CSF For Application of BIM For Singapore Architectural Firms PDF

CriticalSuccessFactorsfor
ApplicationofBIMfor
SingaporeArchitecturalFirms
ThantZinOo
H00118354
Adissertationsubmittedinpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementsforthedegree
of
MScinConstructionProjectManagement
Dissertationsupervisor:LimJeeYat,NicolaNaismith
HeriotWattUniversity
SchooloftheBuiltEnvironment
4April2014
Declaration:
Iherebyconfirmthatthisdissertationismyownwork.
ThantZinOo
4April2014
___________________________
________________
Signature
Date
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Page
ALP STUDENT DECLARATION................................................................................................i

ALP LOCAL ADVISOR DECLARATION..................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................v
LIST OF ILLUSTRUATIONS....................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................viii
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to the research.......................................................................................10
1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................10
1.2 Rationale of the research..................................................................................................10
1.3 Aim...................................................................................................................................11
1.4 Objectives.........................................................................................................................11
1.5 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................12
1.6 Research methodology.....................................................................................................12
1.7 Outlined of research method............................................................................................12
1.8 Scope of the research........................................................................................................13
1.9 Structure of dissertation....................................................................................................13
Chapter 2 Literature Review......................................................................................................16
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................16
2.2 BIM in design...................................................................................................................16
2.3 State of the industry..........................................................................................................17
2.2.1 Removing impediment to ease transition from 2D to BIM.......................................19
2.2.2 Providing incentives for early adopters.....................................................................20
2.2.3 Creating the demand public sector taking the lead.................................................20
2.2.4 Building capability and capacity...............................................................................20
2.2.5 Promoting Success Stories........................................................................................21
2.4 Design Services................................................................................................................22
2.5 Design Coordination Process...........................................................................................23
2.6 Integrated Deliveries: Design-Construction Integration...................................................24
2.7 BIM benefits and Challenge.............................................................................................24
2.8 BIM design productivity benefits.....................................................................................26
2.9 New and changed staffing within design firms................................................................26
2.10 BIM contractual terms....................................................................................................27
2.11 Conclusion......................................................................................................................28
Chapter 3 Research methodology...............................................................................................29
ii
3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................29
3.2 Selection of research methods..........................................................................................29
3.3 Research process..............................................................................................................30
3.4 Research techniques.........................................................................................................30
3.5 Literature Review.............................................................................................................31
3.6 Semi-structured interview................................................................................................32
3.7 Interviews Candidates: Selection of Interviewees...........................................................33
3.8 Interview process and procedure......................................................................................33
3.9 Content Analysis..............................................................................................................34
3.10 Conclusion......................................................................................................................34
Chapter 4 BIM Executive Planning............................................................................................35
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................35
4.2 Background Information..................................................................................................35
4.2.1 Participants................................................................................................................35
4.2.2 Architectural Firms....................................................................................................36
4.2.3 Previous BIM experience..........................................................................................37
4.3 Experience on BIM Execution Planning..........................................................................37
4.4 Conclusion........................................................................................................................39
Chapter 5 BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms..............................................................40
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................40
5.2 BIM uses in Singapore Architectural Firms.....................................................................40
5.2.1 Design Authoring......................................................................................................40
5.2.2 Programming.............................................................................................................41
5.2.3 Existing Condition Modelling...................................................................................41
5.2.4 Design Reviews.........................................................................................................42
5.2.5 System Analyses.......................................................................................................44
5.2.6 Phase Planning and 4D modelling.............................................................................45
5.2.7 Estimating.................................................................................................................46
5.2.8 3D printing................................................................................................................46
5.3 Model content and level of details....................................................................................46
5.4 Taxonomy of BIM use in Design.....................................................................................47
5.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................48
Chapter 6 BIM Impact Analysis.................................................................................................49
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................49
6.2 Impact Analysis on BIM..................................................................................................49
6.3 Impact Analysis on Time, Cost, Quality, Sustainability and Safety.................................50
6.3.1 Time..........................................................................................................................50
6.3.2 Cost...........................................................................................................................51
6.3.3 Quality.......................................................................................................................52
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6.3.4 Sustainability.............................................................................................................52
6.3.5 Safety.........................................................................................................................53
6.4 Design Staff Composition................................................................................................53
6.6 Issues and concern............................................................................................................54
6.7 Modelling Process and software Application...................................................................55
6.8 Team Competencies.........................................................................................................55
6.9 Legal, Insurance, and Contractual Considerations...........................................................56
6.10 Risks...............................................................................................................................56
6.11 Future Industry Trends...................................................................................................57
6.12 Critical success factors...................................................................................................58
6.13 Conclusion......................................................................................................................59
Chapter 7 Conclusion.................................................................................................................61
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................61
7.2 Recommendation for best practice of BIM Execution planning......................................61
7.2.1 Participants of BIM Execution Planning...................................................................62
7.2.2 Decision making process for BIM Execution Planning.............................................63
7.2.3 BIM Execution Plan Development process...............................................................64
7.5 Limitation of the Research...............................................................................................65
7.6 Recommendation for further study...................................................................................65
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................66
Appendix A Interview Questions...............................................................................................70
Appendix B Interview Questions Mind Map.............................................................................73
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 General overview of the position of interviewees......................................................36
LIST OF ILLUSTRUATIONS
Figure 1-1 Research Process Diagram.......................................................................................15
Figure 2-1 Roadmap for BIM (Source: BCA, 2013)..................................................................19
Figure 5-1 Taxonomy of BIM uses in design stage by Singapore Architectural firms..............48
Figure 7-1Potential Participants in the Creation of BIM Execution Plan...................................63
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The master course was an exciting journey for me. In 2010 I joint as an Architectural
Coordinator in Downtown Line Stage 1 Bugis Station Construction. I notice that almost all of
the staffs at manager level in the office are master degree holders. That makes me to realise that
if I want to get higher position I need to have a master degree. Late 2010, my colleague gave
me a link of a school that he has been perusing MSc. It took me another 6 months to think. After
that I enrolled and accepted by Heriot-Watt University.
Im so satisfied with the learning journey. In 2012, I met with Mr. Lim Jee Yat and I got my
first A in the subject taught me. I learned a lot of knowledge from him. Not only the knowledge
to sit an exam but also for the life lessons. He always helped me and encouraged me for the
course. Thanks for your guidance and supervision. I have a deep sense of gratitude to him.
I like to say thanks of my colleague, Goh Sin Rong. We had studied together in the office for
years. Without his help, I may not start this journey. I am very much indebted to Goh, who
showed me the incredible opportunity to give my life and career a different path, and at the
same time guided, supported, and inspired me to achieve my best. Thanks for helping me.
I would like to say thank to my bosses, Koh Lye Hock and Andrew Reeves for letting me study
in the office and always giving me leave when the exam is near. Our C903 project team has
been so nice to me. Without your supports, I wouldnt be able achieve this. I got determination
and motivation to enrol this MSc program by joining this SBKB JV C903 team. The team
support me through out the learning journey. The learning culture was some how grown in our
team. Probably, the seniors in the firm are holding highly professional status and younger ones
need to fill in their shoes. Obviously, two people in the office have received advance academic
qualifications during this project period. Thanks everyone from our team.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks to all the Architectural firms and their staffs who
volunteered to participate in this research in the March 2014. Your contributions were really
valuable and made enormous contribution to this research. I have greatly benefitted from you.
Without your kind help this dissertation would not have been possible.
I would like to say thanks to my mother any my aunt, Khin May Aung. Youre my inspiration.
Thanks to my girlfriend, Mo Mo Tun because you have been so nice to me all these year.
vii
ABSTRACT
The Client, Facility Manager, and project participants (Project Managers, Architects,
Engineers, Contractors, Subcontractors, and Fabricators) are exploring the best usage of
emerging technology, Building Information Modelling (BIM) on their projects. In
general there are four individual stages of the project; planning, design, construction,
and operation. The project team required to make decision on BIM execution at those
stages. This study is focused on the implementation of BIM in the design stage of
Singapore Architectural firms. The goals is to discover and define BIM uses in design
process by developing taxonomy with the purposed of as the basis for BIM execution
plan.
The research methods involved in this study are a focused literature review, expert
interviews, and qualitative analysis of the collected data.
In-depth interview with
industrial experts from Singapore Architectural Firms were conducted, and their
opinions on BIM were recorded. By using content analysis procedure, quantitative data
were analysed. The results were presented in details including taxonomy of BIM uses
in design stage of Singapore Architectural firms and recommended for future studies.
From the expert interviews, collected data were analysed.
The centric focus of the result was presented as a taxonomy including 15 BIM
applications in design with present regular usage in three distinctive categories. These
are Design Communication, System Analysis, and Scheduling.
viii
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
2D
Two Dimensional
3D
Three Dimensional
AEC
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction
BCA
Building and Construction Authority
BDS
Building Description System
BIM
Building Information Modelling
CAD
Computer Aided Drafting
CCIT
Centre for Construction Information Technology
CORENET
Construction and Real Estate Network
CPCF
Construction Productivity and Capability Fund
CSFs
Critical Success Factors
CURT
Construction Users Round Table
CORENET
Construction Productivity Network
CPCF
Construction Productivity Fund
C&S
Civil and Structural
GFA
Gross Floor Area
GIS
Global Information System
HDB
Housing Development Board
IHL
Institutes of Higher Learning
LOD
Level of Details
LTA
Land Transport Authority
M&E
Mechanical and Electrical
MOE
Ministry of Education
OMM
Operation and Maintenance Manual
PSSCOC
Public Sector Standard Condition of Contract for Construction Works
RFI
Request for Information
ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to the research

1.1 Introduction
The successful implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) at project

level needs thorough planning by client and all the project participants (Project
Managers, Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Subcontractors, and Fabricators) to
achieve smooth transition from traditional approach to integrate this emerging
technology, BIM into the project workflow (Arayici et al, 2011a). Implementation of
BIM takes time, resources and creates unavoidable learning curve. The implementation
of BIM can be counter-productive if it is not supported by new workflow (Arayici et al.,
2011a, Arayici et al., 2011b). A potential answer to smooth and successful transition
would be to establish the BIM execution plan in the various stages of the project:
planning, design, construction, and operation. Prior to producing the BIM execution
plan, the project team should concentrate on the desire outcomes and agree on
appropriate BIM uses on the project. This dissertation particularly focuses on the
implementation of BIM at the design stage of Singapore Architectural firms.
1.2 Rationale of the research
Building information modelling (BIM) has been made mandatory for public-sector
projects in developed countries in recent years (BCA, 2013a). During the past 10 years,
there were many discussions on BIM that changed the Architectural, Engineering and
Construction (AEC) industry work practice. In particular, Architects and Engineers are
affected by the change (CURT, 2005). Further, BIM has been acclaimed as a proven
tool for increasing productivity and efficiency in the AEC industry (Arayici et al,
2011a).
Thus, the governments in the UK, Canada, Finland, and New Zealand are implementing
BIM in their AEC industry to improve their productivity. According to the NBS
survey 39%, 64%, 65% and 57% of the respective respondents from the UK, Canada,
Finland and New Zealand answered that they are aware of BIM and currently using
(NBS, 2014).
In year 2010, the Building, and Construction Authority (BCA) of

10
Singapore implemented the BIM Roadmap. The authority targeted for 80% of the
construction industry to use BIM by 2015 (BCA, 2011c).
The most recent insightful research for BIM implementation rate in Singapore was done
in 2012 (Ang, 2012). His research was conducted on the Client, Facility Manager, and
project
participants
(Project
Managers,
Architects,
Engineers,
Contractors,
Subcontractors, and Fabricators). However, only 20% of the local firms use BIM in
some of their projects (Ang, 2012; Keung, 2011b) and as low as 12% of the firms use
BIM in all of their projects. These figures may not fully reflect todays Singapores
state of the industry. However, these figures, arguably, reflect todays Singapores state
of the industry. There is no exploratory study on the uses of BIM for Singapore
Architect firms in design stage. There are limited capacity of data to observe the uses
of BIM in Singapore Architectural firms and deciding the critical success factors.
Therefore, this dissertation is exploratory study to explore the uses of BIM in Singapore
in Singapore Architectural firms in design stage by interviewing BIM experts from
these firms. The collected will be analysed and presented by taxonomy. The critical
success factors will be identify through literature and interviews.
1.3 Aim
The aim of the research is to investigate the use of BIM in Singapore Architectural firm
and develop taxonomy to see an overview of a BIM Execution Plan in the early stage of
a construction project. This dissertation focuses exclusively on the design stage of BIM
Execution Plan.
This aim is realised by analysing the results from interviewing
industrial experts practicing in Singapore and reviewing literature on BIM and it uses.
The following research objectives were identified.
1.4 Objectives
To investigate the trends of BIM implementation process and develop taxonomy

in design practice of in Singapore Architectural firms;
To identify the critical success factors for implementation of BIM
To recommend the best practice for BIM Executive Planning for Singapore
Architectural Firms
11
1.5 Hypothesis
BIM improves Singapore Architectural design firms to be more productive.

