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MRK 440 : Final project
Fuzzy Logic
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JOUIHRI Jihane
HOUSSAIRI Yassine
DGHOUGHI Othman

I.

What is Fuzzy Logic?

The idea of fuzzy logic was first advanced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of the University
of California at Berkeley in the 1960s. Dr. Zadeh was working on the problem
of computer understanding of natural language.
Fuzzy Logic is an analytical control system method that lends itself to
implementation in systems ranging from simple, small, embedded microcontrollers to large, networked, multi-channel PC or workstation-based data
acquisition and control systems. It can be implemented in hardware,
software, or a mixture of both. Fuzzy Logic provides a simple way to land at a
definite conclusion based upon vague, ambiguous, imprecise, noisy, or
missing input information. Its approach to manage problems imitates how a
person would make decisions, only much quicker. Fuzzy logic seems closer to
the manner our brains work. We combine data and form a number of partial
truths which we aggregate further into higher truths which in turn, when
definite threshold are exceeded, cause certain further results such as motor
reaction.
There are two main directions in fuzzy logic that have to be distinguished:
1. Fuzzy logic in the broad sense
It serves mainly as a tool for fuzzy control, analysis of abstraction in
natural language and several other application domains. It is one of the
techniques of soft-computing.
2. Fuzzy logic in the narrow sense
It is symbolic logic with a relative notion of truth developed entirely in the
spirit of classical logic. It is a branch of many valued logic based on the
pattern of inference under ambiguity. This fuzzy logic is a relatively young
discipline, both helping as a basis for the fuzzy logic in a broad sense and
of independent logical interest, since it turns out that strictly logical
investigation of this sort of logical calculi can go rather far.

II.

How Fuzzy Logic works?

Binary logic is either 1 or 0. Fuzzy logic is different since its a range of values
between 0 and 1. This can as well be considered as 0% to 100%. An example
is the variable COLD. We may say that the temperature -1 is 100% COLD, 15
is 50% COLD, and 30 is 0% COLD. In the binary logic everything below 15
would be 100% COLD and everything above would be 0% COLD. In order to
design a fuzzy logic system one should start with a set of related functions
for each input and a set for each output. A set of rules is then applied to the
related functions to yield a crisp output value.
The following graph illustrates an example of Fuzzy logic V.S Binary logic:

III.

In which fields do we need Fuzzy logic?

Fuzzy logic is tremendously functional for many people involved in research
and development including engineers (electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical,
aerospace, agricultural, biomedical, computer, environmental, geological,
industrial), mathematicians, computer software developers and
researchers, natural scientists (biology, chemistry, earth science, and
physics), medical researchers, social scientists (economics, management,
political science, and psychology), public policy analysts, business analysts,
and jurists.

IT has been used in several applications such as facial pattern recognition, air
conditioners, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, antiskid braking systems,
transmission systems, control of subway systems and unmanned helicopters,
knowledge-based systems for multi-objective optimization of power systems,
weather forecasting systems, models for new product pricing or project risk
assessment, medical diagnosis and treatment plans, and stock trading. Fuzzy
logic has been effectively used in numerous fields such as control systems
engineering, image processing, power engineering, industrial automation,
robotics, consumer electronics, and optimization. This branch of mathematics
has instilled new life into scientific fields that have been inactive for a long
time.

IV.

Fuzzy data warehouse

Many questions in sophisticated management decisions cannot be
answered simply with ''yes'' or ''no''. In reality, those questions will be
answered like ''yes, but with reservation...'' or ''in this case no, but in this
case yes...''. Most of the time it is an assessment of different impacts,
which leads to imprecise or fuzzy answers. Additionally, the bases for
decisions are not always quantitative (for instance monetary) but
qualitative information. In order to handlequalitative and imprecise data,
the theory of fuzzy sets can be applied. Fuzzy sets provide mathematical
meanings to natural language and are therefore able to handle the
imprecision of the natural language. As a Data Warehouse often provides
the base of information for taking business decision, it is crucial that it is
able to challenge imprecise and qualitative information. Today's Data
Warehouse architectures only hardly handle imprecise and qualitative
data.
The fuzzy Data Warehouse (fDWH) extends a common Data Warehouse
architecture with the ability to handle fuzzy facts (the data tuple in the
Data Warehouse) and fuzzy dimensions. To build a fDWH an equivalence
class model with linguistic variables a contexts for the facts has to be
created. For instance: The fact turnover is defined as a set [0,...,1000],
what represents the value rane. It has equivalence classes [0,...600] and
[400,...,1000]. It is now possible to define two contexts ''small'' and ''big''
for the linguistic variable ''turnover'', whereas small is equivalent to
[0,...,600] and big to [400,...,1000]. For each value of the fact turnover it is
now possible to define a degree of membership to each context.

Extending the dimensions of the fuzzy Data Warehouse with fuzzy sets
allow handlingimperfect data. Therefore dimensions can be defined as
fuzzy decompositions. Missing values can be more easily predicted
comparing the membership degrees of neighbor fact values. This leads to
a more flexible Data Warehouse that handles more efficient fuzzy,
imperfect and context dependent data.

V.

