Synchronous Generator Fundamentals and Operation

Generators
Electrical Maintenance
Synchronous Generator:
Fundamentals & Operation
Training Module
ALSTOM (Switzerland) Ltd
ABCD
Generators
ABCD
We reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.
Copyright by ALSTOM (Switzerland) Ltd 2004
This is a training module.
All mentioned / attached values and settings are for information only. The values might be
changed during commissioning.
For actual values please refer to the Instruction Manual.
CSXA220052enB.doc
Power Plant Training Center

Page 2
ABCD
Generators
Table of Contents
Module Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................4

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................5
Generator Types...................................................................................................................................................5
Generator Fundamentals........................................................................................................................................6
Conductor in a Magnetic Field .............................................................................................................................6
Synchronous Generator .......................................................................................................................................6
Reminder ............................................................................................................................................................10
Operation ................................................................................................................................................................11
Operating Range - Power Chart ........................................................................................................................11
Other Generator Charts .....................................................................................................................................13
Generator Excitation .............................................................................................................................................14
Brushless Excitation ...........................................................................................................................................14
Static Excitation ..................................................................................................................................................15
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)....................................................................................................................15
Summary.................................................................................................................................................................16
Figure 1: Salient and Non-salient Pole Generator.............................................................................................17
Figure 2: Synchronous Generators.....................................................................................................................18
Figure 3: Generation of a Single Phase Alternating Voltage ...........................................................................19
Figure 4: Principal Arrangement of Stator Windings .......................................................................................20
Figure 5: Magnetic Field in a Generator at No-load Condition........................................................................21
Figure 6: Magnetic Field in a Generator at Load Condition.............................................................................22
Figure 7: Synchronous Generator: Equivalent Circuit Diagram,
Over-excited and Under-excited Vector Diagram.............................................................................23
Figure 8: Vector Diagram and Power Chart .......................................................................................................24
Figure 9: Open Circuit and Short Circuit Curves ..............................................................................................25
Figure 10: Power Chart of a Turbogenerator: Operating Ranges and Limits ...............................................26
Figure 11: Brushless and Static Excitation Systems .......................................................................................27
Figure 12: Major Components of a Typical Brushless Excitation System ....................................................28
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Generators
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this section, the trainee is able to:
Explain how voltage is induced:

in a conductor rotating in a magnetic field
in a synchronous generator.
Draw the flow of the resulting magnetic field:

at no-load operation
at load operation.
Identify 3 conditions that must be met for a generator to produce electrical voltage.
Using the power chart and generator data sheet:

Find normal operating point and mark it in the power chart.
Find for any operating points the associated approximate field & stator currents.
Explain the mechanical analogy of the load angle.
By help of power chart & the above mentioned nature of the load angle list and explain
the limiting characteristics.
Describe with a drawing and with few words the excitation system as regards:
its purpose
list and explain the working principle of the two different types of excitation
explain the two regulator types.
Explain the AVR's behaviour when the actual generator output voltage changes;
in case the excitation is:
in the auto channel or
in the manual channel.
List different types of synchronous generator and describe their main features.
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Generators
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Introduction
The synchronous generator is the most important machine used for producing electrical energy for the following reasons:
The output voltage or the reactive power output can be controlled by a variable DC current applied to the machine from a control unit, the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
In parallel operation with the network the reactive- and active power output can be set
independently from one another over a wide range.
Generator Types
Figures 1 & 2
Salient & Non-Salient Pole Generators

