Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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CT image principle
Overview
CT image principle
CT data acquisition
Helical CT
enables people to
Multi-slice CT
Image formation
Image quality
Image reconstruction and visualization
Surface rendering
Disadvantages:
Virtual endoscopy
Clinical applications
Conventional CT
CT Perfusion
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CTA
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History of CT scanner
Cont.
The helical and multi-slice CT scanners were introduced in
useful CT scanner
prizewinners: "Don't worry too much if you don't pass exams, so long as you feel you have understood the subject. It's
amazing what you can get by the ability to reason things out by conventional methods, getting down to the basics of what
2. Density difference
is happening."
scanner.
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Characters
Notion of CT:
body.
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CT device:
CT contrast
For clear visualization of vessels or lymphatic system, general CT
scanning may produce misdiagnosis.
Sometimes CT contrast is essential before CT scanning.
Urografin
Omnipaque (iodine compound)
However, contrast injection may cause side-effect:
(b) CT scanner
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1.
Emesis
2.
Palpitation
3.
Urticaria
4.
Edema
5.
Spasm
6.
Shock
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X-ray
X-ray beams
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X-ray Attenuation
Cont.
by two ways:
Absorption
Scattering (not considered in CT)
More attenuation
Less attenuation
Lambert-Beer Law:
where I is the transmitted X-ray energy after absorption, Io is the incident Xray,
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is absorption coefficient,
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Risks of CT
Cont.
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CT number
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Helical CT
For lungs
(a)
(b)
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Larger pitch?
Smaller pitch?
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Cont.
The 4C of Helical CT
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Scanning mode
Cont.
Slice Thickness
}}
Overlap
TF=thickness
TF<thickness
1. No overlap
1. Overlap of slices
2. No gap
{
Increment
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{
Increment
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Cont.
Image reconstruction with gaps
Advantages:
Slice Thickness
improved.
B. Image noise is usually less with helical CT.
C. Helical CT has no inter-scan delay.
TF>thickness
1. Gaps between slices
Limitations:
As more data is acquire in helical CT, image reconstruction takes more time
(interpolation needs more time than conventional CT).
{
Increment
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Cont.
Multi-slice CT
Advantages:
Same acquisition in short time
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Detectors
Cont.
A CT slice of the chest showing the lungs using single-slice and multislice CT scanners. The image acquired from multi-slice CT gives better
quality.
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Cont.
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Cont.
Cont.
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Image formation
Cont.
Know the meaning and 90 degree
projection
is the Fourier
The formula states that the FT of a projection is a slice (orthogonal to the projection
direction) from the 2-D FT of the original image.
Illustration of the Fourier-slice theorem.
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CT image reconstruction
Cont.
By letting
The inner expression is in the form of an inverse 1-D FT, with the
added term .
From Fourier-slice theorem,
. Practically,
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Cont.
Cont.
CT reconstruction procedure:
1. Compute the 1-D FT of each projection.
2. Multiply each FT by the filter function
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Image quality
Cont.
Number of projections
following factors:
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Cont.
Cont.
Slice thickness
Smaller slice thickness improves spatial resolution, since
partial volume effect is less.
Pixel matrix
The number of pixels used to reconstruct the CT image has
a direct influence on spatial resolution under a fixed FOV.
Increasing matrix size for fixed FOV can improve spatial
resolution (e.g. 512*512->1024*1024)
116x74
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36x31
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Cont.
Cont.
Noise
quantum noise or statistical noise, electronic noise
quantum noise is dominant
Number of noise rely on:
the total exposure
increasing power reduces noise but increases patient dose
the reconstruction algorithm
Both the applied filters and the interpolation methods influence
the image noise
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Cont.
Cont.
Contrast between an object and its background depends
primarily on:
1. their attenuation properties
2. a variety of physical factors
the spectrum of the X-ray tube
the amount of beam hardening
Artifact-free reconstruction of a
simulated water bowl with iron
rod.
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Cont.
Cont.
Artifacts
Normal phantom (simulated plexiglas
plate with three amalgam fillings)
Normal phantom (simulated water
with iron rod)
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Cont.