Fuzzy Multivariate Data Analysis applied to

Individual Marketing
Individual marketing is possible when each customer is known individually.
Every customer receives the advertisement message for the product that
corresponds best to his or her needs. Especially when customer databases,
such as customer data warehouse exist, a per customer product scoring is
possible: The customer's product affinity score is used to assign an
individual advertisement message to each customer. These messages are
delivered via CRM software to direct marketing channels such as the online
channel, mailing lists or call centers.
Using fuzzy Multivariate Data Analysis (fMDA), an inductive fuzzy
classification per customer can be computed for every product. The
customer features (xi) are compared to the target variable product usage
(y) in order to derive fuzzy membership functions to the fuzzy product
target group. The features are fuzzyfied and combined using fuzzy logic
operators in order to obtain a fuzzy product score.

VI.

Fuzzy sets
Fuzzy Set Theory was formalised by Professor Lofti Zadeh at the University of
California in 1965. What Zadeh proposed is very much a paradigm shift that
first gained acceptance in the Far East and its successful application has
ensured its adoption around the world.
A paradigm is a set of rules and regulations which defines boundaries and
tells us what to do to be successful in solving problems within these
boundaries. For example the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes is a
paradigm shift - likewise the development of Fuzzy Set Theory from
conventional bivalent set theory is a paradigm shift.

Bivalent Set Theory can be somewhat limiting if we wish to describe a

'humanistic' problem mathematically. For example, Fig 1 below illustrates
bivalent sets to characterize the temperature of a room.

The most obvious limiting feature of bivalent sets that can be seen clearly
from the diagram is that they are mutually exclusive - it is not possible to
have membership of more than one set ( opinion would widely vary as to
whether 50 degrees Fahrenheit is 'cold' or 'cool' hence the expert knowledge
we need to define our system is mathematically at odds with the humanistic
world). Clearly, it is not accurate to define a transition from a quantity such
as 'warm' to 'hot' by the application of one degree Fahrenheit of heat. In the
real world a smooth (unnoticeable) drift from warm to hot would occur.
This natural phenomenon can be described more accurately by Fuzzy Set
Theory. Fig.2 below shows how fuzzy sets quantifying the same information
can describe this natural drift.

VII.

FUZZY ANALYSIS

In the Internet economy and information society, it has become an

essential task of -business to analyze, to monitor and optimize websites
and web offers. Therefore, the fuzzy Web analytics project addresses the
issues of Web analytics, which is defined as the measurement, collection,
analysis and reporting of Internet data for the purposes of understanding
and optimizing website usage.
The research project defines web analytics, describes benefits and problems
of web analytics as well as different software architectures and products.
Third, a web controlling loop was proposed (see figure 1) for web content and
web user controlling in order to analyze Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
and to take website- and e-business-related actions.

Figure 1: Web analytics framework

Fourth, different web metrics and KPIs of information, transaction and
communication were defined (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Web metrics

Fifth, a fuzzy web analytics approach is proposed, which makes it possible to

classify web metrics precisely into more than one class at the same time.
Considering real web data of the web metrics page views and bounce rate, it
is shown that fuzzy classification allows exact and flexible segmentation of
web pages or other objects and gradual rankings within fuzzy sets (see figure
3).

Figure 3: Fuzzy classification of Web metrics

In addition, the fuzzy logic approach enables Computing with Words (CWW),
i.e. the perception-based, linguistic consideration of web data and web
metrics instead of measurement-based, numerical ones.
Web usage mining with inductive fuzzy classification and Web Analytics with
Words (WAW) allows intuitive, human-oriented analyses, description and
reporting of web metrics values in natural language.

VIII.

FUZZY LOGIC IN CONTROL SYSTEMS

In contrast to conventional control techniques, fuzzy logic control (FLC) is

best utilized in complex ill-defined processes that can be controlled by a
skilled human operator without much knowledge of their underlying
dynamics.
~ The basic idea behind FLC is to incorporate the "expert experience" of a
human operator in the design of the controller in controlling a process whose
input output relationship is described by collection of fuzzy control rules
(e.g., IF-THEN rules) involving linguistic variables rather than a complicated
dynamic model.
~ The utilization of linguistic variables, fuzzy control rules, and approximate
reasoning provides a means to incorporate human expert experience in
designing the controller.
5-1
~ FLC is strongly based on the concepts of fuzzy sets, linguistic variables and
approximate reasoning introduced in the previous chapters.
~ This chapter will introduce the basic architecture and functions of fuzzy
logic controller, and some practical application examples.
~ A typical architecture of FLC is shown below, which comprises of four
principal comprises: a fuzzifier, a fuzzy rule base, inference engine, and a
defuzzifier.

~ If the output from the defuzzifier is not a control action for a plant, then the
system is fuzzy logic decision system.
~ The fuzzifier has the effect of transforming crisp measured data (e.g. speed
is10 mph) into suitable linguistic values (i.e. fuzzy sets, for example, speed is
too slow).
~ The fuzzy rule base stores the empirical knowledge of the operation of the
process of the domain experts.
~ The inference engine is the kernel of a FLC, and it has the capability of
simulating human decision making by performing approximate reasoning to
achieve a desired control strategy.
~ The defuzzifier is utilized to yield a nonfuzzy decision or control action from
an inferred fuzzy control action by the inference engine.

IX.

CONCLUSION
To recapitulate, Fuzzy Logic provides a completely different, unusual way to
approach a control problem. This method focuses on what the system should
do rather than trying to understand how it works. One can concentrate on
solving the problem rather than trying to model the system mathematically,
if that is even possible. This almost regularly leads to quicker, cheaper
solutions. Once understood, this technology is not difficult to apply and the
results are usually quite surprising and satisfying.