There are two basic forms of Generators which differ mainly in their rotor design:
The first, called a salient-pole machine, has protruding field poles, each pole provided
with a concentrated field winding.
This type is used mostly on hydro-electric plant.
The second type of machine (non-salient pole), generally called turbogenerator has a
smooth cylindrical rotor. The field winding is placed in slots distributed over a specific
zone on the circumference of the rotor.
This type of generator is used mostly on thermal power plants.
The turbo generator was invented in 1901 by Charles Brown of the Brown Boveri Co.
In the following we mainly refer to the 2-Pole Turbogenerator
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Generator Fundamentals
Conductor in a Magnetic Field
Figure 3
If a coil is rotating in a magnetic field as shown in the Figure 3 an (alternating, induced) voltage can be measured at the sliprings.
A voltage is induced because the flux (linked with the coil) is varying with time.
d
dt
winding turns
magnetic Flux
time
Flux is proportional to the flux density B (flux per unit area) and the surface within the
coil loop.
U = W
= B dA
B
A
flux density
surface area within coil winding
If the coil is turning with uniform speed (in this homogenous field) a sinusoidal voltage is
induced.
Synchronous Generator
In praxis the construction is different than discussed above:
The armature winding (the winding in which voltage is induced) is placed in the stator.
The magnetic field is produced by the rotor which is rotating
The advantage of this approach is:
Voltage, current on the rotating part are of lower magnitude. This will effect the design of
the generator.
The magnetic field is produced by a DC current flowing through the winding in the rotor.
Through the arrangement of field winding the field over the poles has a sinusoidal shape
which is slightly stepped (valid for the turbogenerator)
The field is moving (because of its rotation) relative to the stationary stator winding
Therefore the flux through the winding is changing and a voltage is induced in the armature/ stator winding as a consequence.
Figure 4.1
Figures 4.1 & 4.2
By special arrangement of the stator windings around the circumference with

multiple winding turns per phase and
displacement of each of the three winding set by 120 degrees
a practically sinusoidal 3-phase voltage (phase displaced in time by 120 degrees) is produced.
The Figure 4.2 shows a simplified winding arrangement with three winding loops per phase.
(Continued next page)
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Synchronous Generator (continued)

Multiple Pole Generator - Operation Speed
Above we mainly referred to a two pole generator type: During one revolution every winding on the stator sees the north pole & the south pole once. With a speed of 3000 rpm we
get 50 revolutions in one second which corresponds to 50Hz of the induced voltage.
If we have more poles, e.g. four, the stator windings see two north and two south poles
during one revolution. The speed would be reduced to 1500 rpm in this case for the same grid
frequency.
Figure 5
Magnetic Field in a Generator at no load

Figure 5 shows the magnetic field at no load operation of the generator (no current flowing in
the stator windings). We see the closed magnetic circuit, through rotor, air gap and back
through stator core (shown by closed lines (circles); the total number of line would correspond to the flux).
Figure 6.1
Under load condition

As soon as the generator is on grid (the load connected to generator terminals):
the currents flowing in every phase of the stator windings generate their one magnetic
fields. The sum of the three is called the armature reaction field,
rotor and armature reaction field form the total field. It can be imagined as armature or
stator field.
Figure 6.2
Load Angle (simplified view)

The angle between the rotor pole axis and the total field axis ("stator field") is the Load Angle
. To illustrate this,
we can imagine two vectors (arrows) rotating around a centre point O: one stands for the
rotor field the other for the stator field (total resulting field).
They are strongly coupled with each other. The rotor is actually pulling the stator field
(the grid) behind.
The stator field is rotating therefore with the same speed as the rotor, called synchronous
speed.
What gave the name to this type of machine: Synchronous Generator.
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Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 8.1
Simplified Equivalent Circuit Diagram

In order to better understand the electrical operating behaviour of a generator, an "Equivalent
Circuit Diagram" is used. In the diagram (where only one phase is shown), the generator is
represented by
the (internal) Pole Wheel Voltage UP and
its synchronous reactance Xd.
U1 (= UN / 3) is the phase voltage of the generator and I1 the current flowing in one of
the stator windings.
(The ohmic resistance of the stator winding is very small in relation to Xd ( 0.5 .. 2 per
mil) and is therefore neglected.)
At no load
the stator current I1 is 0. The voltage Ud over Xd is therefore 0, the Terminal Voltage the
same as the Pole Wheel Voltage UP. (UP = U1).
If a load is connected to the terminals