Cont.
Stairstep artifacts
Motion artifacts
movement of an object
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Cont.
Other artifacts:
Metal artifacts are due to a combination of beam hardening,
scatter, nonlinear partial volume effect, and noise
diagnosis.
3-D visualization avoids doctor from 2-D data sea,
which may cause misdiagnosis due to mass 2-D images.
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cubic.
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Cont.
Cont.
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Cont.
Advantages:
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Cont.
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Cont.
MinIP
A disadvantage of MIP is that the voxels whose value is not the highest along
Minimum intensity projection (MinIP)
If the pixel value of the projected image is equal to the voxel that has the lowest
only the material with the highest intensity along the projected ray is
represented.
(a) show clearly the dissected flap. Performing MIP with increasing thickness,the
dissected flap disappears (b-c).
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Cont.
MinIP is mainly used in the visualization of airway, and sometimes for that
of bile duct in liver.
Volume rendering utilizes the entire volume data (for MIP or MinIP, only 10%
are used), calculates the contributions of each voxel along a line from the
viewers eye through the data set, and displays the resulting composition for
each pixel of the display.
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Cont.
Cont.
2.
3.
Projecting the result onto the 2-D viewing plane from the desired point of
view.
The opacity contribution may range from 100% to 0%, which has an
First row: VR result
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Virtual endoscopy
Endoscopy is a way to see inside the body to screen and cure.
Advantages:
Thresholding value is not necessary in VR and all the voxels are used.
Voxels classification can be fuzzy (i.e., gradual changed opacity function).
VR can be used on data with unapparent boundary.
Disadvantages:
As the semitransparent projection with overlapping, VR is awkward to determine
Conventional endoscopy
spatial relationship.
Advantages:
Minimal invasive
High resolution
interactivity
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Disadvantages:
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Cont.
Cont.
Virtual endoscopy combines strengths of previous alternatives on
patient-specific dataset:
-spatial exploration
-cross-correlation with original volume
amount of information.
rendering result:
Clinical studies:
Thresholding value
Opacity
examinations
Lighting
Perspective direction
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information(e.g. curvature)
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Clinical Applications
Conventional CT
Cont.
thorax
CT of the chest. (a) Mediastinal and (b) lung window/level settings, and (c) coronal
resliced image. The images show a congenital malformation of the lung located in
the left lower lobe. Notice the two components of the lesion: a dense multilobular
opacity (arrow) surrounded by an area of decreased lung attenuation (arrow heads)
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Cont.
urogenital tract
Cont.
abdomen
Cont.
Cont.
musculoskeleton
Liver
Dual phase liver exam
Venous phase
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CT perfusion
Post-processing
3D segmentation
Arterial phase
3D bronchoscopy
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Cont.
Cont.
Images to the left show a brain scan where the arrows point to a dark area.
Image to the right is the same as on the left, but it has been converted to a color
map.
The red area indicates low perfusion in this part of the brain.
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Cont.
CT angiography
Upper picture to the left shows a normal CT image using perfusion protocol.
The other images show different parameters. E.g., BF (blood flow),
BV(blood volume),MTT(mean transit time)...
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Cont.
Cont.
Head CTA
Vascular Malformations
Circle of Willis
Aneurysms
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Cont.
Cont.(CTA)
Neck CTA
Benefits
examine blood vessels in many key areas of the body, including the brain,
Carotid
bifurcations
Aortic arch
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CT development tendency
Cont.
Low dose
Time
15s
<3s
<1s
The whole heart in
one scan
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Cont.
Pre-operation planning
3D visualization
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References
Operation navigation
Surgery Navigation for Hearing Aid Implant
[1]http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511596803
[2]Suetens P. Fundamentals of medical imaging[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[3]Gonzalez R C, Woods R E. Digital image processing[J]. 2002.
[4]http://users.polytech.unice.fr/~lingrand/MarchingCubes/applet.html
[5]http://www.clg.niigata-u.ac.jp/~tsai/home-page/lecture/3D_reconstruction.htm
[6]http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=angioct
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Thank you!
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