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The panchayat raj system has been experiencing ups and downs over the
years. The activities of these institutions are broad based but its
resource base is very weak. In view of this, the PRIs constituted in
various states could not live up to the expectations of the people.
Deficient in funds and authority, the panchayats in most states were
largely inactive until late 1970s.
Some of the major problems and shortcomings that adversely
affected the functioning of these institutions are:
i. Elections not being held regularly;
ii. Lack of adequate transfer of powers and resources;
iii. Lack of power to generate their own resource; and
iv. Non-representation of women and weaker sections in the elected
bodies.
In 1989, the Government of India took two major initiatives to enhance
the role of panchayats. First, it initiated the Jawahar Employment Plan
(Jawahar Rozgar Yojana) which provided funding directly to village
councils to create jobs for unemployed through public works.
Second, it also proposed the 64th Constitution Amendment Bill to make
it mandatory for all states to establish a three tiered (village, block and
district) system of Panchayats in which representatives would be
directly elected for five year terms. Panchayats were to be given
expanded authority and funding over local development efforts. Despite
the popular appeal of transferring power to panchayats, the 64th
amendment bill was rejected by Rajya sabha.
73rd and 74th Constitution Amendments:
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iii. The amendment stipulated that all panchayat members be elected for
five year term in the elections supervised by the state election
commission.
Profile of womens participation in local governance:
There were already some women in local government prior to the
passing of the 73rd and 74th Amendments. But they were few and far
between. In most cases the state laws prescribed at least one or two
seats for women in the old-style PRIs. Very often these seats were filled
though nomination.
The nominees, invariably, were members of elite families belonging to
higher castes and owning substantial land, thus enjoying high status in
terms of family, cast, and class. These women were usually related to
established political leaders. As symbols of tokenism, they rarely took
active interest in the functioning of the PRIs. The new system of
reservation and competitive elections based on adult franchise changed
this situation radically.
When the provisions for reservations of seats for women were being
debated in parliament, several members were doubtful that such large
numbers of women would come forward to contest these seats. But
these doubts proved to be wrong.
In total, for over one million seats reserved for women in all the local
bodies, more than five million women candidates contested. Thus, on an
average, there were five women candidates contesting each seat.
Moreover, some women condition won unreserved or general seats,
defeating their male rivals. Of course, such cases were not many, but
they were no less significant.
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ii. Assign to a panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and
selected by the state government to be used for specific purposes subject
to specified conditions and limits; and
iii. Provide grants-in-aid to the panchayats from the consolidated fund
of the state.
Related Articles:
1. Women Reservation Policy in India
2. Active Participation of Rural Women in Panchayat Raj
System
3. Essay on Panchayati Raj System in India (465 Words)
4. Importance of Reservation of Seats for Women in
Parliament | India
5. Women Play a Crucial Role in Development Justified
6. Panchayat Samiti: Area, Function, Finance and
Composition
7. The Significance of the Forty Fourth Amendments to the
Constitution of India
8. Essay on The Role of Women in Politics
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