U1 and Up is not the same any longer. There will be a phase displacement between U1
and I1.
For clarification we look at the phasor or vector diagram of two special cases (which do not
appear during normal operation):
Vector Diagram for a mere Inductive Load
First we have a pure inductive load (no ohmic resistance).
The current I1 is lagging the voltage U1 by 90 degrees (as seen from the grid).
For a mere Capacitive Load
In the second case we have a pure capacitive load connected to the generator terminals.
The current is I1 is leading the voltage U1 by 90 degrees (as seen from the grid).
Vector Diagram for a normal Operating Mode (Ohmic-Inductive Load)
Under normal operating condition the generator feeds a load composed of two parts: a bigger
ohmic part (which is e.g. converted into heat at the consumer side) and a smaller inductive
part (which is e.g. used for the magnetisation of motors). The corresponding vector diagram
is shown in the figure. The load angle with the above mentioned explanation - angle between
rotor and stator field, pulling the stator field behind - can still be seen.
Of importance is the next step:
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Figure 8.2
Turning into Power Chart

We divide the length of the vectors (of the diagram) by the synchronous reactance Xd and
rotate the vector diagram by -90 degrees:
As a result without going into the details - we obtain, out of the voltage vector diagram, a
current vector diagram. The current vectors are adapted in such a way that they fit into the
power chart of the generator.
The Power Chart
The Power Chart represents the actual operating range of a generator.
A point within the power chart stands for a momentary operating point.
Point N in the figure represents one special point (out of many possible points): The normal operating point for which the generator is designed.
The power chart is scaled for 1 per unit (p.u.) and is valid for 1 p.u. voltage referring to
the nominal data of the generator.
(The plant specific nominal data of the generator may be seized down compared to the
original data of the generator to meet e.g. the power data of the main step up transformer).
Figure 8.2
The normal Operating Point within the Power Chart

The normal operating point N in the Power Chart has a distance from the centre 0 which
represents
the nominal Apparent Power (in 1 p.u.). Projected to the axis we can read out:
the nominal Reactive Power part on the x-axis and
the nominal Active Power part on the y-axis.
As describe above we can overlay the vector diagram of the currents:
Horizontally to the left of the centre 0 we find the No-load Field Current;
it is used to magnetise the generator (it corresponds to the field current which is needed
to maintain nominal voltage at no-load operation of the generator).
Starting point is 1/ Xd. (valid for the a Turbogenerator only).
The Nominal Field Current is found as vector from point 1/ Xd to N
and the Nominal Stator Current from point 0 to N.

Also the Load Angle and the Phase Angle (displacement between phase voltage U1
and stator current I1) is to be found in the diagram.
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Generators
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Point N can be derived from the data sheet of the generator. Also the values for the nominal currents and the synchronous reactance can be found there.
Be aware that you have to scale the field currents and the stator current separately. This
because the current vector diagram is composed by the vectors: stator current I1 and the
other two If0' and If' which are proportional to the actual values (If0 and If).
Figure 9
To become familiar with the findings refer to the various exercises included in the training
program.
Open Circuit Characteristic

The Open Circuit Curve is measured during no-load operation.
The terminal voltage is recorded against different field current values.
The voltage at the generator output is nearly proportional to the field current, being bent
at higher voltage because the iron core becomes saturated.
Short Circuit Characteristic
The Short Circuit Curve is taken while the terminals are shorted (Terminal voltage U1 = 0).
The stator current is recorded against different field current values.

The curve is a straight line.
The two curves are highly depending on the design of the generator (and they characterise the
generator). Also the synchronous reactance can be derived from these curves.
Reminder
Conditions needed for Production of Electrical Voltage
A rotating generator rotor will produce electrical voltage if three things are present:
Magnetic field.
Conductor in the stator.
Relative motion between the two.
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Operation
Operating Range - Power Chart
Figure 8.2
Data of any Operating Point

The power and current values for any operating point can be derived from the power chart the
same way as discussed above.
The operating points are normally given by their active and reactive power values or the
apparent power and power factor values (given one pair value the other can be directly
read out of the power chart).
Furthermore, from the operating point the corresponding field and stator currents can be
deduced. This simply by putting the vector lengths of the new point in relation with the
reference vectors of point N.
Refer to the exercise during training for clarification.
Accuracy of the Readings
The readings are approximate values only. The drawing resolution plays a role. Another
factor is the following: By changing the field current it is possible to regulate the reactive
power output, the terminal voltage may change as well (depending on the grid strength and
plant design). As we already know the power chart is only valid for Nominal Voltage (= 1
p.u.).
Remark: The reactive power reading would change with the square of the terminal voltage.
Figure 10.2
Overexcited Power Range

