the eddy viscosity expressions of
Mizushina and Ogina (see Ref. [7]) be used i.e.:
The above expressions for the eddy viscosity can be applied to non-Newtonian
fluids by replacing the Newtonian viscosity in the dimensionless variables vz,+ y+
and R+ by the apparent viscosity at the wall (see Ref. [8]). They can also be
applied to drag reducing fluids by assuming:
(a) That in the turbulent core of drag reducing pipe flow there is always a region
where the velocity profile can be described by a logarithmic profile i.e:
(b) That the gradient of the logarithmic profile is constant i.e. the coefficient A in
the above equations is constant and equal to its Newtonian value of 2.5 and the
coefficient B varies with the degree of drag reduction.
These assumptions are supported by the evidence of Elata, Lehrer and
Kahanovitz (see Ref.[9]), Arunachalem, Hummel and Smith (see Ref. [10]) and
Rollin and Seyer (see Ref.[11]).
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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6.1 General
The starting point for the calculation of heat transfer coefficients is the evaluation
of the coefficient B. For Newtonian and purely viscous non-Newtonian flow the
coefficient B has a constant value of 5.1. With drag reducing fluids it is necessary
to determine B from experimental pressure drop data. The correlation of pressure
drop data for drag reducing fluids has been discussed in GBHE-PEG-.FLO.304.
Computer programs, CHEMCad can be used to calculate a heat transfer
coefficient as the procedure, outlined below, is too complex to be carried out by
hand.
(a) From pressure drop data calculate the coefficient B from the equation of
Arunachalem, Hummel and Smith (see Ref. [10]) i.e.:
(b) Calculate R+ from the wall shear stress (i.e. pressure drop).
(c) Calculate y2+ from equation (10).
(d) Calculate y1+ and C1+ using the procedure outlined in Appendix A.
(e) Calculate the heat transfer coefficient from equation (5). The integral should
be divided into three zones 0 to y1+, y1+ to y2+ and y2+ to R+ and solved
numerically.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
NOMENCLATURE
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
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Symbol
(Subscript)
N
w
Meaning
Newtonian
at the pipe wall
1 at the boundary between the viscous sublayer and the logarithmic region
2 at the boundary between the logarithmic region and the turbulent core
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[2]
R.N. Lyon
Liquid Metal Heat-transfer Coefficients
Chem. Eng. Prog. 47, 75-79 (1951).
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
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Substituting the Van Driest expression into equation (13) and equating the
velocity with that predicted by the logarithmic profile at y1+ gives:
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Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
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Given the values of the coefficients A and B then y1+ and C1+ can now be
determined by an iterative search procedure (e.g. false position) solving the
integral by a suitable numerical technique (e.g.Simpson's rule).
Figure 1 shows a flow chart for the calculation of y1+ and C1+. This calculation
can be carried out using previously mentioned computer programs.
If the flow is Newtonian or purely viscous non-Newtonian then the coefficients A
and B are fixed with the values of 2.5 and 5.1 respectively giving y1+ = 114.2 and
C1+ = 25.33.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
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FIGURE 1
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com