1.6 Research methodology
Chapter 3 explains the detail of research methodology by justifying the chosen research
methods and techniques. This chapter clarifies why this research is exploratory in
nature. Different types of research techniques were employed in this study and why
these techniques were chosen were rationalised. The research techniques, literature,
interviews, and content analysis, are briefly explained during the research process.
1.7 Outlined of research method
To achieve the objectives of the study, following research steps were executed.
Step 1, Literature review: This step explains the definition of BIM while
discovering many issues on BIM, its current status, barriers and success factors.
From the industrial aspect, literature review on BIM implementation in design
was conducted.
The review papers are academic journals, BIM guides,
unpublished thesis, conference proceeding and expert articles.
Step 2, Semi-structured interview: In this step, BIM methods in design, together

with challenges and opportunities were discovered. Interview questions were
established after literature review. Interviews were conducted with four BIM
experts practicing in three of the leading Singapore Architectural firms.
Step 3, Content analysis: In this step, the collected data were analysed. The
summary and conclusion were made based on the result of analysis. Data
analysis was performed by analysing the content and mapping to organise the
information. Quantifiable data were averaged as well as those were organised
base on their frequencies.
12
Step 4, BIM uses in Design: Taxonomy was created in this step. The uses of
BIM in design stage are established in detail manner. The taxonomy of BIM
application in design stage as a research product was provided as part of
establishing critical success factors for application of BIM for Singapore
Architectural firms for design stage.
1.8 Scope of the research
The focus of the study is the implementation of BIM in the design phase for Singapore
Architectural firms. The research participants of the study are various architectural
firms in Singapore, currently using BIM. The interviews were conducted on March
2014 to fulfil aims, objectives and hypothesis of the research.
1.9 Structure of dissertation
The dissertation is structured as follow.
The research process together with their
corresponding chapters is illustrated in Figure 1-1.
Chapter 1 provides the introduction to the topic along with the rationale of the
study, aims, and objectives of the research, outline methodology, scope of the
research and the structure of dissertation.
Chapter 2 acts as commencement, and gives the literature review on BIM

implementation in design was conducted. This chapter outlines current uses,
motives, critical factors, and different outlook, and explains approached that
Architectural firms take upon.
Chapter 3 explains the procedures and techniques that were employed:

literature, expert interviews, and content analysis; gives justification for why
these methods are selected for the dissertation; and also details the procedure of
data collection, data analysis and research results.
13
Chapter 4 explains the background of interviewees and their BIM Execution

Planning.
Chapter 5 details BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms. It discusses the

numerous items related to BIM uses in design stage of Singapore Architectural
firms. All the important results regarding the uses of BIM implementation on
Singapore Architectural from expert interview are mapped and presented.
Taxonomy of BIM uses in design stage of Singapore Architectural firms is
presented.
Chapter 6 provides the results of the research, summarising of the expert

interviews.
All the important results regarding the impact on of BIM
implementation on Singapore Architectural from expert interview are mapped

and presented. Eventually critical success factors are identified
Chapter 7 concludes the research by summarising the results and provides the
final conclusions of the research, recommendation for BIM Executive Planning
for Singapore Architectural firms in design stage and recommendation for future
studies. The aim, objectives and hypothesis of the research were review.
14
Interoduc>onoftheresearch
Chapter1
literaturereviewonresearchtopic
Chapter2
Chapter3
Chapter4
Researchmethodologyandra>onaleforchoosing
par>cularresearchmethod
Backgroundofinterviewees
Evalua>onofcollecteddata
BIMUsesinSingaporeArchitecturalFirm
Chapter5 TaxonomyofBIMusesindesignstage
Theresultsoftheresearch
Chapter6 Cri>calSuccessFactors
Conclusionandrecommenda>onthebestprac>ceofBIM
Execu>vePlanning
Chapter7 Recommenda>onforfuturestudy
Figure 1-1 Research Process Diagram
15
Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
BIM can be considered as a paradigm shift in the Architectural, Engineering, and

Construction (AEC) industry (Arayici et al., 2011). BIM technology has been used in
other industries such as automobile factories, shipbuilding and aircrafts building (Birx,
2006). BIM has been proven a successful technique in these industries. Also, BIM is a
breakthrough technology that improves the construction productivity by integrating
various disciplines in the construction value chain (BCA, 2013d). Nowadays, AEC
industry starts adopting BIM. The impact of BIM can be seen in the architectural
design firms.
During conception design stages, the BIM technology brings better
visualisation that architects can get design feedback from Client.
Furthermore, in
Construction level design stage, with BIM, detailing, specifications, and cost estimation
can do easier than traditional 2D drawings (Eastman et al, 2011). However, changing
from traditional 2D to BIM is not straightforward (Loh, 2011, Eastman et al, 2011).
Practically, effective implementation of BIM required significant changes in AEC
industry (Arayici et al., 2011)
2.2 BIM in design

Over the past decades, there have been many discussions focused on the potential of
BIM changing AEC industrys design practice (Construction Users Round Table
(CURT), 2005, AIA 2006). After meticulous literature review, BIM is viewed as a
great potential to help effective coordination and collaboration of different disciplines
(Architects, Engineers, Contractors, Sub-contractors, Facility Managers, and Owners)
working complex projects (Birx, 2006, Eastman et al, 2011).
The concept of BIM was stated as it is seen today in Eastmans Building Description
System (BDS) in 1970s (Eastman et al., 1974, Eastman et al., 1976). However the term
was first used in van Nederveens 1992 paper. (Van Nederveen and Tolman 1992).
Nevertheless, commercial BIM software became plentiful and architecture engineering
and construction (AEC) industry gradually started adopting BIM in its process
16
(Autodesk., 2003, Bentley and Workman., 2003, Cylon Research Corporation, 2003,
Laiserin, 2003).
The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore defined BIM as,
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a new three-dimensional modelling

technology and an integrated process that allows the building professionals of
various disciplines to explore the building project digitally, before it is built
(BCA, 2011a).
BIM can be applied into mumerous numbers of dimensions such as three dimensional
modelling (3D), construction scheduling and sequencing (4D), costing (5D),
sustainability (6D) and as-built modelling for facilities operations and maintenance (7D)
(Redmond et al., 2012). The benefits for implementing BIM include, faster drafting
without compromising the quality consistency across all drawings and reports, clash
analysis with building services even before the actual construction and producing
accurate quantity surveys and cost estimating, simulation and enhance visualisation
(Eastman et al, 2011, Azhar, 2011). Although many benefits have been acclaimed, there
are practical concerns for Singapore Architectural firms on the selection of hardware
and software support BIM, training, initiating BIM project, shifting, or changing of
liability among project participants (Loh, 2011).
2.3 State of the industry
In 2010 the Singapore government announced that a $250-million funding to the

construction sector through Construction Productivity and Capability Fund (CPCF)
(Keung, 2010). This fund is intended to assist construction firms in three main areas.
These are
-
Manpower development and skills upgrading;
Technology adoption and
Capability building.
17
In Singapore CPCF support many technology adoption. BIM is one of the technologies
supported by it (Keung, 2010).
All Singapore registered business enterprises are
eligible to apply for the scheme (Keung, 2010).
In 2001, BCA launched the CORENET (Construction and Real Estate Network) esubmission system to facilitate electronic submission and approval process of all types
of application made to government agencies. This system transformed Singapore AEC
industrys time-consuming submission process to easy and efficient paperless
submission process (Keung, 2011a).
In January 2010, BCA has launched the worlds first BIM e-submission of architectural
model for regulatory approval. Nowadays in Singapore, the whole industry already
adopted 100% CORENT e-submission system. The BIM technology adoption also
shares the same experience as that of the CORENET. In 2011, only 20% of the local
firms use BIM in some of their projects. BCA set up a target of getting industry to use
BIM widely by 2015 in a view of higher productivity and better integration (Keung,
2011b),
Out of $250 million CPCF, $5.7 million was reserved as BIM fund for adopting BIM
(Keung, 2011b). This BIM fund covers cost for BIM supporting software and hardware
as well training and consultancy. BCA launched Construction Productivity Centre and
Centre for Construction IT (CCIT) which have been guiding and funding on training,
technology adoption and improving the way things work in the construction sector
(BCA, 2011b).
BCA set up a road map to extensive adoption of BIM in AEC industry. (BCA, 2011a):
- Removing impediment to ease transition from 2D to BIM;

- Providing incentives for early adopters;
- Creating the demand public sector taking the lead;
- Building BIM capability and capacity;
- Promoting success stories;
18
Figure 2-1 Roadmap for BIM (Source: BCA, 2013d)
2.2.1 Removing impediment to ease transition from 2D to BIM

BIM submission templates have been developed by BCA with the intention of smooth
transition from 2D CAD drawings to BIM. Architectural BIM submission template was
introduced in January 2010 and Structural BIM submission template was introduced in
April 2011 (BCA, 2013d).
BCA and buildingSMART Singapore create a library for building and design objects.
This is to facilitate information sharing. More than 200 projects used BIM models e-via
CORENET submission system to respective regulatory agencies for review and
approval (BCA, 2013d).
19
2.2.2 Providing incentives for early adopters

In June 2010, the BCA introduced a Singapore $5.7-million BIM Fund under the
Construction Productivity and Capability Fund for early adoption of BIM in Singapore
AEC industry. The BIM Fund covers costs for BIM supporting software, hardware,
training staffs. In year 2011, 70% of the BIM Fund has been committed (BCA, 2011c).
Firms can either apply for the firm specific scheme or project collaboration scheme
(BCA, 2013d).
The latter allows them learn how to operate in a multi-party
environment.
2.2.3 Creating the demand public sector taking the lead

BIM has been mandatory for public-sector projects in United States, and Scandinavian
countries such as Finland and Norway. In Singapore, the public sector is taking the
leads by making BIM as requirement for new building projects. Notably, key public
sector agencies are the Ministry of Education (MOE), Land Transport Authority (LTA)
and Housing Development Board (HDB) (BCA, 2013a).
Additionally, mandatory regulatory BIM submission was enforced by BCA. Starting

from July 2013, building projects which are larger than 20000 gross floor areas (GFA)
are required to submit electronically Architectural BIM model for regulatory approval
via CORENET. Similarly, starting from July 2014, there will be mandatory BIM model
submission for engineering design if building projects are larger than 20000 gross floor
areas. Eventually, projects larger than gross floor area of 5,000 square meters are
required to submit architectural and engineering BIM model in 2015 (BCA, 2013a).
2.2.4 Building capability and capacity

