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LW/M 104
KOI?AVA
LW/M 104
KOI?AVA
1.2. Vowels
1. Phonology
1.1. Consonants
plosive, unvoiced
voiced
nasal
lateral
fricative
continuative
approximants
bilabial
p
b
m
retroflex
t
Q
Q
J
dental
t
d
n
I
s
palatal
c [tf]
j[<i3]
fi [JI]
velar
k
g
r
v
The table shows only the native sounds. In loanwords from Sanskrit, Hindi or English we also
find sh UJ, f, h. The opposition dental : retroflex can be exemplified by minimal pairs like:
ponnY
kai!Y
oodmudi
'gold'
'stone'
'read'
'old'
poQQl
kaJJY
OOQmuQi
'woman'
'liquor'
'run'
'unripe'
'picture'
'below'
'play'
back
unrounded
rounded
l[w]
u
e [A]
o
front
patta
a(j.Qi
kaJJi
'coronation'
'obstacle'
'thief (f)'
Retroflex consonants and I, y do not occur initially in native words.2 The distribution of [JI] is
very restricted. Initially [JI] was found only in a handful of words (e.g. iiaaiJ.a 'shame').
Ungeminated [Jil occurs only in puuiii 'cat' (Garman 1973: 43). Medial geminated [JI] is quite
common (kuiiiii 'child', miiiiia 'before'). Velar [!]] and palatal [JI] as conditioned variants of /n/
are not marked in writing; i.e. aynga 'they' (and not: ayilga), -inja ABL (and not: -ifija).
Intervocalic 4 is pronounced [t]. In the sequence (j.Vt an unstressed vowel is usually elided,
e.g. koqati" ['bt~tm] -> ['bttm] 'gave (to 3rd)'.
close
mid
open
e
a
The Ko(j.ava back unrounded vowels presented a problem for us.3 The following presentation
owes a lot to Emeneau (1970) and Garman (1973).
Closed short vowels in medial unstressed position are centralized; /u/, /i/ and /i/ are then
almost indiscriminable: [11], [i], [m] respectively; cf.
adlnji
garu(j.a
kuQike
[adwfiqsi]
[gar~~ra]
[kG>(ikl
'from it'
'eagle'
'cooking pot'
/a/ is raised to [~] in this position, which for us was difficult to distinguish from e. Longe is
raised before a high vowel, coming sometimes close to 1:
keepi [kv:pi]
keepa [kA:pal
The unrounded back vowels in medial position are conditioned by retroflex consonants. The
vowels i, e do not occur before a retroflex, where they became u, o after labials, i, e elsewhere.
Thus, the oppositions /i/ : /i/ and /e/ : /e/ do practically not exist in medial position, although
there are a few exceptions (mainly before r).4 The following pairs contrast !i/, /e/ with other
vowels:
ettr
kenr
neerkeeJY
.ldTda
'ox'
'bundle'
'come to view'
'ask!'
'below'
ettl
kat!I
neerkaaJY
kiitY
'arrive!'
'bedstead'
'hang'
'grain'
'tom piece'
ottl
'press!'
.ldTJY
kuuu
'lower'
'noise'
Final short u, a are rare as they changed to i, e, but u usually remained after u (pu!u 'worm'), a
after a (takka 'sufficient'). If a suffix is added, older a optionally reappears, e.g. in the infinitival
ending (bapp-if-ki" I bapp-a-ki) and in class I nouns in -if(n): appifnqa I appanqa 'father's'.
2 In loan words initial retroflex consonants are quite frequent. English 1 is rendered in Kcxjava as _t, e.g . .tiiceri'
'teacher', whereas English th is pronounced as dental I.
3 Not only for us: cf. the following spellings in different sources: 3rd person past of cl. II/III verbs -i!ti'
(Balakrishnan) /-all' (Garman); 3rd person PT of class I verbs -ici (Balakrishnan) /-l'ci (Garman), putti!ri 'harvest
festival' (DED) I puttari (Garman).
4 Other exceptions are optionally assimilated loans, e.g. ii!ll i"i~l 'spear', or due to paradigmatic regularity, e.g.
niicja lni:it;la 'your' (niinl'you'), eevi (< ee)uvi) 's/he will get up'; keepi (< kee)- +p) 's/he will ask'.
KOQAVA
50
LW/M 104
9.
orr
kaale-u
en-ane
kuiiiii-na
eight-ORO child-ACC
Hastinapura-u-ra Shantenu
poJe-ra
bari-kl
river-GEN
side-OAT hunt-[y]-act3:JNF
raoje
eQQu-e
say3-PCPL king
Sh.
boote-y-aaqookl pooc-i.
boote-y-aaQi-y-i!QQ-ipp-i!-ka
orr
hunt-[y]-act2-[y]-SIM-be3-PCPL-TEMP
one very
KOQAVA
poJe-kl
caaqookl
river-OAT
throw3:JNF go3-PCPL-TEMP he
ennegY
kufiiii-na
caaquv-iya-ndi'?
why
child-ACC
throw3-2s-QUOT
poop-e-ka
avii keetau
aski .
