THERMAL DESIGN OF HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

TABLE 11-7

11-27

Jacketed Vessels: Overall Coefficients

Overall U*
Fluid in vessel

Wall material

Btu/(h ft2 F)

J/(m2 s K)

Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel

150300
80200
50150
60160
1050

8501700
4501140
285850
340910
57285

Brine
Brine
Brine
Brine
Brine

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel

40180
35150
30120
35130
1030

2301625
200850
170680
200740
57170

Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel
Stainless steel

50200
40170
30120
35130
1040

2851140
230965
170680
200740
57230

Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS

70100
5085
3070
4075
1040

400570
285480
170400
230425
57230

Brine
Brine
Brine
Brine
Brine

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS

3080
2570
2060
2565
1030

170450
140400
115340
140370
57170

Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil
Heat-transfer oil

Water
Aqueous solution
Organics
Light oil
Heavy oil

Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS
Glass-lined CS

3080
2570
2565
2070
1035

170450
140400
140370
115400
57200

Jacket fluid

*Values listed are for moderate nonproximity agitation. CS = carbon steel.

jH = 0.14(NRe /)0.68

(11-53b)

In Eqs. (11-53a) and (11-53b), NRe is based on particle diameter and

superficial fluid velocity.
Zenz and Othmer (see Introduction: General References) give an
excellent summary of fluidized bed-to-wall heat-transfer investigations.
Solidification involves heavy heat loads transferred essentially at a
steady temperature difference. It also involves the varying values of liquid- and solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity. When these are
substantial and/or in the case of a liquid flowing over a changing solid
TABLE 11-8

External Coils; Typical Overall Coefficients*

U expressed in Btu/(h ft2 F)

Type of coil
r in. o.d. copper tubing attached
with bands at 24-in. spacing
r in. o.d. copper tubing attached
with bands at 24-in. spacing
Panel coils

layer interface, Siegel and Savino (ASME Paper 67-WA/Ht-34, November 1967) offer equations and charts for prediction of the layer-growth
time. For solidification (or melting) of a slab or a semi-infinite bar, initially at its transition temperature, the position of the interface is given
by the one-dimensional Newmanns solution given in Carslaw and
Jaeger (Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959).
Later work by Hashem and Sliepcevich [Chem. Eng. Prog., 63,
Symp. Ser. 79, 35, 42 (1967)] offers more accurate second-order
finite-difference equations.
The heat-transfer rate is found to be substantially higher under conditions of agitation. The heat transfer is usually said to occur by com-

Coil spacing,
in.
2
3f
6d
12a or greater
2
3f
6d
12a or greater

Fluid in coil

Fluid in vessel

5 to 50 lb./sq. in. gage

steam

Water under light agitation

50 lb./sq. in. gage steam

No. 6 fuel oil under light

agitation

50 lb./sq. in. gage steam

Water
Water

Boiling water
Water
No. 6 fuel oil
Water
No. 6 fuel oil

Temp.
range, F.

U
without cement

U with heattransfer cement

158210
158210
158210
158210
158258
158258
158240
158238
212
158212
228278
130150
130150

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
29
830
615
7
4

4246
5053
6064
6972
2030
2538
3040
3546
4854
1948
2456
15
919

*Data courtesy of Thermon Manufacturing Co.

External surface of tubing or side of panel coil facing tank.
For tubing, the coefficients are more dependent upon tightness of the coil against the tank than upon either fluid. The low end of the range is recommended.
NOTE: To convert British thermal units per hour-square foot-degrees Fahrenheit to joules per square meter-second-kelvins, multiply by 5.6783; to convert inches
to meters, multiply by 0.0254; and to convert pounds-force per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.895.

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