As an example we look at a generator on the grid. We follow an operating point T in the
Power Chart along an horizontal line. That means the power output at the turbine stays the
same. The manipulations for the experiment are done at the Excitation System only (from
local control panel or from remote)!
We start in the right quarter of the power chart at point T1.
The machine is overexcited, phase angle inductive, lagging, power factor positive
(> 0); the generator produces reactive power.
Only Active Power Output
If we decrease the field current we come to a point T2
where the reactive power output is zero, the phase angle = 0 (voltage and current are
in phase),
the load angle has become bigger from T1 to T2
Underexcited Power Range

If the field current is further decreased we come into the underexcited region to a point
T3 (left quarter),
the phase angle becomes leading, capacitive; the power factor negative (<0),
the load angle gets bigger.
Remark: The generator can produce or consume reactive power simply by changing the field
current.
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Operating Range - Power Chart (continued)

Figure 10.1
Underexcited Limiting Range

At the point where the load angle becomes 90 degrees (with low field current), we reach an
unstable operating point.
Remember the spring/ rubber band between rotor and stator field.
At 90 degrees the torque is undefined and the machine starts to slip ("goes out of step",
"loses" synchronism).
The regulation of the field current actually defines the coupling strength between the rotor and stator field.
To prevent this status the P/Q Limiter (or Load Angle Limiter) limits the load angle by
limiting
the reactive power Q depending on the momentary load
(according a preprogrammed curve; P/Q-Limiter, for newer Excitation Systems) or
the load angle
(one straight inclined line; Load Angle Limiter, for older Excitation Systems)
in both cases the field current is kept above a certain value by the Excitation System.
Maximum Field / Rotor Current Limitation
The field current is limited by the maximum allowed heat production in the windings (depending on the ohmic resistance, the amount of current flowing in the conductor and the
cooling efficiency of the cooling system).
The field current is normally limited at 105% of rated value (for continuous operation).
In the Power Chart this is actually marked with an arc from C to E (of 100% in length and
centre point 1/ Xd (Turbogenerator)).
Stator Current Limitation
Is the maximum allowed stator current
(depending on ohmic resistance, current flow and cooling efficiency)
normally set at 105% of its rated value;
limiting arc C-D with centre A.
Change of Current Limitations
Both Rotor and Stator Limitations may be temperature dependent (depending on the Cold
Gas Temperature (temperature of coolant at inlet)).
More over the two limiters normally have a dynamic respond characteristic. With short
time (overrated) higher currents the Generator / Excitation System can respond to demands/ faults outside of its system.
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Operating Range - Power Chart (continued)

Limitation and Protection
The above limiters are built in functions (in newer system implemented within the software) of the excitation system:
they are normally part of the automatic channel only (voltage controlled channel)
Because the manual channel
is "field current controlled" (regulation according a preset field current) and
has normally no (or only few rudimentary) limiters
special care have to be taken by the personnel to operate the generator within its operating
range by changing field current set point (during load changes a.s.o., see also chapter
Automatic Voltage Regulator)
Limiters are backed up by protection functions (beyond the limiters' range). They are implemented in
the excitation system (e.g. excitation overcurrent),
generator protection system (e.g. loss of excitation, underfrequency) or
higher control system
(with alarm or trip: stator winding temperature or hot gas temperature too high).
Triggered protection functions will initiate one or several of following measures:
deload the generator (until cause of disturbance is cleared),
take generator off grid,
deexcitate the generator,
shut down the turbine.
Other Generator Charts

V-Curve
The V-Curve shows the correlation between field and stator current
for a certain active load (normally for 25, 50, 75, 100% load; every load level represents
one curve).
At the same time it indicates the power factor levels along the curve.
Unbalanced Load Curve
The generator is designed for a symmetrical 3-phase load (three symmetrical currents).
Asymmetrical current components will produce an inverse rotating field. This induces
currents in damper winding, resulting in losses and possible overheating. It is therefore not
desired.
The unbalanced load is defined as the ratio of counter current component to the rated current, in percent. The Unbalanced Load Curve expresses this ratio over time during which
this operation is allowed at most. For continuous operation the maximum allowed ratio
lies between 6 to 8%.
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Other Generator Charts (continued)

