GSM:

INTRODUCTION:
GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication ) is the
worlds first cellular system to specify digital; modulation
and network level architectures and services. It is a
narrow band and TDMA digital transmission technique.
GSM is a second generation cellular system standard that
was developed to solve the fragmentation problem of the
first cellular system of EUROPE.
GSM was originally developed to serve as the pan
European cellular service and promised a wide range of
network services trough the use of ISDN.

GSM:GSM is a cellular network, which means that

mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the
immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different
frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands.
Some countries in the Americas (including Canada
and United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands
because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already
allocated.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is
the technology the underpins most of the worlds mobile phone
networks.

The GSM platform is a hugely successful wireless

technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement

and co-operation. GSM has become the worlds fastest growing
communications technology.
The progress hasnt stopped there. Todays GSM
platform is living, growing and evolving and already offers an
expanded and feature-rich family of voice and multimedia
services, we can also use this for biomedical enhanced developed
fields, so we have using the multimedia service for control any
kind of device globally via GSM modem which can be controlled
by AT commands using the embedded systems.
The standardized system had to meet certain criterias:

Good subjective speech quality

Support for international roaming

Ability to support handheld terminals

Support for range of new services and facilities

Spectral efficiency

Low mobile and base stations costs

Compatibility

with

other

systems

such

as

Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber

Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is
a detachable smart card containing the users subscription
information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain his or

her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user

can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by
changing the SIM.
HISTORY OF GSM:During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone
system was experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in
Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and
Germany.

Each country developed its own system, which was

incompatible with everyone elses in equipment and operation.

This was an undesirable situation, because not
only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within
national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly
unimportant, but there was also a very limited market for each
type of equipment, so economies of scale and subsequent savings
could not be realized.
The Europeans realized this relay on, and in 1982
the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a
study group called the Group Special Mobile (GSM), to study and
develop a pan-European public land mobile system.
proposed system had to meet certain criteria:
-

Good subjective speech quality

Low terminal and service cost

Ability to support handheld terminals

Support for range of new services and facilities

This

Spectral efficiency

ISDN compatibility
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the

European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and

phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there
were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in
Europe, GSM is not only a European Standard.

Over 200 GSM

networks (including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in

110 countries around the world.
In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million
subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million
by October 1997.

With North America making a delayed entry

into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM
system exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly
stands for Global System for Mobile communications.

WHAT IS GSM? :GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is

the worlds first cellular system to specify digital modulation and
network level architectures and services. It is a narrow band and
TDMA Digital Transmission Technique.
GSM is a second generation cellular system
standard that was developed to solve the fragmentation problem

of the first cellular systems in Europe.

GSM is the worlds first

cellular system to specify digital modulation and network level

architecture and services. Before GSM, European countries used
different cellular standards through out the continent and it was
not possible for a customer to use single subscriber unit through
out Europe.

GSM IN THE WORLD:-

GSM was originally developed to serve as the PanEuropean cellular service & promised a wide range of
network services through the use of ISDN.

The success of GSM has exceeded the expectations of

virtually everyone & it is now the worlds most popular
standard

for

new

cellular

radio

&

personal

communication equipment through out the world.

-

It is predicted that by the year 2000, there will be

around 20 to 150 million GSM subscribers worldwide.

Recently, GSM has changed its name to the Global

System

for

Mobile

Communication

for

marketing

reasons. The setting of standards for GSM is currently

under the aegis of the European Technical Standards
Institute (ETSI).

SERVICES PROVIDED BY GSM:-

From the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted

ISDN compatibility in terms of the services offered and the control
signaling used. However, radio transmission limitations, in terms
of bandwidth and cost, do not allow the standard ISDN B-channel
bit rate of 64 kbps to be practically achieved.
Using the ITU-T definitions, telecommunication
services can be divided into bearer serviced, tele-services and
supplementary services. The most basic tele service supported
by GSM is telephony.

As with other communications, speech is

digitally encoded and transmitted through the GSM network as a

digital stream. There is also an emergency services, where the
nearest emergency service provider is notified by dialing three
digits (similar to 911).
A variety of data services is offered.