When she went to throw the eighth child into the river, he asked why she was going to throw
away the child.
go2-3
Once upon a time the king of Hastinapura, called Shantenu, went to the riverside to hunt.
2.
51
LW/M 104
10.
noopc-i.
bembere-kl
iJJ-anaanUQQe
then
behind-OAT
put2-because
she
say2-3
naani nin-na
woman:OBL-ACC see2-3
you
I.(lEN
butt-in
word-ACC
poop-i.
aviin-gi aa
he-OAT
poQQi-na
noop-u
that woman-ACC
priiti aac-i.
see2-ANT love
11.
becomeZ-3
poop-i.
put2-SIM go3-ls
4.
avaJ-a
aviin-Qa poQQi
she-ACC he.(lEN
woman
maaQ-aQQu-ndi
aase
aac-i.
makel..()BLGQUOT
wish
becomeZ-3
12.
5.
aaceengi
ava ei}Qic-i:
but
she
say2-3
king
very
aramane-li injati.
naani
nii-Qa
poQQi
you-GEN woman
aap-i,
become3-ls but
you
I-ACC
13.
on dina
one day
he
again
hunt-ymove3:INF
go2-3
question
ask2-TEL:INF-may-NEG
14.
But she said: I will be your wife, but you should not ask me any question.
alii
on ceriye
6.
avii
antu
avaJ-a
mangal-aac-i.
he
then
she-ACC
marriage-become2-3
15.
aa kiQQen-gY ii
that boy-OAT
aviin-gY on kufiiii
aac-i,
he-OAT
becomeZ-3 but
one child
river-OAT
A child was born to him, but she threw the child into the river.
8.
innane
this.manner he.(lEN
kuuqa poJe-kl
also
six
child-ACC
ava poJe-kl
she
boy-ACC see3-JNF
get2-3
7.
av&n-Qa mov&n-ndi
got-ille.
he-GEN
knowledge-be:NEG
sonQUOT
got-uQQi,
who-QUOT knowledge-be:PRES:3
but
king-OAT that
The boy knows who the king is, but the king does not know that this is his son.
caaQic-i; eJ-ane
river-OAT throw2-3
raaji! daari-ndi
this king
kufiiii-na
seven..ORO child-ACC
caaQic-i.
river-OAT throw2-3
In this manner she threw his six children into the river; the seventh child she also threw into
the river.
1 This traditional Indian story was told by Kaveri Baumgartner. Words of Indo-Aryan origin are marked by italics.
16.
alli-kl
just.then
he.(lEN
woman
banti
ettuv-a.
LW/M 104
17.
KOQAVA
52
ava
ennuv-a: adl
she
that
sa~3-3
nii-Qa
av~n-a aramane-kl
you-OAT he-ACC !XIlace-OAT
moven,
nii-kl
you..(JEN son
LW/M 104
27.
kaaki-y-eqQi poo-lu.
take2-[y]-SIM
annene eQQi-11
so
28.
kang-at-aac-i.
ava
29.
he..(JEN
av~ pooyi-11
there he go2-ANT
a1li
av8n-ga praje-Ki.
he..(JEN
iv~n-gl
ava).-a
this
30.
eQQuv-a:
pooyi-11 ava-Qa
appen-a
go2-ANT she..(JEN
father-ACC ask3-3
raajen-aayill aa).uv-a."
naa-ga jaga-11
place-OBL:LOC king-MAN
ruJe3-3
ellar-k-uu
sen3-NML:m-GEN daughter
av8n-a nooti-11
aap-a.
ooJ-3
aaceengi
av~
he
say3-3
31.
kushi
I-OAT
!.(lEN
mov~n-uqgl;
on
naa-Qa moova-kl
av8n-g1 raaji!
aap-e-kayyu-le.
he-OAT
become3 -INF-<:annot
king
tap-t\-kayyu-le, ennegl
on mov8 punc-eengi
give.birth2-COND
But he says: "I cannot give you my daughter, because you have a son, and if my
daughter gives birth to a son, he cannot become the king."
"After my death this one will become king and rule in my place."
22.
one fish
keep-a.
but
eql)ic-eengi nii-kl
subject-OAT say3-3
die2-PCPL-after !.(lEN
aase
marriage-become1-0BLG-QUOT wish
av~
mangal-aa-qgu-ndl
he
say2..COND
21.
she
go3-3
see3-3
see1-negCONV -become2-3
say2-ANT she
Sh.
a1li
this-OAT she-ACC
KOQAVA
gol-may
She says: "That is your son, you may take him to the palace."
18.
53
arl-ee
Shantenu
samaya-11
Satyavati-noo
booqgu.
want
23.
av8
ki"qqe.
he
very
boy
power-and
intelligentm
Shantanu wants the son, at the same time he also wants Satyavati.