Other Charts
There are various (with the generators data less frequently enclosed) charts. For example:
Generator efficiency (efficiency as a function of active power output & power factor)
Generator losses (as a function of active power output & power factor)
Heat dissipation (as a function of active power output & power factor)
Generator capability (active power output) versus cooling water or air inlet temperature
Chart with operating range of voltage and frequency
Generator Excitation
Purpose of Excitation
As we have seen above, we need a field current regulation to produce and regulate the magnetic field in the rotor. There are two ways to bring this current to the rotor windings:
by brushless excitation system or
by static excitation system.
The two are shortly described below.
Brushless Excitation
Figures 11 & 12
Design and Operating Principle of Brushless Excitation System

When a brushless excitation system is used, the actual field current is produced by an
exciter machine:
an armature machine coupled to the generator shaft
(Armature: is the part of the machine where voltage is induced).
The exciter machine has a 3-phase winding in the rotor and a DC field winding in the
stator.
The induced voltage, current in the rotor is rectified by rotating diodes (also on the rotor) and the resulting DC current is fed to the field winding of the main generator.
The excitation system (AVR) feeds the stationary field winding of the exciter machine.
The regulator is either supplied
from the generator terminals (via excitation transformer) or
from a pilot exciter (permanent generator) located at the end of the generator shaft.
The terminal voltage is therefore indirectly regulated.
The control circuit has a relative big time constant
(compared to the static excitation system; see on the following page)
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Static Excitation
Figure 11
Working Principle
In this case the field current is supplied to the rotor winding by the static excitation system
via brushes an slip-ring devices.
The excitation is usually shunt supplied, that means it is fed via the excitation transformer from its own generator terminals.
The rectifier is composed of one or more thyristor bridges (in parallel). Therefore its
name: Static, no moving parts.
The static excitation system has a faster dynamic response characteristic than the brushless
excitation system.
The ceiling voltage required (max. needed voltage) for the generator rotor is determined
by the ratio of the excitation transformer which has an influence on the response time of
the excitation system.
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
Figure 11
The term is a bit misleading because most of the time it is used for the whole controller system (either voltage or field current controlled).
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
With the actual meaning: the automatic voltage controller; in most cases referred to as Auto
Channel.
It regulates the generator terminal voltage to a given set point value.
If external factors changes (as e.g. load or grid conditions), the AVR automatically adjusts the field current to reach the preset voltage value.
The AVR may be superimposed by a
power factor controller (maintaining a given power factor) or
reactive power controller (maintaining a given power factor).
The superimposed regulator acts on the AVR-set point and is slower than the AVR
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Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) (continued)

Field Current Regulator (FCR)
The field current regulator or referred to as manual channel.
It regulates the field current to a constant value given by a set point regardless of the generator terminal voltage.
If the load increases for example the reactive power output drops simultaneously.
The controller consequently cannot
respond to disturbances in the grid (e.g. voltage breakdown)
neither can it follow up- & down-loading of the turbine automatically.
The Manual Channel is
for emergency or maintenance purpose.
It has no automatic limiting characteristics (to keep within the allowed operating range)
as the auto channel does.
Summary
This section gave an overview of the generator fundamentals in such a way that the operating
range and limiting characteristics of the generator can be understood and applied in the
field. Further it explained rudimentary the different types of Synchronous Generators and
Excitation Systems.
To ensure that you understand the material covered, review each question in the Objectives
(page 4).
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Generators
Rotor Winding
Air-Gap

Page 17
90
S
Rotor Pole
CSXA400353.cdr
ABCD
Non-Salient Pole Generator

Salient Pole Generator
Figure 1: Salient and Non-salient Pole Generator
Stator Conductors
CSXA220052enB.doc
Quadrature
Axis
Quadrature
Axis
Direct Axis
Stator Core
Direct Axis
Generators
Three phase synchronous

Turbogenerator (air-cooled)
(non-salient poles)

Page 18
CSXA400354
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Figure 2: Synchronous Generators
CSXA220052enB.doc
Three phase synchronous

Hydrogenerator
(salient poles)
Generators
ABCD
Figure 3: Generation of a Single Phase Alternating Voltage
U: Induced voltage
f : Magnetic flux
Coil
Magnet
Sliprings
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
Induced voltage in function of angle or time

