Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
BEF
44903
Topic 3
Topic 3
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
1
Outline
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Losses occurred
in the electrical
elements mainly
comprises of
ohmic and iron
losses
Mostly depends
on electrical
loading
Losses due to
theft of energy
and unrecovered
billed amount
Also called as
commercial
Losses
Technical
losses
Non-technical
losses
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
TECHNICAL
LOSSES
Topic 3
Current
Series
dependent Losses
Copper
Losses
Iron
Losses
Voltage
dependent
Dielectric
Losses
Shunt
Losses
Corona
Losses
26/10/2014
FD
I 2R
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Power Cable
Power Transformer
Feeder
I 2R
I 2R
Power Cable
I 2R
Lighting
I 2R
Motor Loads M
I 2R
Heating Elements
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
I a2 Ra I b2 Rb I c2 Rc
Assumptions made:
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
10
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
11
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Example 3.1
Calculate LF, LLF,
and k.
Calculate technical
losses per month.
Consider following
parameters:
12
300mm2 = 0.1173/km
240mm2 = 0.1267 /km
120mm2 = 0.2176 /km
L1 = 1.2 km, L2 =
0.5km, L3 = 2.4km
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
13
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Proper
p Sizing
g
Regular
Maintenance
Convert LV
to HV Lines
Minimise
Overload
Topic 3
14
Improve
Power Factor
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Optimise
cost
Energy
efficiency
Reduce CO2
emission
Improve
reliability
15
Transport 27%
Residential 16%
Commercial 8%
Industrial 49%
16
26/10/2014
Reduce
energy
use
Topic 3
17
Use
U energy
efficient devices/
equipment
Proper control and
monitoring
Use variable
speed drives
Save
energy
cost
Proper production
planning to avoid peak
hour charges
Use automation system
in the plant
Energy
reliability
How to
increase
energy
efficiency?
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
18
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
19
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
20
10
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
21
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Voltage support
Battery
Applications
Emergency
Control/lighting
Solar power
system
Telecommunication
22
11
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Most economical
Not much sensitive to
temperature
p
5-7 Years lifespan
Needs special battery
room
Topic 3
Nickel
Cadmium
Sealed
Maintenance
Free
23
Most expensive
20 years lifespan
Large size as
compared to same Ah
No maintenance
User friendly
Very sensitive to
temperature
Lowest lifespan
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
24
12
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
25
S d S p 1 k g 1 k C
E d E t 1 k g 1 k C
where,
26
13
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Physical characteristics
Expected life of cell
Frequency and depth of discharge
Ambient temperature
g g characteristics
Charging
Maintenance requirements
Ventilation requirements
Seismic factors (vibration and shock)
27
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Rated Voltage
g
Lead-Acid
Ni-Cd
12 V
9 10
Topic 3
24 V
12
18 20
48 V
24
36 40
125 V
60
92 100
250 V
120
184 200
28
14
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
VDCC 1 Vl ,max
a
Vc
N min
VDCC 1 Vl ,min
Veod
where,
29
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
where,
30
Ed (1 k a ) (1 kc ) kt
VDC k dod
15
26/10/2014
Cell correction fa
actors for temperature
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
31
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
32
16
26/10/2014
Online
Topic 3
Offline
Lineinteractive
33
34
17
26/10/2014
Topic 3
35
36
18
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
S d S p 1 k g 1 kc
Ed Et 1 k g 1 kc
37
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
C k l
tC
19
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
39
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Example 3.3
An inverter based UPS is installed in a
factory to run 10 Nos of 250 VA ESD
cabinets for at least 3 hours during blackout
period. The battery bank output voltage is
120 VDC. The future growth contingency and
the design margin are both considered as
10%.
10%
40
20
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Example 3.3
41
N max
a
Topic 3
N min
VDC 1 Vl ,max
Vc
VDC 1 Vl ,min
Veod
1201 0.2
64 cells
2.25
1201 0.1
60 cells
1.8
The selected n
number
mbe of cells in se
series
ies is 62
cells.
42
21
26/10/2014
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
VDC k dod
120 0.8
43
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Example 3.4
Table E3.4 shows the critical loads for a
plastic packaging plant that to be supplied
by UPS during power outage period. Figure
E3.4 depicts the connection diagram of the
proposed UPS and its main configurations.
44
22
26/10/2014
45
BEF 44903
Industrial
Power Systems
Topic 3
Table E3.4
Load Description
Distributed Control System
Cabinet
Electrostatic Discharge
Cabinet
Telecommunications
Cabinet
Computer Console
HMI Units
Rating
(VA)
Nos
(Unit)
350
10
Autonomy
Time
(Hours)
4
400
10
180
120
150
5
10
2
4
46
23
26/10/2014
Bypass
AC Input
Supply
Static
Switch
415V AC
Output
Main AC
Input Supply
Rectifier
Inverter
Battery
Bank
VA
12000
Topic 3
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
2
48
Operating
hour
24
26/10/2014
49
50
C min
758.15 AH
VDC k dod
120 0.85
25
26/10/2014
I L , DC
51
15,000VA
125 A
120V
8001.1
293.3 A
3
Total minim
minimum
m DC rectifier
ectifie and charging
cha ging
currents,
IDC = IL,DC + IC = 125A + 293.3A = 418.3A
A DC rectifier rating of 420A is selected.
52
15,000VA
3 415V
20.87 A
26