GSM users

can send and receive data, at rates up to 9600 bps, to users on

POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet Switched Public
Data Networks, and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks using a
variety of access methods and protocols, such as X.25 or X.32.
Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required between
the user and GSM network, although an audio modem is required
inside the GSM network to inter work with POTS.
Other data services include Group 3 facsimile, as
described in ITU-T recommendation T.30, which is supported by
use of an appropriate fax adapter. A unique feature of GSM, not
found in older analog systems, is the Short Message Service

(SMS). SMS is a bi-directional service for short alphanumeric (up

to 160 bytes) message.
Message is transported in a store and forward
fashion.

For point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to

another subscriber to the service, and an acknowledgement of

receipt is provided to the sender. SMS can also be used in a cellbroadcast mode, for sending message such as traffic updates or
news updates. Message can also be stored in the SIM card for
later retrieval.
Supplementary services are provided on top of
tele-services or bearer services.

In the current (Phase I)

specifications, they include several forms of call forward (such as

call forwarding when the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the
network), and call barring of outgoing or incoming calls, for
example when roaming in another country.
supplementary

services

will

be

provided

Many additional
in

the

Phase

specifications, such as caller identifications, call waiting, multiparty conversions.

FEATURES OF GSM:-

Good subjective speech quality.

Message Security.

Max. Flexibility to provide services that are compatible

with ISDN.

High data rate transfer, short bursts, slow frequency

hopping.

Open-Network architecture.

Use of the SIM (Subscriber Identity Mobile).

Support international roaming.

Low terminal & Service costs.

SPECIFICATIONS OF GSM:-

FREQUENCY RANG
UPLINK

890-915 MHz

DOWNLINK

935-960 MHz

DUPLEX DISTANCE

45 MHz

CARRIER SEPARATION

200 KHz

MODULATION

AIR TRANSMISSION RATE

270 KBPS

ACCESS METHOD

TDMA

DIVERSITY

CHANNEL CODING

INTERLEAVING

GSM

GSM FREQUENCY BANDS:900 MHz

-

2*25 MHz Bands

890-915 MHz Uplink

45 MHz Duplex Spacing

935-960

MHz

Downlink
-

125 carriers

1800 MHz
-

2*75 MHz Bands

1710-1785 MHz

95 MHz Duplex Spacing

1805-1880 MHz

Uplink
Downlink
-

375 carriers

1900 MHz
-

2*60 MHz Bands

1850-1910 MHz

80 MHz Duplex Spacing

1930-1990 MHz

Uplink
Downlink

SERVICES PROVIDED BY GSM:

The most basic tele-service supported by GSM is

telephony. As with other communications, speech is
digitally encoded and transmitted through the GSM
network as a digital stream.

Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required

between the user and GSM network. A variety of data
services is offered. GSM users can send and receive data
at rates up to 9.6Kbps, to users on POTS (Plane Old
Telephone Service), ISDN, Packet switched Public data
networks and circuit switched public data network, Group
3 facsimile using a variety of access methods and
protocols.
A unique feature of GSM, not founding older analog
systems, is the Short Message Service(SMS). SMS is a
bidirectional service for short alphanumeric (up to 160
Bytes) messages. Messages are transported in a storeand-forward fashion.

FEATURES OF GSM:

Good subjective speech quality.

Message Security.
Maximum flexibility to provide services that are
compatible with ISDN.
High data rate transfer, short bursts.
Open network architecture.
Use of SIM.
Supports international roaming.
Low terminal and service costs.

SPECIFICATIONS OF GSM:

FREQUENCY RANGE:
UPLINK: 890 -915 MHz
DOWNLINK: 935-960 MHz
DUPLEX DISTANCE: 45 MHz
CARRIER SEPARATION: 200 KHz
AIR TRANSMISSION RATE: 270 Kbps
ACCESSING METHODS: TDMA

ADVANTAGES:

Automatic detection of intruders

Reliable and portable
The msg. is sent to the owner anywhere around the globe,
in adverse conditions
Automatic Ignition locking system
Helps in sensing a variety of parameters and thus
enhances the performance of the vehicle

LIMITATIONS:

Simplex communication
The system fails in absence of GSM network

Installation cost is quite high

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:

1. Duplex Communication
2. IR feature can be incorporated
3. Camera can be used to capture the frame at the instant

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.mobilecomms-technology.com

2.

www.nutronics.com

3. 8051 Microcontroller - Mazidi