Magnetic flux linked with the coil
u= U x sin a
CSXA400356.cdr
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Rotor
field
Figure 4.1
n1
n1
phase 1
phase 2
Stator
windings
phase 3
S
2 Tp
3
120
Generation of a 3 phase voltage

by the rotating rotor field
U1
U2
V1
W1
"Inner surface"
of each loop are added together
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Equally drawn conductors

of stator belong to one phase
Generators
Tp
3
Tp
180
ABCD
Sinusoidal field of rotor is moving

relative to the stationary stator winding
(the curve is actually slightly stepped)
n1
Figure 4: Principal Arrangement of Stator Windings
CSXA220052enB.doc
Figure 4.2
ABCD
Generators
Figure 5: Magnetic Field in a Generator at No-load Condition
Pole axis
Field axis
Stator
Slots containing
stator windings
Cooling holes
Slots containing
rotor windings
Rotor
Magnetic flux
Rotation of rotor
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Rotor Field
Turbine/ Generator
"pulling load behind"
Load
angle
Armature Field or
"Stator Field"
Grid / Load
dd
CSXA400359.cdr
Figure 6.1
Generators
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Page 22
Figure 6.2
ABCD
Coupling like spring

or rubber band
U1
Pole axis
Figure 6: Magnetic Field in a Generator at Load Condition
Field axis
angle
Load
Generators
ABCD
Figure 7: Synchronous Generator: Equivalent Circuit Diagram, Over-excited

and Under-excited Vector Diagram
Figure 7.1 Synchronous Generator: Equivalent Circuit Diagram
j Xd I1
I1
Xs
^
=
I1
If
If
Im
Ud
U1
Up
Xh
U1
RF
If
UF
Xs : Stray Reactance
Xh : Main Reactance
Xd : Synchronous Reatance
Xd= j ( Xs + Xh)
Figure 7.2 Over-excited Vector Diagram

(with inductive load only)
Figure 7.3 Under-excited Vector Diagram

(with capacitive load only)
Ud = j Xd I1
Ud = j Xd I1
Up
U1
U1
Up
j
j
I1
Ud
inductive
load
U1*
I1
Up
U1
( Generator working as capacity )
U1*
I1
Up
U1
( Generator working as inductivity )
seen from the consumer side

I1
Grid/ Load:
inductive
j = +90
Ud
capacitive
load
I1
seen from the consumer side
U1*
U1*
j = -90
I1 leading U1 *
I1 lagging U1 *
Gen. produces reactive power (Q
I1
Grid/ Load:
capacitive
O)
Gen. consumes reactive power (Q O)

CSXA400360.cdr
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Figure 8.2
If = Im + I1
Ud
I1
Xs
If
If
Im
Up
U1
Sn = 1p.u.
Uf
N
U1
IfI =
Up
Xd
1
Xd
Rotation by -90
with U1 = 1 per unit (p.u.)
Up
If ~
I
U1
1
Xd
U1
= IfoI
Xd
I f=
ur
dc
fiel
ren
I1 stator current
Ifo = Im
1 Q=
reactive power
Ifo = no load field current
overexcited
underexcited
lagging
leading
at consumer side/grid at consumer side/grid
I lags U
I leads U
* Valid for a Turbogenerator)
CSXA400361.cdr
1
Xd
IfoI ~
Generators
Xd I
Rf
P = active power
1
Xd
Ud = j
If
Xh
U1
ABCD

Page 24
Figure 8: Vector Diagram and Power Chart
CSXA220052enB.doc
Figure 8.1
Generators
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Figure 9: Open Circuit and Short Circuit Curves

G
Stator voltage
Stator current
lin
e
ur
a
ti o
Ga
p
lin
p.u.
Sa
t
1.50
n circ
Ope
K1
1.00
uit curv
or t
Sh
ci
e
ur v
it c
u
rc
0.50
A
0.00
B
0.50
1.00
D
1.50
2.00
Field current
p.u.
Rating of a typical turbogenerator