BCA engaged Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL) in Singapore to incorporate BIM in
their curriculum with the intention of equipping the new entrants with BIM skills.
These IHL include Singapore Polytechnic and National University of Singapore.
Starting from 2011, students from the department of architecture in these institutions
20
have to learn BIM as part of their curriculum. Furthermore, BCA arranges intensive
BIM training programmes for the students graduated in 2011 (BCA, 2011c).
In May 2011, BCA Academy of Build Environment initiated a Specialist Diploma in

BIM. In September 2011, the academy started BIM Modelling and Management course
(BCA, 2011c).
Since 2011, the BCA Academy has been offering various BIM courses to equip industry
professionals with the necessary know-how in BIM
(BCA, 2011c). The courses
include:
- BIM Planning for Client and Facility Managers
- BIM Management
- BIM Modelling (covering Architectural, M&E and C&S disciplines)
- Specialist Diploma in BIM (a five month in-depth course to train BIM
managers and coordinators)
Currently, more than 1,000 professionals in the industry and graduates are trained in
BIM at BCA academy. Today BIM is taught at Vocational Institutes, ITE, Diploma,
Bachelor, and Master degree levels. Approximately 2,000 students are trained BIM
each year. (BCA, 2013d)
BIM vendors also play important roles in providing BIM training. Besides conducting
training courses, they are also provides consultancy clinic and in-depth workshops.
Today, more than 3,400 industry professionals have been trained by them (BCA,
2011c).
2.2.5 Promoting Success Stories

In September 2010, BCA established the Centre for Construction Information
Technology (CCIT). The objective of CCIT is to provide guidance for BIM adoption
for companies and professionals in the AEC industry. The Centre is promoting BIM
success case studies and best practices for adoption of BIM via webpage. Additionally,
21
the CCIT collaborates with buildingSMART Singapore and work with the industry to
organise regular BIM workshops and seminars (BCA, 2011c).
Having supports form the government, some Singapore Architectural firms adopt BIM
with great enthusiasm and they used BIM in some of their projects. As government is
promoting the success stories, BIM is viewed as a great potential to streamline costs and
process, to help effective coordination and collaboration of different disciplines and to
minimise the confusion on job sites. However, these successful stories have though
learning path before success. Thus, there are many of pros and cons, and unknowns that
have to be considered when implementing BIM.
Immediate benefits cannot be
harvested by applying the BIM software to old process because implementing BIM
effectively not only requires learning new software application but also training staffs,
assigning responsibilities, and changing way of modelling the construction (Bearnstein
and Pittman, 2004, Eastman et al., 2011).
2.4 Design Services
Traditionally, exchanging of two dimension (2D) drawings and documents has been
practised as inter-disciplinary collaboration in the AEC industry (Singh et al., 2011). In
these two dimensional drawings, each building professionals such as architects,
engineers and contractors, prepare their own plans for clash analysis. Therefore design
clashes, for example, pipe running in to the air-con ducts, cannot be foreseen, and solve
before it actually happen during the construction stage. With assistant of BIM, 3D
model of project can be share among the professionals, allowing them to simulate the
situation and resolve potential design clashes before the construction begins.
The
simulation capability of BIM helps reduce unnecessary reworks at site. However, better
teamwork is necessary (Eastman et al, 2011).
Current design practice is only limited to providing drawings while schedules and
specifications are provided in separate packages. For example, full specification of
material cannot be found in the drawings as it is usually mentioned in material and
workmanship specification, which is a separate document.
This inadequacy of
information is a drawback to maintain consistency of interrelated packages. According

22
to BCAs public sector standard condition of contract for construction works (PSSCOC)
(BCA, 2008), and Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA)s Condition of Contract (SIA,
2010), the drawings, specification, schedule of rate (if any), schedule of quantity (if
any) etc., to supply to the Contractor. Current practice in Singapore, those documents
packages are supplied to the Contractor in separate packages. Current practice does not
provide BIM model. Therefore, the way it works in AEC should change and the
building contracts should be amended.
Also, with BIM technology, unlike traditional practice, Architects can do digital
analysis for performance of the building such as to run thermal, energy usage, lighting
design, and clash analysis. The analyses of building performance are considered value
added services.
BCAs BIM essential Guide for Architectural Consultants (BCA,
2013b) suggested additional fees should be negotiated and value added services.
Such value added BIM services may have potential cost implication to the employer.
Therefore additional fees for these services should be negotiated between all the parties
involved. BIM objectives and BIM deliverables must be identified. Finally, BIM
Responsibility Matrix should be signed off at the earlier stage of the project (Eastman et
al., 2011, BCA, 2013c).
2.5 Design Coordination Process
BIM places the effective use and exchange of information at its heart.
Effective
implementation of BIM needs substantial changes in AEC industry. However, BIM is

not the technical solution to CAD integration (Arayici et al., 2011).
Going from
tradition 2D drawings to BIM is not an easy way. This transformation is required good
preparation and organised approach. (BCA, 2012) recommended following process.
Notably, BCA did not include the dispute resolution process.
(1) BIM Objectives and Responsibility Matrix to be signed off by the parties
involved;
(2) Identify the BIM deliverables to be produced of project members to meet
project objectives with every project stage;
23
(3) To collaboration procedure for how the step taken to be enable a BIM
deliverables to be created and shared through the project;
And Sub-French and Khanzode (2007) recommended
(4) To establish dispute resolution procedure;
2.6 Integrated Deliveries: Design-Construction Integration
BIM is a proven tool for the integration of design-Construction. Some of the benefits
that Architects teaming with Contractors are early identification of long lead-time items,
value engineering as BIM based designing process provides automate material take-off
and costing and sharing BIM and better visualisation assist better analysis for
fabrication and detailing (Eastman et al., 2011).
One of the main advantages of BIM for Architects is Construction level BIM models as
the Architects design intent can be represent to the Client easily. This is widely
accepted among Architects today to minimise or eliminate the liability of Construction
issue (Eastman et al., 2011).
2.7 BIM benefits and Challenge
Benefits and challenges of BIM were studied for the adoption of BIM form Architects
point of view.
After through literature review the benefits of BIM are.
BIM creates accurate and standardised construction documents (Azhar, 2011);
BIM can do 3D visualization, renderings and fly-through (Azhar, 2011);
BIM can do faster drafting without compromising the quality (Azhar, 2011);
BIM creates repetitive elements in drafting automatically (Azhar, 2011);
BIM can detect and do the clash analysis with building services even before the
actual construction happen (Eastman et al, 2011);
BIM can produce accurate quantity surveys and cost estimating (Azhar, 2011);
BIM can do better time planning and project management by as visualise

construction simulation can be done (Azhar, 2011);
24
With BIM design change can be tracked and record easier better and transparent
change management (Langroodi and Staub-French, 2012);
With the assistance of BIM, off site production become easier therefore BIM can
minimizing material wastages (Eastman et al, 2011, Lu and Korman. 2010)
BIM helps facility management and assets management easier (Eastman et al,
2011, Kelly et al, 2013);
BIM can fulfilling government or regulatory requirements (BCA newsroom,

CORENET, Azhar, 2011);
Construction simulation process can simulate different options and choose the
best alternative at design phase (Azhar, 2011) and this simulation include all
factors including safety by building design (Zhang and Hu, 2011, Lee et al,
2012, Zhou et al, 2013);
BIM can do energy analysis (Bynum et al, 2013, Azhar, 2011) and carbon
emission analysis (Li et al., 2012);
After through literature review the challenges of BIM are.
Investment Cost (Bernstein et al., 2012, Gilligan and Kunz, 2007, Eastman et al,
2011, Loh, 2011);
Unavoidable Learning Curve (Bernstein et al., 2012, Gilligan and Kunz, 2007,
Eastman et al, 2011, DAgostinoet al., 2007, Young et al., 2009);
Lack of Management buy-in (Koo, 2012);
Shift of Liability among project Participants (DAgostino et al, 2007, Building

and Construction Authority, 2012 and 2013);
Poor collaboration between project participants (Eastman et al, 2011, Won and
Lee. 2008, DAgostino et al, 2007);
Poor interoperability among BIM software (Gilligan and Kunz, 2007, Won and
Lee 2008, Young et al., 2009);
Management problem with BIM master model (Eastman et al., 2011)
Security risk (Eastman et al., 2011);
Lack of subcontractor who can use BIM technology (Alva, 2012);
The benefits of BIM is obvious but the additional cost such as BIM supporting software,
hardware, training staffs, productivity downtime before staffs are not familiar with new
25
system. These additional cost should be offset by providing value added services such
as performance based analysis and simulation (Eastman et al., 2011).
2.8 BIM design productivity benefits
To rationalise the extra cost for implementing BIM, the benefit of productivity for
Singapore Architectural firms should be accessed. This can be accessed by number of
Request of Information (RFI), Variation Orders (VO) and productivity lost/gain of
salaried staffs (Ang, 2012). There are not many empirical study focuses on these
aspects of Singapore Architectural firms.
BIM is expected to be improved code
checking process, visualisation, fabrication, clash analysis, shop drawings, cost

estimating, and change management (Ang, 2012).
Presently in Singapore, Architectural firms are not keeping track of cost involvement of
implementing BIM and cost gain by the improvement of productivity. Therefore, these
metrics needs to be studied systematically to quantify the cost benefit ratio (Ang, 2012).
The identified key success factors are (NBIM, 2007)

1. Strong leadership to move the BIM implementation;
2. Management buy-in and building up BIM skill in the team;
3. Transparency and accessibility of BIM model;
4. Ability to use BIM among project participants such as, Architects,
Contractors;
5. Collaborative sprit and mutual trust;
6. Proper quality assurance procedure for BIM process;
7. Reorganisation of new liability among project participants, i.e. BIM manager;
2.9 New and changed staffing within design firms
Singapore architectural firms struggled with the steep learning curve. Learning new
software and new workflows and trying to break from traditional CAD dogma can be
daunting (Koo, 2012).
26
BCA introduced two new professionals to facilitate BIM process. Those are BIM
Manager and BIM Coordinator (BCA, 2012; BCA 2013c).
Additionally, the PAS 1192-2:2012 requires the BIM Manager to:
Provide a focal point for all information modelling issues in the project;
ensure that the constituent parts of the Project Information Model are compliant
with the MIDP [Master Information Delivery Plan]; [and] ensuring that the
constituent parts of the Project Information Model have been approved and
authorized as suitable for purpose before sharing and before issuing for
approval.
BCA (BCA, 2012, BCA 2013c) suggested the responsibly BIM coordinator as
maintaining a register to record the latest information incorporated in the model and
BIM manager is responsible for the coordination for the application BIM in a project
and appropriate implementation by implementing BIM Execution Plan among project
members. BIM Manager can be a person, firm, or corporation appointed by the Client.
BCA (BCA, 2012, BCA 2013c) suggested new roles can be carried out by existing
member in the project team for example, project manager, and architect. There may be
more than one BIM manager in a project. However, project participants are reluctant to
take up new liabilities and risks (Bernstein et al, 2012, Gilligan and Kunz, 2007,
Eastman et al., 2011, DAgostino et al., 2007).
2.10 BIM contractual terms

Unlike traditional 2 dimensional drawings, and 3D CAD, BIM model consist of
geometric attributes such as size, volume, shape and orientation and non-geometric
attribute such as system data, performance data, regulatory compliance, specification
and cost (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2012, Singh et al., 2011).
Because of new deliverables, building contracts, liabilities, risk management, and
insurability need to be tackled.
27
In 2012, Singapores Building and Construction Authority have published Particular