32.
ii
vishaya-11
dukka-tl
aramane-11 dina
24.
dumba kushi
happy
aap-a.
aaceeng-uu
av~
on):ige-aayin ipp-a;
3 3.
but-also
he
lone-MAN
be3-3
av~n-gl
he-OAT
av~n-Qa
he..(JEN
aap-a.
who-atleast-one
become3-3
with
need-QUOT
wish
jivamana-11
av~
puna on dina
boote-y-aagookl poop-a.
he
hunt-[y]-move3:INF go3-3
mov~n-gl
appe bejara-n-11
ipp-aa-na
son-OAT
futher sorrow-OBL-LOC
nooti-tl
life-OBL:LOC
push.~way3-3
become3-3
duuduv-a.
34.
av~
appen-Qa
bejara sangati-na
he
father..(JEN
sadness
keep-a.
connection-ACe ask3-3
samshaya bapp-a.
come3-3
54
LW/M 104
35.
KOJ.?AVA
sangati
father 1rue
situation
tell3-NML-[g]-ABL son-GEN
but
become2-COND India
what.for
hata bapp-a.
desire come3-3
pan-eQq-u)J-e-ndr
javab
koQi.'p-a
feel-SIM-be-1s-QUOT
answer
give3-3
enna-k-oo-ndr
movlln-gi appen-Qa.
takki:-na
namboo-kayy-ate
word-ACC
believe3:INF-ean-negCONV he-GEN
mantrii-na
pooyi-t'i keep-a.
minister-ACe
go2-ANT ask3-3
42.
then
tell3-3
heart
father-GEN
ftsh-m-GEN
mele UQQi,
mangala kaycat-eengi
but
marriage
Sh.
king
she-ACC
ava-ki
punuv-e
ava-da
appa keet-it-int'i-
give.birth3-PCPL
son
she-GEN
father ask2-ANT-be:PT-
king-MAN
rui~LOBLG-QUOT
43.
he-GEN
kaki-y-eQQi
Satyavati-ra mane-ki
44.
~2-ANT
news-ACC
make3-1s
this
baluv-i.
live3~ls
ivl:ln-ee
this-EMPH
M-OBL-GEN
B.
greatbero
Shantenu raajen-gi
miinl-kaare moova)-a
daughter-Ace Sh.
king-DAT
koQi.'p-i-ndr
ottov-a.
give3-ls-QUOT agree3-3
tell3-3
pu~uv-e
give.birth3-PCPL son
king-MAN
aaceengi rniini-kaaren-gi ii
fish-m-DAT
takki: keet-it'i
this wool
trerul-ANT
wcrd
nii-Qa.
give3-1s you-GEN
take2-[y]-SIM
H.-DAT
go3-3
appen-gi
aapi-le,
ella vishaya-t'i-na
eQQuv-a.
all
tell3-3
news-OBL-ACC
S.-ACC
aramani-li.' santosha-t'i-li.'
baluv-a.
liv~3-3
From then on the king Shantanu, having married Satyavati , lived happily in the palace.
rule1-0PT
tripti
alii
then-ABL Sh.
moova-kl
daughter-DAT
but
naani brahmachari-aayit'i
I
holy.man-MAN
oath
now
After listening to all the news he says: "/give you my word, the son that will be
born to your daughter, he shall rule as a king."
40.
day-OBL-ABL
there father-DAT
house-DAT go3-3
S.-GEN
45.
poop-a.
make1-0BLG-QUOT
alii
ten3-3
dina-t-inja
B.
The minister says that his father's heart is on the fisherman's daughter Satyavati, and that
her father has asked that - if Shantanu marries her - the son born to her should rule as king.
39.
maa4-aJ)d\l-ndr
wife
ennuv-a.
D.
fish-man-DAT
ftsh-man
perfonn2-COND she-DAT
QUOT teil3-3
38.
poQI)i
daughter S.-GEN
on
ndi
falher-GEN
Devavrata says to the fisherman: "/ now take an oath,from this day on I will live like a holy
man."
eQQUV-a appen-Qa.
be:PRES:3
D.
old
akka mantrii
minister
be-GEN
avlln-Qa. pa)iye
As the son cannot believe his father's words, he goes and asks his old minister.
37.
S. -ACC
But the fisherman is not satisfied with these words, at the same time Devavrata's desire is
to make Satyavati his father's wife.
son-DAT
falher-GEN
KOJ.?AVA
time-OBL:LOC D.-DAT
dukka
paristiti
But instead of telling his son the real situation, the father answers."/ am feeling worried,
what will become of India if anything happens to my son."
36.
samaya-t'i
movl:ln-gi
matter-OBL-LOC son-DAT
Bhorata desha-t'i-ra
enneengi aac-eengi
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LW/M 104
ad-ee