Effective power
Appearent power
Stator voltage
Stator current
No load field current
500 MW
588 MVA
22'000 V = 1 p.u.
15'440 A = 1 p.u.
1'550 A = 1 p.u.
Stator armature leakage reactance
xa = 0.195 p.u.
Saturated synchronous reactance
AD = 2.450 p.u.
AB
AD = 2.080 p.u.
AC
No- load field current
AC = 1550 AMPS
Short-circuit field current
AD = 3220 AMPS
Short-circuit ratio
AC = 0.481
AC
Unsaturated synchronous reactance
CSXA400362.cdr
CSXA220052enB.doc

Page 25
Pw : Active power
Iaw : Active curent
Limit of stator current
h ~ If
Ep
= Xd
If*
Ifn~
I
Limit of rotor current
Ign
Ig
0.5
Ifn
T2
T3
T1
I
j
d
-1
1
Xd
" underexcited"
Leading Power Factor (PF O)
A
0
0.5
Pa : Reactive power
1 p.u. I aq: Reactive current
1
Xd
If
Ig
A
0
0.5
Pa
1 p.u.Iaq
" overexcited"
Lagging Power Factor (PF O)
d
j
: Load angle
: Phase angle
Ifn : Nominal field current
PF : Power factor (=cos

Xd
: Field current
)j
: Synchronous reactance
Ig
Ig
: Stator current
n
: Nominal generator current
CSXA400363.cdr

Page 26
Maximum turbine
power
0.5
1.0 p.u.
Generators
1.0 p.u.
ABCD
Theoretical static
stability limit
Pw
Iaw
Figure 10: Power Chart of a Turbogenerator: Operating Ranges and Limits
CSXA220052enB.doc
Practical static
stability limit
Generators
ABCD
Figure 11: Brushless and Static Excitation Systems
Generator
circuit breaker
Brushless Excitation System
Excitation
transformer
Automatic
voltage regulator
AVR
Rectifier
Rotating
rectifier
Generator
circuit breaker
Static Excitation System
Excitation
transformer
Automatic
voltage regulator
AVR
Rectifier
Field
breaker
G
3~
CSXA400364.cdr
CSXA220052enB.doc

Page 27
ABCD
Generators
3ph- AC supply
DC

Page 28
3~ AC
Figure 12: Major Components of a Typical Brushless Excitation System

CSXA400365.cdr
AVR
Voltage
Sensor
Field windings
CSXA220052enB.doc
Automatic
or manual
AC
Generator
output
Permanent
magnets
Rotating
rectifier
Pilot
exciter
AC
DC
Generator field or
rotor winding
Main exciter
Generator
Turbine

Synchronous Generator Fundamentals and Operation

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Power Plant Training Center

Module Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................4

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Upon completion of this section, the trainee is able to:

Explain how voltage is induced:

Draw the flow of the resulting magnetic field:

Using the power chart and generator data sheet:

Explain the mechanical analogy of the load angle.

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Salient & Non-Salient Pole Generators

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Figures 4.1 & 4.2

By special arrangement of the stator windings around the circumference with

Power Plant Training Center

Synchronous Generator (continued)

Magnetic Field in a Generator at no load

Under load condition

Load Angle (simplified view)

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Synchronous Generator (continued)

Simplified Equivalent Circuit Diagram

its synchronous reactance Xd.

If a load is connected to the terminals

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Synchronous Generator (continued)

Turning into Power Chart

The normal Operating Point within the Power Chart

The Nominal Field Current is found as vector from point 1/ Xd to N

and the Nominal Stator Current from point 0 to N.

(Continued next page)

Power Plant Training Center

Synchronous Generator (continued)

Open Circuit Characteristic

The stator current is recorded against different field current values.

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Data of any Operating Point

Overexcited Power Range

Underexcited Power Range

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Operating Range - Power Chart (continued)

Underexcited Limiting Range

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Operating Range - Power Chart (continued)

Other Generator Charts

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Other Generator Charts (continued)

Design and Operating Principle of Brushless Excitation System

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Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

Power Plant Training Center

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) (continued)

Power Plant Training Center

Power Plant Training Center

Non-Salient Pole Generator

Figure 1: Salient and Non-salient Pole Generator

Three phase synchronous

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Three phase synchronous

Figure 3: Generation of a Single Phase Alternating Voltage

Induced voltage in function of angle or time

Power Plant Training Center

Generation of a 3 phase voltage