Condition for Building information modelling in Singapore BIM Guide Version.1 on
how to incorporate in Contract document in the Principal Agreement (BCA, 2012,
BCA, 2013c).
2.11 Conclusion
There are still limited numbers of reports and papers on implementation of BIM for
Singapore Architectural firms (Ang, 2012).
Although, Singapores Building and
Construction Authority published in the guidelines in 2012 and 2013 for

implementation of BIM, there is no study for the actual application of BIM for
Singapore Architectural firms. The aim of the research is to provide taxonomy of BIM
uses in Singapore Architectural firms for early stage of construction projects. This
dissertation focuses exclusively on the design stage of BIM Execution Plan. Next
chapter will discuss research methodology in details.
28
Chapter 3 Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter explains the research methodology employed in this exploratory study.
The methods are explained in details to justify for their selection. Different types of
research techniques were employed in this study and why these techniques were chosen
were rationalised. The research techniques, literature, interviews, and content analysis,
are briefly explained during the research process.
The first objective of the research is realised by developing taxonomy of BIM uses in
Singapore Architectural firms. This taxonomy was constructed based on the quantified
data, content analysis, conclusions were made, utilising categorisation and frequency of
the answers given on certain subjects.
The second objective of the research is realised by identifying the critical success
factors through the literature review and expert interviews.
The third objective of the research is realised by recommending the best practice of
BIM Execution Planning.
3.2 Selection of research methods
Generally, there are two strategies of research. They are quantitative research and
qualitative research (Naoum, 2007).
To determine what type of research to be
selected depends on the purpose of research, the type and availability of the information
required (Naoum, 2007).
This study focuses on the BIM design experience for the BIM experts in the Singapores
AEC industry. In this research, social science research techniques have been chosen
because the nature of this research is exploratory. Exploratory research is selected
because it is the appropriate approach when the amount of the knowledge about the
topic is limited. Exploratory research is used to investigate less understood phenomena
29
and identify variables and generate hypotheses for further research (Fellows and Liu,
2008). The research techniques consist of literature review, expert interviews, and
content analysis. The collected data are qualitative in nature. However, some collected
data can be quantitatively analysed.
3.3 Research process
Secondary data were collected by reviewing literature to establish a clear perspective on

subject matter prior to primary data collection.
The literature covered academic
journals, trade journal, conference proceeding, text books, periodicals, websites, etc.
Subsequent to a focused literature review on numerous BIM topics, interview with
Architects and BIM managers were conducted and their opinions on BIM were recorded
and analysed. Success stories, important lessons learned, and recommendations were
recorded from these expert interviews. The summary and conclusion were made based
on the data received with the intention of integrating in the taxonomy for BIM use in
Singapore architectural firms.
In this exploratory study, following research steps were performed;

1. Literature Review;
2. Semi-structured Interviews;
3. Content Analysis;
4. BIM Uses in Design Taxonomy;
3.4 Research techniques
The literature review and interviews were used as research techniques for an exploratory
study.
These techniques are appropriate for diagnosing a situation, screening
alternatives and to discover new ideas for current hot issues (Naoum, 2007).
Personal interview is considered as qualitative method of data collection whereas an

interviewer asks respondents. The questions of the interview are designed to obtain
answers relevant to the research hypothesis. Many forms of interview are evaluated for
30
this research. Those are structure and semi-structured interviews along with open-ended
questions.
Structured interview: All the interviewees receive same order and wording of
questionnaire (Naoum, 2007). Structured interviews are, by nature, close to
questionnaire survey as questions are carefully structured and arranged and let
the interviewees a limited number of choices to answer. As a result, the
interviewer full control on the interview process.
Semi-structured interview: This type of interview is more formal than the

former. This method is chosen because it allows to interviewees to give their
opinions on specific issues that interviewer needs to explore to build up reports
(Naoum, 2007).
Open-ended questions were proposed because this is
appropriate to find peoples opinion where the answers towards hypothesis are
unclear. Therefore analysis of open-ended question can be complicated compare
to structured interviews. Pre-coding of question into ideas and themes assists
the large number of individual responses to a few general categories of answers
that can be assigned a numerical code (Naoum, 2007).
Content analysis was employed of the research to systematically analyse the

facets of a set of data through qualitative research. This qualitative research
emphasised on the judging of the meaning of collected data. Data are given
coded allocations to categories Data collected from the interviewees are filled
into these categories. Therefore, matrix of categorised data can be acquired.
(Fellows and Liu, 2008).
3.5 Literature Review
The research started with literature review on BIM implementation in practice through
available references. The intention of the literature review is to explain the definition of
Building Information Modelling, its current status, barriers, and success factors. From
the industrial aspect, literature review on BIM implementation in design was conducted.
31
The review papers are academic journals, BIM guides, unpublished thesis, conference
proceeding and expert articles.
3.6 Semi-structured interview

The purposed of semi-structure interview was to find out as much as possible on the
issues architectural firms faced during BIM implementation in design phase in their
projects. They outlined previous experiences, current best practices, major challenges,
lessons learned, and the success factors for implementing BIM. The interview results
were presented together with initial taxonomy for the uses of BIM in design process.
Integration with other project stages and future studies were discussed.
A draft list of interview questions was established after literature review.
Draft
interview question were emailed to dissertation supervisors for comments and feedback.
The final interview questions were created based on the feedback and comments of
dissertation supervisors. The interview questions and mind map of interview question
are enclosed in the Appendix A and B.
Then in-depth interview with Architects and BIM managers currently using were
conducted, and their opinions on BIM were recorded.
Semi-structured interview
technique was selected to avoid similar responses like in structured interview. However
at the same time data collected from the interviews holds certain structure.
The
interviewees were given the chance to talk about the subject without restriction but the
discussion was controlled. Therefore, data collected could be analyzed, summarised
and then reported. The rationale for selection semi-structured interviewed was to allow
interviewer to share in-depth knowledge on the subject (Naoum, 2007) and the nature of
the research was exploratory research. In this way, semi-structured interview permits
the interviewees to lead the talk and give their own input which is not reconceptualised
by the interviewer.
32
3.7 Interviews Candidates: Selection of Interviewees
Numerous benchmarking were used for the selection of participants for the study. The
participants were limited to architects and BIM managers having more than one year of
experiences on implementing BIM in Singapore architectural firms who interested to
share their experience and knowledge. First, a list of possible Singapore Architectural
design firms developed based on the literature review.
Those professionals had
contributed their knowledge on Singapore Building and Construction Authority

(BCA)s publication, Build Smart Magazine, BIM Essential Guide for Architectural
Consultants and Singapore BIM Guides. Invitations for participation in the research
was emailed to potential interviewees and followed up with phone calls within 3 days
after the invitations were disseminated. Positive responds were received from this
approach. As many as four practicing professionals from three Singapore Architectural
firms accepted the invitations for interview. The interview was conducted in March
2014.
3.8 Interview process and procedure

Semi-structured in-depth interviews with Architects and BIM managers were conducted
within 2 weeks. Informed Consent Proforma was distributed to protect the rights and
welfare of interviewees.
Permission to audio record was requested from the
interviewees prior to the interviews.
The interviewees were briefed on the aims,
objectives, and scope of the research. The interviews generally took 45 minutes to an
hour.
The interview question were categorised into six sections Background
Information, BIM Execution Plan, BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms, BIM
Impact, Case Study and Conclusion Questions.
Background information focused on previous experience of interviewee on BIM

implementation of Singapore Architectural firm, their position, and responsibilities.
BIM Execution Plan question focused on major decisions and steps for implementation
of BIM. BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms questions focused on majors uses
of BIM. These questions identified contract consideration, insurance, legal issues, team
competencies, application, process, content and model detail. BIM Impact question
33
focused on possible metrics and results including its impact on time, cost, quality, and
changes in staffs. Case Study questions focused the potential of BIM uses in projects
and its prospect. Conclusion Questions wrapped up interviews with prospect of BIM
for the future, possible trends and additional opinion on Singapore Architectural firms.
Interviews were performed in person. Open-ended questions were used. These types of
question reduced interviewers bias by allowing the interviewees to express their
opinions on the subject within the framework.
During the interview periods the
interviewer did not make any judgement or leading answers. The interviews were audio
recorded for accurate interpretation and future referencing. All the interviews were
written out and mind mapped to summarise and apply for content analysis.
3.9 Content Analysis
The interviews were systematically interpreted and categorised by their meanings,

intentions, etc. Content analyses were performed for every interview. This technique
systematically analysed the facets of a set of data through qualitative research. Content
analysis yield quantitative data for each content category. Detailed content analysis can
be found in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 with some quantitative data collected and evaluated.
Taxonomy is created in Chapter 5 and critical success factors are identified in Chapter
6. A summary of the topics covered and conclusions drawn can be found in Chapter 7.
3.10 Conclusion
As stated procedures and techniques used in this research was explained. Justification
has made for the selection of the methods and techniques. Next chapter will discuss on
the BIM Executive Planning of Singapore Architectural firms in details.
34
Chapter 4 BIM Executive Planning
4.1 Introduction
Together with the data collection process, the expert interviews were performed. In the
Chapter 4, 5, and 6, the collected data were analysed and discussed in specific category:
Background Information, BIM Execution Plan, and BIM Uses in Singapore
Architectural Firms, BIM Impact, Case Study, and Conclusion Questions.
The
collected information is described with the designation of [I-#] to identify the number
of interviewee that made the statement. Each analysis result is followed by short
discussion. Chapter 7 gives a conclusion with general findings and recommendation for
further study.
4.2 Background Information

The background information of the respondents were asked. Those questions included
the background information of interview participants, of firms. The year of BIM
implementation personnel experience and company wise experience were recorded..
4.2.1 Participants
Interviews stared with simple questions such as the interview participants name, the
name of the company for record and sharing.
Addition to this, their role, and
responsibilities in the Architectural firm were asked. Table 4-1 provide a general
overview of the positions of the interviewees. Notably, these interviewees are all
belongs to 3 main groups; Executives, Architects and Technical Supports. All of the
interviewees have more than 10 years experience with BIM in Singapore and abroad.
They implemented BIM in their respective Singapore Architectural firms more than 5
years ago.
35
Interviewees
Position
Group
Number
I-1
Firm
number
Principal (Technical)
Executive/Implementation
Firm A
Group
I-2
Senior Technical Manager
Implementation
Firm A
Group/Technical Staff
I-3
I-4
Director Building Information Executive/Implementation

Modelling (BIM)
Group
Director & Principal
Executive/Implementation
Architect
Group
Firm B
Firm C
Table 4-1 General overview of the position of interviewees

