TQM Tools

1. Cause-andeffect

2. Check sheet

3. Control
Chart

How to use?
1. Formulate the problem (effect) and use it as
the head of the Fishbone Diagram
2. Write the main categories of causes
(Methods, Machines, People, Materials,
Measurement, Environment) and use as the
main branches of the diagram
3. Brainstorm all the possible causes of the
problem and write it as a branch of the
appropriate main category. If another cause
can be think of, write it in the sub-branches
and so on.
4. Analyze the diagram and investigate the
most prevailing causes
1. Determine the problem to be observed
2. Decide when data will be collected and for
how long
3. Design the form
4. Put labe on all the spaces of the form
5. Check the effectiveness and ease of use of
the check sheet
6. Check sheet is now ready to be used
1. Choose the appropriate control chart for
your data
2. Determine the appropriate time period for
collecting and plotting data
3. Collect data, construct your chart and analyze
the data

When to use?
It is use in finding
possible causes for a
problem

Advantage
-Helps in providing a
convenient and easy
way of thinking and
listing possible causes of
a problem

Disadvantage
It doesnt solve any
problems. It only helps in
identifying the problems
but not in solving it

-Gives big picture of the

possible causes of a
problem

-When data can be

-Simple and effective
observed repeatedly
way to collect and
by the same person or display data
location
-Provide a uniform data
-When collecting data collection
from production
process
-When controlling
-Simple and effective
ongoing processes
tool that can be used
with less educated
When determining
personnel with some
whether the process
training
is stable

-Cannot reveal any

changes
-several sheets need to be
in chronological order to
determine trend

-Challenge many project

manager because of
statistical nature

4. Look for out of control (outside control limits)

signals in the control chart. When one is
present mark it on the chart and investigate
the cause.

4. Histogram

5. Pareto Chart

6. Scatter
Diagram

-When Analysing
process variations
from several causes

1. Collect a minimum of 50 data points from

the process
2. Draw x- and y-axes then locate the data
points
3. Draw bars until data points were reach

-When you want to

see the distribution of
data

-Great for comparing

data

-Difficulty in setting data

into one scale

-Shows trend in data

-When analysing
clearly
whether a process can
meet the customers
-easy to read
requirements

-All the original data

cannot be retrieved from
it

1. List problems, items or causes to be

compared
2. Develop standard measure
3. Choose a timeframe for collecting the data
4. Collect data
5. List the items in descending order of the
measurements in data collection and
compute for cumulative percentage
6. Draw the bars in each items
7. Draw a line graph of the cumulative
percentages and the first point must touch
the highest bar.
8. Analyze the diagram by inspecting the
greatest factor of the problem
1. Collect pairs of data where a relationship is
assumed
2. Make a graph and plot data points
3. Look at the pattern of points to see if a
relationship is obvious.

-When there are

many problems or
causes and want to
focus on the most
significant
-when analysing data
about the frequency
of problems and
causes

-Can be used to
determine those factors
that are significant
causes of the problem

-Not useful in
quantitative data since it
cannot be used the
calculate the average of
data, variability, statistics
-Commercial software is and so on.
available to create
Pareto chart

-When having pair

numerical data

-maintains the original

data

-when dependent
variable may have
multiple values for

-maintained positive and

negative correlation

-not applicable to show

relationship of more than
two variables

each values of
independent variable
7. Stratificatio
n

1. Collect data
2. Group data and use different marks for
each category when plotting or graphing
data

-When data come

from several Sources
or conditions
-When data analysis
may require
separation or
grouping

-graph is straightforward -external values are not

towards observation
influenced to change
correlation
-ensure that estimates
-not useful when a
can be made with equal population is cannot be
accuracy in different
grouped
parts of the region
-equal statistical power
in comparisons of subregions

References:
1. Tague, N. R. (2005). The Quality Toolbox ( Second Edition). ASQ Quality Press.
2. Ishikawa, K. (1990). Introduction to Quality Control. Asian Productivity Organization
3. http://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/lean-six-sigma-business-transformation/columns/the-check-sheet-a-simple-and-effective-wayto-disp/
4.http://www.lamission.edu/math/yun/docs/Statistics/Minitab/Key%20Ch%202%20and%20Ch3.doc