4.2.2 Architectural Firms
Firm A is an international architectural firm with more than 2000 staffs within Asia, the
Middle East, Europe, and America. There are more than 300 staffs in Singapore. The
firm offers services in architecture, interior design, master planning, landscape, urban
design, and building consultancy. This firm was formed in early 2000s by merger of a
UK based firm and Hong Kong based firms. Firm A has been working with BIM for
Singapore office since Singapore 10 years ago.
Firm B was founded in Singapore four decades ago. The firm has more than 600 staffs
globally 400 staffs working in Singapore.
The firm offers a complete design
consultancy and project management solution, such as architectural design services,

civil and structural engineering design services, electrical, mechanical and plumbing
(MEP) design services, construction project management, urban and environmental
planning, landscape, interiors and environmental. It has operation in China, India,
Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, United Arab Emirates and United States, and
Singapore. Firm B has implemented BIM more than 5 years ago.
Firm C was founded approximately 3 decades ago in Singapore. The firm has more
than 100 staffs in Singapore. The firm offer architectural design service, interior design
service and project management services.
It involved many building project in
Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, China, Vietnam, and Singapore.
36
For all three firms, their executives and technical staffs are actively supporting and
industry wide implementation of BIM leaded by BCA. They participated in annual
BIM competition arranged by BCA.
4.2.3 Previous BIM experience
All the interviewees stated that they have previous experience with BIM and they
implemented BIM into their respected Architectural design firm and they have been
working win BIM in their day-to-day basis.
Thus the interview could continue,
otherwise the interview would be stopped as the interviewees could not be consist red as
a competent person in this area.
All the interviewees have more than 10 years experience in implantation BIM and
managing projects which use BIM. Interestingly, all of the interviewees also have BIM
experience in other counties, such as, the UK and Australia.
They have been
implemented BIM and managed BIM projects in others countries before they moved to
Singapore. They have more than 5 years experience for managing and implantation of
BIM for Singapore projects.
4.3 Experience on BIM Execution Planning
Interviewees were asked about their experience on BIM Execution Plan (BEP). All of
them have experience for developed BEP for Singapore Architectural firms. All of the
interviewees considered that the development of BEP is a valuable activity.
The
respondents answers will be summarized and reviewed. The conclusions will be drawn
in Chapter 7.
Participants: The participants of BEP are usually singed off between the Client,
Architects, Engineers, other Consultants, Contractors, Sub-Contractors, and Suppliers.
Therefore, they can be divided into two groups: internal parties who are the people
within the Architectural design firm. External Parties can be Structural Engineers,
Mechanical Engineers, Electrical Engineers, Plumbing Engineers, Landscape Designers,
Interior
Designers,
the
Client,
Contractors,
Sub-Contractors,
Fabricators,
37
Manufacturers, and Facility Manager. Internal participants are Executives, Architects,

designers, and technical support team members. The commitment from all parties,
internal and external, is so crucial for successful implementation and to get the best
value out of BIM. Senior buy-in is equally important as having the lower level staffs to
use BIM.
Interviewee No. 3 [I-3] All the parties needs to be involved.
The senior
management provides required facilities and support the teams to carry out the
job success fully. The feedback from technical staffs, architects, and designers
to senior management is important as well because in practice the technical
team needs supports from the senior management. Again, these technical staffs
need to communicate and share the BIM knowledge between each other.
Therefore, for successful implementation of BIM all the level of staff within the
company needs to proactive in BIM and the external parties need to use BIM as
well.
Interviewee No. 1 [I-1] we try to ensure that our teams are harmonious and
collaborative and we encourage people to share knowledge.
Interviewee No. 4 [I-4] BIM will not provide the best value if it is not being
adopted by the other consultants.
Decision:
These participated architectural firms made the commitment to the
development of the project using BIM because of the urgency within the industry to
embrace this approach. These Singapore Architectural firms are utilising BIM not only
for Singapore but also for other over sea projects.
Interviewee No. 1 [I-1] There are other projects were doing regionally, we
dont use BIM because, and there is no man day either from the client or
statutory board point of view. It is the case of this stage, within the industry and
the maturity, senior management make careful selection based on availability of
the staff, client direction, and way up to the benefits that we generate.
38
Interviewee No. 3 [I-3] In Singapore BIM is statutory requirement but we

encouraged our clients and project members from other countries to use BIM
although those countries like Indonesia, and Malaysia BIM is not the statutory
requirement.
Process: The firms which participated in the interview are constantly reviewing their
core competencies and the demand of the market to leverage them and to expend their
market to get more Clients. The mind sets of these firms are to provide design solutions
that exceed Clients expatiation. The practice is more on selling the value products
rather than selling the consultation time. The participated firms are providing the best
architectural design solution without pricing the extra than traditional two dimensional
designs and documentation system. This is because the competitiveness in the market
and the firms commitment to provided the best design solution by using the best
available technology of the time. These firms confirmed that BEP needs to be separated
into two parts which are internal BEP and external BEP as the objectives are slightly
different.
Interviewee No. 2 [I-2] I like to add the actual fact. We have split the execution
plan in two. One is project execution plan, somewhat internal. So there are
slightly different objectives for the project and internal execution plan. There are
times when you roll; youll need to split the execution plan.
4.4 Conclusion
Background information of the interviewee, architectural firm and their experience were
summarised in this chapter. All of the interviewed firms have local and international
design offices. The smallest design office participate in the interview has more than
100 staffs and biggest design office has more than 300 staffs. All the interviewees
stated that they have more than 10 years overall BIM experience and approximately 5
years experience working with BIM in Singapore Architectural firms.
Small
Architectural firms did not participate in the research. Next chapter will discuss about
various items related to BIM uses in design by Singapore Architectural Firms.
39
Chapter 5 BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms
5.1 Introduction
This chapter details the numerous items related to BIM uses in design. It begins from
the discovery of BIM uses which were evaluated from this study. Then it investigates
the topics of model contents and level of details, modelling process and software
application, team competencies, and legal, insurance, and contractual, consideration.
The uses of BIM are summarised with interview comments about the uses.
The
collected information is described with the designation of [I-#] to indentify the

number of interviewee that made the statement.
The BIM uses are outlined along with interview comments regarding the uses. The
information obtained from the interviewees is reported and indicated with the
designation of [I-#] to indicate the number of the interviewee that made the statement.
Not all statements have been validated through research so the reader should only
evaluate these statements as one opinion from an experienced person.
5.2 BIM uses in Singapore Architectural Firms

The taxonomy of BIM used was produced based on the literature review and expert
interview. There are 21 number of BIM uses were identified. After the taxonomy was
created, each BIM use was systemically looked into the details for BEP guide.
5.2.1 Design Authoring

Design authoring is 3D tools to develop the BIM model in regard to the criteria which is
important to building design translation.
The common users of these tools are:
architects and designers, 2D to 3D conversion teams, and subcontractors.
Basically, there are two main type of BIM use for design phase.
Design Authoring tools and
Audit and Analysis tools.

40
Authoring tools create models with geometrical attributes whereas audit and analysis
tool can analyse non-geometrical attributes. Those non-geometrical attributes are very
useful for engineering analysis such as sustainability analysis, sun path analysis etc.
Design authoring tools are the fundamental of BIM by combining 3D model with useful
building database system which allows extraction of building data and simulation for
engineering analyses.
5.2.2 Programming
The definition of Programming is an assessment process on design performance to
spatial requirements. All the interviewees answered that they had done special analysis
by using BIM. They have used this feature form the schematic stage; from early
conceptualisation and massing to the construction design are done by BIM based
software in their offices. All of them confirmed that this feature of BIM improved their
quality of design solution.
5.2.3 Existing Condition Modelling

Existing Condition Modelling is a process of developing a 3D model of existing
condition of a site, building, facility, or specific area. Protecting Singapores culture
and heritage is clearly an important part of the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)
Draft Master Plan. Currently, there are more than 7000 buildings are protected. In
other words, Singapore really familiar with brown field construction/addition and
alteration works. All the respondents have experience in existing condition modelling
because doing architectural practise in Singapore brown field construction/addition and
alteration works is unavoidable. The outputs are usually BIM model of the whole
existing building or a portion of the existing building and 3D site topography model
combine with Global Information Systems (GIS).
41
5.2.4 Design Reviews

Design review process for Singapore Architectural Firms is to review the quality of the
design product to meet client expectation [I-1]. This process can be internal process,
which is within the Architect firms and external, which includes stakeholders using
BIM models.
Interviewee No. 1 [I-1] The design review of our firm is about the quality of our
product. What our products look like and ensuring that is meeting expectation
of our Client.
Design review can be categorised in to:

-
Clash analysis
3D Design Coordination and
Virtual Mock-ups
All of the interviewees answered that they used design review for all three categories.
All of them answered that with BIM model the design review meetings are must faster
go get the design resolutions because people can see things better when they are
presented in isometric 3 dimensional with BIM.
Interviewee No. 4 [I-4]: BIM models allow us to coordinate a much greater

detail, a much greater understanding.
Interviewee No. 3 [I-3]: BIM models provide ability to communicate the
stakeholders better using a 3 dimensional model.
Clash analysis is an important and it is the integral part of the BIM modelling process.
Clash analysis feature of BIM allow various stakeholders to investigate the building
project digitally in the design studio before it is built. Clash detection in BIM could be
not only one model but also several, those are, eventually, integrated into a master BIM
model. This can be consider as one of the greatest benefits of BIM as visualising the
ideas and iterating of information are more precise and faster than before by eliminating
the manual tedious and error prone process.
42
This study is focused on design stage. Therefore design coordination at design stage
can be defined as an iterative process which includes a process of evolution, iteration,
revising to the point where the Client has been able to incrementally understand the
building as a end product and as a cost to him and architectural firm produce a design
that is efficient, and exemplary as a design product.
Three Dimensional Design coordination at design stage can be defined as an iterative

process which includes a process of evolution, iteration, revising to the point where the
Client has been able to incrementally understand the building as a end product and as a
cost to him and architectural firm produce a design that is efficient, and exemplary as a
design product.
All the interviewees answered that they used BIM as three dimensional design
coordination tool. All of the interviewees agreed that BIM helps Architects and other
consultants to resolve coordination during design stage and BIM enables to develop
more accurate and better-coordinated design product which ensure the clients
satisfaction.
Interviewee No. 1 [I-1]: For a client, they dont want to understand that detail of
coordination. They just wanted to be correct. BIM enables us to provide more
accurate information and better-coordinated design product.
It is mostly done either in complicated projects for construction details like wall
sections or ceilings, or for certain chosen spaces in the project that would benefit greatly
from building the virtual mock-up.
Virtual Mock-ups assist all the project participants to understand complicated projects
for construction.
BIM enables to construct virtual mock-ups. This helps all the project participants to
understand complicated projects for construction. It would be an ideal situation to use
BIM, when each supplier or contractor have relevant BIM model, such as a chiller plant,
to insert in to the building model and everyone understand the possible implication to
other components. All the interviewees answer that they are using this feature. They
43
have been using virtual mock-ups allows to resolve not only coordination issue but also
use as an analysis tool for lighting, security, ergonomics, acoustics, textures and
colours, etc.
5.2.5 System Analyses
System Analysis can be divided into Site Analysis, Engineering Analyses, and Code
Checking.
Site Analysis is a process to analyse specific location to decide the optimal use of site
location for proposed project by using BIM/GIS tools. All the interviewees answered
that they had done site analysis using BIM technology as they view that this analysis
has great potential to do necessary calculation, to determine the building orientation, to
develop topographical model and to create existing building model, etc.
Engineering Analyses are a series of BIM uses in design. Engineering Analysis in

design stage can be defined as a process of judging the most optimal and effective
methods depend on design specification. During the interview, interviewee answered
that their firm have done the following engineering analyses -
Building and energy consumption analysis
Sustainability analyses
Egress analysis
Traffic and human analysis
Peak load analysis
Fire protection analysis
Engineering analyses are a series of BIM uses in design. Engineering Analysis in

design stage can be defined as a process of judging the most optimal and effective
methods depend on design specification.
BIM model enables many types of
engineering analyses. These engineering analyses and building performance simulation

improve the energy consumption, and design of the building for entire lifecycle. These
abilities make BIM superior to 2D designs. All the interviewees answers that they did
egress analysis, traffic and human analysis, peak load analysis, and fire protect analysis.
Additionally, they merge with engineering BIM model and architectural BIM model as
part of the sustainability analyses.
44
Interviewee No. 1 [I-1]:The technology make the designing process more

interesting because its not just about an architect standing there in a
presentation saying to a client, weve open this frontage of the building up to
allow for the breeze way and this will be very nice. Its ability to say weve open
this up because when we did the analytic we can see 60% of the year the
prevailing wind from the North-East generate some fantastic air movement
through the area and well be able to through very complex modelling. Exactly
why they should buy our design and why they should embrace these ideas.
Code checking is a process of checking of the compliance of the building code of

building design by using BIM. In 2001, BCA launched the CORENET (Construction
and Real Estate Network) e-submission system to facilitate electronic submission and
approval process of all types of application made to government agencies. This system
transformed Singapore AEC industrys time-consuming submission process to easy and
efficient paperless submission process (Keung, 2011a). BIM submission templates
have been developed by BCA with the intention of smooth transition from 2D CAD
drawings to BIM. Architectural BIM submission template was introduced in January
2010 (BCA, 2013a). Firm A, B, and C have volunteered to developed CORENET
statutory BIM model submission system for authorities approval process. These firms
believe that eventually the system will be very robust.
5.2.6 Phase Planning and 4D modelling

Phase planning is usually defined a 4D model because adding dimension of time to 3D
model for the purpose of effective time scheduling. All the interviewees indicated that
they used 4D modelling which is a BIM model corporate with adding time schedule.
They do not put huge emphasis on this for green field, new development. However,
they used this feature for additional and alteration, renovation, retrofitting, and
preservation of the buildings. All the interviewees answered that they used Naviswork
as planning tools.
45
Interviewee No. 4 [I-4]: Phase planning is really useful for renovations or

tenant fit-out projects. With BIM model, the process can be easily illustrated
very graphically not only construction process but also the people moving
through the spaces during the construction process.
5.2.7 Estimating
None of the interviewees reported that they have done estimating using BIM technology
in design stage. However, all of the interviewees acknowledge that BIM technology
brings certainty for cost estimation and quantity take of.
5.2.8 3D printing
Only one company reported that they have done 3D print using BIM technology during
design stage. That interviewee informed that the whole process of 3D printing process is
not straightforward. Not all the BIM supporting software compatible with 3D printer
format. If the BIM model is not developed with BIM compatible software, the model
needs to redevelop to with compatible software for 3D printing. Producing a model is
not a case of upload a model and sent it to a printer and a couple of hour later there is a
finished product. Thus, it has to be planned into a process of one or two week evolution
to achieve a final product [I-1].
5.3 Model content and level of details

All the interviewees agreed that the model content and level of detail are important.
Singapore architectural firms are taking initiative to take the Client and the end user to
benefit when they formulate the BEP and deciding the model content and level of
details (LOD). All the interviewees replied that the level of details and stage-by-stage
BIM deliverables are established in the BEP at the early stage of the project and signed
off by all parties. Although, the Singapore BIM guide suggested what LOD to be
adopted at which of the project, in practice, it is difficult to follow the Singapore BIM
guide.
46
Interviewee No.1 [I-1]: We have to base on the commercial reality and the
engagement from the other consultants as the valve BIM depreciates if not all
the consultants can follow the BEP.
Additionally, there is a concern the level of details because BIM is relative new
technology and the ability of software and hardware still limited.
Interviewee No. 3 [I-3] Current technology does not support to do everything in

3D. For example, some typical details still need to go back to 2D and tie back
to the BIM model. In really, there may be necessary for site adjustment. In this
kind of case, BIM is not really virtual model of the actual building anymore.
5.4 Taxonomy of BIM use in Design

Based on the literature review, and interview results, the uses of BIM in design stage
has been categorised into three. These categories are:
-
Design Communication;
System Analysis and
Scheduling.
Design Communication can be sub-divided into Design Authoring, Programming,

Existing Condition Modelling, and Design Review. Again, Design Review can be
divided into Clash Analysis, Three Dimensional Design coordination and Virtual Mockups. Based on the content analysis, they answers were categorised. The frequency of
the answers given on certain subject were recorded. If the topic was discussed by the
interviewees more than twice, it was included in the research in the summary. If a topic
was not mentioned or discussed less than two times, it was not included or it was
categorised under another topic.
Based on 4 interviews from Singapore Architecture firms completed and analyse,

detailed content analysis of available literature on BIM, a taxonomy for BIM uses in
Singapore Architecture firms was created and is presented in Figure 5-1. The general
overview of implementation of BIM in Singapore Architectural Firms was achieved by
47
following 3 topics: BIM Execution Planning, BIM Impact Analysis, and Future Industry
Trends for BIM.
DesignAuthoring
Programming
Design
Communica>on
Exis>ngCondi>on
Modelling
Clashanalysis
DesignReview
3DDesign
coordina>on
VirtualMockups
Buildingandenergy
consump>onanalysis
BIMusesinDesign
Sustainabilityanalyses
SiteAnalysis
Egressanalysis
SystemAnalysis
EngineeringAnalysis
Tracandhuman
analysis
Codechecking
Peakloadanalysis
Scheduling
PhasePlanning(4D
Planning)
Fireprotec>on
analysis
Figure 5-1 Taxonomy of BIM uses in design stage by Singapore Architectural

firms
5.5 Conclusion
This chapter found out that, BIM has been used various ways by Singapore
Architectural firms. A taxonomy including 15 BIM applications in design with present
regular usage in three distinctive categories. These are Design Communication, System
Analysis, and Scheduling. The level of details and stage-by-stage BIM deliverables are
established in the BEP at the early stage of the project and signed off by all parties.
48
Chapter 6 BIM Impact Analysis
6.1 Introduction
This chapter details interviewees opinions relation to the impact of BIM during the
design process. This chapter is arranged by topic area with respect to the questions
asked to the interviewees. It is important to note that the information provided is solely
based on interviewees answers. Their answers have not been compared, contrast and
validate through detailed research process.
6.2 Impact Analysis on BIM
All the interviewees answered that their firm did not perform a systematic analysis of
the impact of BIM on their projects. All of them agreed on the fact that there were
down time on productivity because the staffs in the firms need to familiarise the bell,
whistles, buttons, and function of new software. They all agreed on the fact that senior
architects and designers need more time to familiarise with new technology than
younger staffs.
For the Change Management process, Interviewee 1 believed that changes proposed by
the Client could lesser and the Client will be less keen on making the changes. He stated
that with BIM the Architects and designers can communicate the Client more
effectively compare to traditional two dimensional drawings.
That could reduce
unnecessary design changes proposed by the Client.
Interviewee 1 [I-1] Architecturally, I think, the idea is great because it allows me to

show that person creating the change exactly what are the ramifications are. That
might actually stop the change happening. In two dimensional drawing, the Client
cannot envisage the impacts due to the change. The Client with less experience may
think that the changes are as simple as moving lines.
In traditional two
dimensional drawing it is difficult to show the impact on structural engineering,

mechanical engineering, occupancy, egress, all the different ramifications but with
good three dimensional BIM model we can simulated all these ramifications due to
the changes and we can communicate it more effectively, which might mean the
49
client is less frivolous, is less keen on making a change because he understands the
change is not beneficial as he thinks it is.
All the Architectural firms confirmed that more accurate documentation can be
achieved in three dimension environment BIM technology because BIM can reduce
errors in construction drawings and documents. Construction of virtual construction
feature enabled by BIM technology can identify actual construction problems in design
stage. These problems can be solved at early stage by coordination and collaboration
efforts of stakeholders. Fixing construction problems in design stage creates to lesser
issues in the drawings and ultimately lesser problems in the construction sites.
Interviewee 4 [I-4] As a business the design firm has to mange and develop
more accurate and better coordinated documentation and BIM can fulfil the
requirement.
Documentation process of building is much better in three
dimensional environments.
6.3 Impact Analysis on Time, Cost, Quality, Sustainability and Safety

Interviewees were asked the impact on time, cost, quality, sustainability, and safety to
the projects by implementation of BIM in design stage. The actual impact of
implementing BIM at design stage is summarised. Some initial benefits were mentions.
Those are the design period will be shorter in the future; implementation cost can be
covered in long term, BIM improves the quality of drawings and documentation,
sustainable building design solution can easily develop, and construction process can be
simulated in design stage which can reduce the construction safety risk due to the
design.
6.3.1 Time
For the drafting and preparation of the construction level drawings, all the architectural
firms are taking the same amount of time as they do it two dimensional drawings. In
commercially driven world the architectural firms do not have chance to take more time
50
for preparation of BIM [I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4]. However, they believe that in the future,
they will be able to do the design in shorter period.
Interviewee 3 [I-3]: In commercially driven world, we cant tell the Client that we
need to use more time because we are using BIM or we dont want to risk our team
and our design product by shortening the design period. We have competition in
the market. We hope that in the future we can do the design in shorter period of
time. This is our first target.
6.3.2 Cost
All the interviewees answered that their long term expectation of BIM implementation
should be cost effectiveness. All of them acknowledge that BIM supporting software,
hardware and training cost are relatively high. All these firms are early BIM adaptors in
Singapore. They are actively participating in BCAs BIM Execution Plan projects. All
of them stated that the downstream benefits could easily cover the initial investment.
Additionally, the Singapore Architectural can get subsidy for training and software cost
form Singapore government which subsides the initial implementation a lot lesser.
Interviewee 4 [I-4] We committed our recourses up front because we believe

that there a lot of benefits downstream. Generally, to develop a BIM model
takes longer than traditional two dimensional model but once the BIM model is
completed, we can extract plans, sections, and elevations instantly and we can
start to interface with other consultants and client. Not just than, with BIM the
comprehension is so much deeper. Therefore, the time front is longer but the
benefit downstream was far greater.
That benefit can cover the initial
investment.
All interviews answers there is no dramatically increment or decrement on manpower

for using BIM compare to traditional two dimensional drawing process. However, they
believe that they will be able to do the same amount of work with lesser staffs in the
future as the BIM skill mature.
51
Interview 2 [I-2] Our second target is to do the same amount of work with fewer
manpower using BIM because overtime the skill built up by doing.
6.3.3 Quality
All interviewees agreed that the design quality improves with BIM software as the
Architects and Consultants can do the clash analysis and the clashes can be solved
immediately. That might reduce the number of RFI compare to the same procurement
route using traditional two dimensional drawings.
All the interviewees agreed that BIM is right tool for accurate document of building.
All the interviewees agreed BIM helps effective coordination and collaboration of
different Consultants, Client, and Contractor working complex projects because with the
assistant of BIM technology, the complex interfacing of components can be seen clearly
and potential interfacing problems can be solved.
Interviewee 1 [I-1] There is always interfacing those components which always

causes us problems because one consultant or contractor of one discipline is not
interested what others done but if we can use the model to better understand the
interface point of those different those componentry interfacing issues can be
solve.
The use of BIM promotes the quality of project by providing accurate database and
documentation process because it provides more predictability on time schedule,
quantity take off, analysing of the building process and it alternatives, design
sustainable building, All in all, the virtual construction prior to the actual construction
assist better quality of design during the design process.
6.3.4 Sustainability
All the interviewees supported the fact that the quality of the project is generally
improved with BIM implementation because BIM can be used as a tool to do the
52
analysis to improve building performance and increase the predictability of the building
outcome.
In Singapore Government focuses to reduce our energy intensity by 20% from 2005
levels by 2020, and by 35% from 2005 levels by 2030 (MEWRM and MND, 2009).
With the increase in building mandates, architect can leverage BIM technology to make
well-informed decisions to meet sustainable design and energy efficiency goals. All the
interviewees answered that they do sustainability analysis in design stage.
6.3.5 Safety
Based on BIM technology, time-dependent structural analysis, collision detection such
as simulation can be done. One firm answered that they had used BIM as a tool to
analyse and reduce safety risk inherit from the design. This process has been done
during design stage as well as construction stage. Design process is iteration process;
sometime the Consultant needs to review the design as the safety issue by design
paramount, in this case the Architect together with the other consultants needs to review
and revise the design as necessary.
6.4 Design Staff Composition

All interviewees answered that the composition of design staff has changed. Some of
the Architects and senior staffs with familiar with information technology take
responsibility such as BIM manager role. All the interviewees pointed out that the staff
creating BIM model needs to have high-level of knowledge in building systems,
assembly of components, statutory requirements and architectural works.
The
draftsmen need to enhance their knowledge on the building systems and skill level. The
senior Architects need to learn how to use BIM tools. The role of the draftsman is
believed to be phase out in near future [I-1, I-2].
BIM is more professionally
demanding, eventually, there will no entry level draftsman in the design office and it
will only be junior and senior Architect in the design office [I-3]. All the interviewees
pointed out that nourishing the required IT skill is to paper and pencil familiar, senior
architects is more challenging than pollinating the building and software knowledge to
53
draftsman and junior Architects and staffs should be open minded and assist each other
harmoniously. [I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4].
All of the interviewees agreed that BIM manager role is a challenging task because he
needs to monitor and all the updates of BIM model from different parties, sometime
those updates are made not in his working. All of the interviewed firms had technical
department supporting the smooth transformation of two dimensional drawing process
to BIM process.
6.6 Issues and concern

The interviewees raise some concerns and issues but not all the issues and concerns can
be resolved now.
All the interviewees answered that the BIM software are still infancy stage and they can
do limited functions. Therefore, staffs need to understand so many software and those
software are not 100% interoperable [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4].
Highly training staffs are need. Only well verse organisation and project team reap the
most benefit out of BIM. With poorly training people staffs can create a lot of problems
as all components are interrelated to each other. Therefore, the teams as in not the
architectural team, all the participants from different organisation need to well verse
with BIM [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4].
Crashing of the server or losing control of the model by technical was one of the
concerns for all the interviewees [I-4]. Some of them show the concern on the data
security [I-4].
The draftsman will be no long necessary because there is no two dimensional drafting
[I-3]. The training the senior staffs is more challenging than training junior staffs [I-3].
There standard building contract for BIM has not developed yet for Singapore case.
Currently two dimensional drawings are still using as contract document. Although
54
these companies have their own contract for the project using BIM, legally the Contract
documents are still in two dimensional drawings.
The Contractors creates their own BIM model for coordination with sub-contractor and
centralised BIM is rarely used in Singapore practice [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4].
6.7 Modelling Process and software Application

All the interviewees agreed the architectural design process is changing. The firms are
training the staffs to do the design in BIM software rather than traditional two
dimensional drawings. They all agreed on the fact that different people in the office
have different skill sets and experience and they ensure provide the right design to align
with the projects aim and objectives. All the interviewees answered that the firms are
quite organic they way they allows the design process to evolve. Before, they made
decision which software they should use for the project, they usually make a thoroughly
assessment of the projects types and needs. They all agreed on the fact that all the BIM
software has their advantages, and limitations.
The frequently used BIM software are SketchUpBIM by Trimble, Revit by Autodesk,
Triforma by Bentley, ArchiCAD by Graphisoft and Digital Projects by Gehry
Technologies [I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4].
6.8 Team Competencies

All the interviewees answered that they focus their team to be harmonious and
collaborative. They encourage their team to share the knowledge. All of them believe
that the knowledge is grown by sharing. All of the firms hired external training partners
from software developers to train staffs and one companies hired third party consultants
to assist in BIM implementation. However, they observed that this can only give the
grounding basis. The most beneficial way of training and building team competencies
is learning by doing. Strategic team training plan should be adopted.
55
Interviewee 1 [I-1] the design process is an evolutionary process. The learning

process is the same as the design process.
Interviewee 4 [I-4] Things can be learned very quickly, if you immerse in the
real situation. We believe that learning by doing is very beneficial and sharing
knowledge is more beneficial.
6.9 Legal, Insurance, and Contractual Considerations

All the interviewees considered that this is important factors and they are reviewing this
regularly but none of them believe that there is no new risk at the current stage because
the practice in Singapore, all the project using BIM technology, the two dimensional
drawing sheets are still contractual document, not BIM model. They all believe that this
will change in the future and BIM model will become contractual document.
6.10 Risks
One risk is to work with incompetent other consultant team or Contractor. If the
modelling, model component, or elements of supplied products data are not accurate or
incorrect, the benefit of BIM model will lost it integrity and the BIM will be more harm
than good [I-4]. Team competency is considered as risk and trying to improve by
nourishing knowledge to their staffs and promote BIM to the Client, other Consultants
and Engineers [I-3 and I-4].
None of the interviewees show that there is a concern on legal protection to

Architectural firms for now but they think that architect will be more responsible and
taking more risk in the future.
Interviewee 1 [I-1] Architects do not carry responsibility for the accuracy of the
BIM model when we handover to the Contractor. That risk cannot be held against
us. Should the Contractor discover the, say it. For example, a slab is set lower than
it needs to built, thats for the contractor under his obligation to verify what hes
building. Ultimately, in this day and age, it might change in future.
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6.11 Future Industry Trends

In Singapore, BIM has demanded by the client and it is because of the statutory
requirements. The Architectural firms believed that the Client and the Contractors
should know more the benefit of BIM technology. Currently, the statutory requirements
of Singapore are more emphasised on the Architects and Consultants [I-3]. In the mean
time, all the parties should build up their skill to meet up with high level of knowledge
and specialisation demand created by BIM technology.
All Interviewees believed that the fabrication and offsite production will be much
easier. It can be expected the supplier will make their BIM model of the product
available online [I-4]. In the future, the design trend will be more on off-site production
and complicated design can also be handled in off-site fabricators yards, in controlled
environment [I-4]. This gradually shifting trend to off-site production, the supply chain
of the AEC may have impact and eventually the building supply change management
will more prominent.
Better collaboration with Designers and Contractors is expected for the future. The
better documentation works of the Building, which will eventually benefit to the Clients
and Facility Mangers. The Client and the Facility Manager understand more benefit of
BIM and that will create the demand.
Lifecycle asset management will be easier.
Operation and maintenance manuals
(OMM) should be tied to as-built BIM model of the building. The will bring huge
benefit to the Client and Facility Managers.
More virtual communication and collaboration with different discipline of different

people around the world might in the future. The virtual building experience will
happen. The Architectural design discipline could be more competitive internationally
[I-4]. The Client, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors working relationship will be
tremendously improves as BIM support better collaboration.
Architects have to resume the role of leader of the building process, rather than
relinquishing authority and liability by turning their responsibility to contractors. This
57
would involve higher risk but the reward would be greater, since with BIM
transparency, designers are able to identify and resolve problems with much greater
accuracy which decreases the risks and claims for everyone in the long run [I-4].
6.12 Critical success factors

As per the discussion with interviewee, the critical success factors are listed.
summary is provided. Factors alleged as significant for the implementation of BIM are
both on organisational and project level and listed in no particular order.
A strategic approach is required to have a successful implementation of BIM. Strong

commitment from top management is crucial for successful the BIM implementation.
The staffs need work harmoniously and collaborative in nature of sharing knowledge
between each other [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4]. Top management need to give carefully
attention from the middle management and staffs to solve the problems, which the lower
level cannot solve. The whole organisation needs to adopt the more collaborative way of
working then before [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4].
Staffs need to be unbiased for the
organisational change and willing to learned new technology [I-4].
Training staff is one of the critical success factors for the successful BIM [I-1, I-2, I-3,
and I-4] implementation. Proper training staffs will bring benefit for the understanding
of BIM software [I-1, I-3].
The training has to be incremental with continuous
commitment [I-4]. Applying the skill at the project really grows the knowledge. It
should be practice driven approach [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4]. Nowadays, staffs working in
Singapore Architectural firms need to understand so many type of software. Therefore,
the firms should encourage their staffs to play with different software. Learning is
being inquisitive with the people with the right attitude [I-1].
To get more acceptances from the Client and the value added service such as
sustainability analysis should not be charged to the Client. BIM should be used as tool
to provide more value and better design solution to the Client by charging the same
service fees as traditional design techniques [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-4]. This finding is
58
contrary to what (BCA, 2013) recommended which is architects to negotiates the fees
with Client for value added services as sustainability analysis.
All the interviewees believed that having a competent technical support team is one of
the critical success factors. Installing a skilful technical team can act as a catalyst for
the pollination of the knowledge of all the level of staff in the organisation [I-1, I-2, I-3,
and I-4].
Design staffs needs to know building technology, construction details and these staffs
should be able to think and design the building three-dimensionally [I-1, I-2, I-3, and I4]. The different people in the office have different skill sets and some might be better
at design and some might be better in building technology or using of software
application. Senior staff should contribute their construction knowledge to design team
and junior staffs should assist the senior staffs on the use of software. Ultimately all
those skill merge in BIM [I-4].
6.13 Conclusion
Overall improvement and efficiency have seen in the project using BIM. Time wise,
currently Singapore Architectural firms are taking the same amount of time to prepare
drawing but expecting to do this faster in the future. Although there is initial cost for
implementing BIM, Singapore Architectural firm can get subsidy form the government.
This research found out that all of the quality of the drawings and design is
tremendously improved. The analysis feature of BIM is really useful tool to design
sustainable building design. As alternative construction methods can be simulated in
the BIM model, the safety risk due to the design can lower down. BIM required a well
verse project team, not only architectural team, for the project to successful. This
research found out that Singapore. Strategic team training plan should be adopted, the
commitment for senior executive is important and all the parties, internal and external,
require to work harmoniously. Many types of BIM supporting software using by
Singapore Architectural firm but they have a concern on interoperability of those
software Firms must improve by nourishing knowledge to their staffs. Firm should
promote BIM to the Client, other Consultants and Engineers. Notable, none of the firms
59
sees there is legal risk at this moment but they believe that this will change. In the
future, not only architectural firms but also the whole supply chain of AEC will use
more innovative methods in construction and the Client and Facility Managers will reap
the biggest benefits. The procurement strategy for project using BIM technology will
change in the future so as the risk distribution. Next chapter will discuss in detail on the
interviewees opinions to the impact of BIM during the design process. Overall of
conclusion, and recommendation for best practice of BIM Executive Planning and
recommendation study will be made in next chapter.
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Chapter 7 Conclusion
7.1 Introduction
The summary of the research is presented in this chapter. The aim of this exploratory
research was realised by investigating the uses of BIM by Singapore Architectural
firms. This research provided insight of implementation process and trends of BIM
uses in Singapore Architectural firms. The first objective of the research is fulfilled by
developing taxonomy of BIM uses in design stage of Singapore Architectural firms is
developed and presented in figure 5-1. The discussion on taxonomy is made in Section
5.1. To identify the barriers and success for Singapore architectural firms using BIM as
viewed by Architects perspective. The second objective is realised by identification of
critical success factors in Section 6.12. The third objective is realised by recommending
of the best practice for BIM Executive Planning for Singapore Architectural Firms in
section 7.2.
The hypothesis of this research is BIM improves Singapore Architectural design firms
to be more productive.
Limitations were face because there were no systematic
measurements can be collected from Singapore Architectural firms as they have never
done it. Therefore no hard data on productivity is recorded. Based on anecdotal data the
productivity Singapore Architectural firms are have no productivity gain or loss by
implementation of BIM at the design stage because these firms are using some number
of staffs and taking same amount of time to prepare drawings. However, these firms
expect that in the future, with BIM, they can do it faster than traditional 2D drawings.
7.2 Recommendation for best practice of BIM Execution planning

Recommendation is made for best practice of BIM Execution Planning from the
analysis of data collected. The recommendation has made for three part for BIM
execution planning. These are
- Participants of BIM Execution Planning
- Decision making process for BIM Execution Planning
- BIM Execution Plan development process
61
7.2.1 Participants of BIM Execution Planning

Participants involve the BIM execution plan are: executive group, implementation
group and technical staffs.
-
Executive group consist of Associates, Principles, and Directors. Their duties

are to ensure and support the vision, ensure senior buy-in and create fully
integrated, comprehensive, and strategic plan.
Implementation group consists of technical director and Corporate BIM

Manager. Some companies principal architects and directors take this role as
well. Their duty is, typically, to ensure the smooth transition to BIM workflow
and lead the implementation of BIM. BIM implementation is draft out by this
group and submits to Executive for approval while they regularly monitor and
support the team.
The positions, duties, and responsibilities of technical staffs group are detailed.
BIM coordinator, BIM model, BIM authors: in charge of the development of
BIM model.
Architectural Project manager, Project architect, Technical
Manager prepares technical plan for the project and Design team members
(designer and consultants) need to be involved in the creation of the BIM
Execution Plan.
-
External Parties can be Structural Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Electrical

Engineers, Plumbing Engineers, Landscape Designers, Interior Designers, the
Client, Contractors, Sub-Contractors, Fabricators, Manufacturers, and Facility
Manager. To successful BIM implementation their understanding, their vision,
objectives with Architectural firms objectives should be aligned. The
commitment from all parties is so crucial for successful implementation and to
get the best value out of BIM.
Senior buy-in, a strong commitment from top management is characterised as a critical

element for successful the BIM implementation. Senior level staffs, executive level
staffs need to understand changes of workflow, benefits and risks, and setting up
corporate level objectives of implementation BIM. All level of staffs of internal
62
organisation and representatives of external organisation should work together to

establish objectives of BIM Execution Plans.
Execu>vegroup
Associates,
Principles
Directors
Implementa>on
group
technicaldirector
CorporateBIM
Manager
TechnicalStas
ExternalPar>es
BIMcoordinator
BIMmodeller
BIMauthors
ArchitecturalProject
manager
Projectarchitect,
TechnicalManager
Designteammembers
StructuralEngineers
MechanicalEngineers
ElectricalEngineers
PlumbingEngineers
LandscapeDesigners
InteriorDesigners
TheClient
TheContractors
SubContractors
Fabricators
Manufacturers
Figure 7-1Potential Participants in the Creation of BIM Execution Plan
7.2.2 Decision making process for BIM Execution Planning
Decisions making process of BIM Execution Plan should be the following:
The senior level should make first decision and commit that decision for BIM
implementation.
Everyone should include in this process and eventually
adaptive to new workflow.

-
Everyone should comprehend BIM as a tool for project delivery, not the project
goal.
The team must dedicate to train the whole team, from senior, mid, to operational
level, to understand constraints and benefits of BIM. Start with BIM pilot
project lead by BIM pro-staffs. Cohesive understanding and recognition of BIM
is crucial.
Create new job description, such as BIM Manager or BIM coordinator to move
forward with BIM technology.
Promote the firm culture for these technical staffs to communicate and share the
BIM knowledge between each other
63
Make a decision of level of details of BIM, file management and file sharing of
BIM model in between internal and external parties
Find out the possibility of working with multiple software.
Promote BIM outside of the Design office by spreading message to Clients,

other consultants and contractors.
Explore new capabilities, such as sustainability analysis, sun path analysis,

prefabrication methods, etc, supported by BIM technology.
Set up goal, objectives of BIM journey by yearly basis
7.2.3 BIM Execution Plan Development process

The possible process steps that can be used to develop the BIM Execution Plan are:
-
Constantly reviewing their core competencies and the demand of the market to
leverage them and to expend their market to get more Clients.
Change the practice on selling the value based business rather than selling the
consultation time
Strategic staff training plan should be adopted
Hire external training partners from software developers to train staff and based
on the requirement hire external consultants for implementation of BIM
BIM should be used as analytic tool for building performance and design to
provide more value and better design solution to the Client by charging the same
service fees as traditional design techniques
Throughout the implementation regular training for the all the level staffs has to
take place.
BIM Execution plan should be customised based on the needs of the project.
BIM Execution plan should be created by collaborative effort of seniorexecutives, BIM managers and other leaders in the design office.
BIM execution plan should be split into two because there are slightly different
objectives for the project and internal execution plans.
The BIM execution plan must be practical and must be practice driven.
64
7.5 Limitation of the Research

The aim of the research is to study the uses of BIM and provide taxonomy of BIM uses
by Singapore Architectural Firms through published literature, expert interviews and
data analysis. Although the expert interview has covered experiences, current best
practices, major challenges, lessons learned, and the success factors for implementing
BIM, it is important to note that the interviewees represent large architectural firms of
Singapore.
The research has conducted on 4 interviewees representing 3 large architectural firms.

Interviews were conducted in March 2014. All of the interviewees have more than 10
years of experience in implementation of BIM. Therefore, only advanced users point of
views are recorded.
Although the currently situation of BIM implementation, barriers, critical success

factors, concerns, and risks were recorded, not all the findings cannot be generalised.
Although the list of BIM uses in Singapore Architectural Firms are identified, there may
be more items to add in.
There were no systematic measurements by Singapore Architectural firms have done;

only anecdotal data were received were analysed and presented in this research.
7.6 Recommendation for further study
Future study should follow up and verify the taxonomy of BIM uses in design stage by
Singapore architectural firms with quantitative research. The taxonomy should be
developed further based on new research result.
The study is only done for Singapore Architectural firms from Architects perspective
and their experience. Therefore, other geometrical locations of similar research should
be followed up. The other stakeholders such as Client, Contractor, Engineer and Facility
Mangers perspectives and experience of BIM for Singapore should be done.
65
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69
Appendix A Interview Questions

1. Background Information
Can you please explain briefly about your company?
Can you tell me how many staffs are working in your firm?
Could you please tell me your position and briefly explain your responsibilities?
How many employees working in your company?
Do you have any experience in BIM implementation? Y/N
How long have you been using BIM?
How long have your company been using BIM?
2. BIM Execution Planning
Have you or your company been involved in development of BIM execution

planning on a project? Y/N
* Yes Who were involved? What decisions were made? What process did you
use to develop the plan? Did you feel this was a valuable activity? Why, or why
not? Can we get a copy?
* No Are you planning to? Who should involved; make decision?
3. Uses of BIM
Please list functional uses for BIM that are either being implemented, or are uses
that you would like to implement in the future. Describe how and why are using
BIM for each (Functional Use; Description; Goal/Objective).
After obtaining a list of uses and their description, then investigate the following
for different uses:
How do you decide what to include in the model and at what level of
detail for achieving the objective (Contents; Level of Detail)?
How do you create the model? What process, applications and data
exchange/file
formats
(Modeling
Process;
Applications;
Data
70
Exchange/File Formats)?
What team competencies are needed (Team Competencies)? What legal,

insurance
or
contractual
items
do
you
consider
(Legal/Insurance/Contractual Considerations)?
Do you reference additional resources or are you aware of good sources

of information related to this use of BIM (Additional BIM Use
Resources: Description, Studies, Examples, Software Applications, and
3rdParty Vendors)?
4. Organisation Level
Have you performed an analysis of the impact that BIM has on achieving the
tasks that you perform in a project? Y/N
What is the impact of BIM on architectural design process? (time, cost
quality, sustainability, safety, etc)?
Dose BIM has impact on the composition of design staffs? Y/N
What are the roles that arose because of this technology?
Identify the critical factors in successful implementation of BIM?
Are there any issues have you faced by implementing of BIM in design?
Are there any risks emerging by BIM implementation?
5. Project Level: Case Study
Could you please identify a particular project that gained significant value by the
use of BIM? Y/N
If there is, which tasks were performed with BIM? What are the value
gained?
Would you like to share additional information for case study or is there
any publication for the project that can review?
71
6. Project Level: Case Study

What is the current trend in your firm toward execution project with BIM?
What is your opinion on the high value of future industry trends in BIM?
Do you have any additional comments or items that you like to highlight?
72
Appendix B Interview Questions Mind Map
HisotryandBackground
infoofCompany
En>reCompany
Numberofsta
1.Background
Yearsofexperiencein
Singapore
Singaporebrunch
Yearsofpersonal
Experience
ImplementedBIM
Yearsofexperiencein
otherCountries
Yes
YearsofCompany'sBIM
Experience
Par>cipant
Decision
Yes
Process
Value
2.BIMExecu>onPlanning
You/yourrminvolveBEP
Sample
AnyPlan
No
DecisionMaker
Basicuses
Objec>ves
3.BIMuses
List/Func>ons
LOD
TeamCompetencies
LegalConsidera>on
Yes
Time/Cost/Quality/Sust./
Safety
Impactanalysis
No
Composi>onofdesign
sta
Yes
What/How
4.Organisa>on
Cri>calsuccessfactor
Issues/Concerns
tasksperformed
NewRisks
5.Proj.Levelcasestudy
Yes
Valuegain
No
documenta>on
Valuegain
Company'strend
Industary'strend
6.Conclusion
Addt.Comments
Refer
73

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CriticalSuccessFactorsfor

ALP STUDENT DECLARATION................................................................................................i

In-depth interview with

Architecture, Engineering, and Construction

Building and Construction Authority

Building Description System

Building Information Modelling

Computer Aided Drafting

Centre for Construction Information Technology

Construction and Real Estate Network

Construction Productivity and Capability Fund

Critical Success Factors

Construction Users Round Table

Construction Productivity Network

Construction Productivity Fund

Civil and Structural

Gross Floor Area

Global Information System

Housing Development Board

Institutes of Higher Learning

Land Transport Authority

Mechanical and Electrical

Operation and Maintenance Manual

Public Sector Standard Condition of Contract for Construction Works

Request for Information

Chapter 1 Introduction to the research

The successful implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) at project

1.2 Rationale of the research

In year 2010, the Building, and Construction Authority (BCA) of

This aim is realised by analysing the results from interviewing

To investigate the trends of BIM implementation process and develop taxonomy

To identify the critical success factors for implementation of BIM

BIM improves Singapore Architectural design firms to be more productive.

1.7 Outlined of research method

The review papers are academic journals, BIM guides,

unpublished thesis, conference proceeding and expert articles.

Step 2, Semi-structured interview: In this step, BIM methods in design, together

1.8 Scope of the research

1.9 Structure of dissertation

The dissertation is structured as follow.

The research process together with their

corresponding chapters is illustrated in Figure 1-1.

Chapter 2 acts as commencement, and gives the literature review on BIM

Chapter 3 explains the procedures and techniques that were employed:

Chapter 4 explains the background of interviewees and their BIM Execution

Chapter 5 details BIM Uses in Singapore Architectural Firms. It discusses the

Chapter 6 provides the results of the research, summarising of the expert

All the important results regarding the impact on of BIM

implementation on Singapore Architectural from expert interview are mapped

Figure 1-1 Research Process Diagram

Chapter 2 Literature Review

BIM can be considered as a paradigm shift in the Architectural, Engineering, and

During conception design stages, the BIM technology brings better

visualisation that architects can get design feedback from Client.

2.2 BIM in design

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a new three-dimensional modelling

2.3 State of the industry

In 2010 the Singapore government announced that a $250-million funding to the

Manpower development and skills upgrading;

Technology adoption and

All Singapore registered business enterprises are

eligible to apply for the scheme (Keung, 2010).