Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Kuliah
13
Peretakan Hidrolik (lanjutan)
Komplesi & Kerja Ulang Sumur
(2 SKS)
Dosen : Ir.
Ir Andry Halim,
Halim MM
Universitas Trisakti
2012
Objective/Sasaran
Memahami konsep
konsep-konsep
konsep Peretakan
Hidrolik
Memahami teknik perencanaan Peretakan
Hidrolik
Memahami
M
h i penerapannya di dunia
d i
Perminyakan
Daftar Pustaka
Allen S.O. and Robert A.P. Production Operation, Vol. I Oil and
Gas Cons
Consultant
ltant International Inc
Inc.
Schlumberger Hydraulic Fracturing.
Peter E. Clark,Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over.
Unocal Completion training/Course
Schlumberger Hydraulic Fracturing Training Material
Pertamina Hulu
Hulu, Teknik Produksi
Produksi , Jakarta,
Jakarta 2003
H.K. Van Poolen,Well Completion and Stimulations Program.
Peter E. Clark,Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over.
Jonathan Billary
Billary,Well
Well Completions Design
Design, PetroleumElsevier,
PetroleumElsevier
2009
Semua buku perihal Komplesi dan uji Sumur
Semua
ua Ju
Jurnal
a te
tentang
ta g Komplesi
o p es da
dan uj
uji Su
Sumur
u
Se
FORMATION FRACTURING
OBJECTIVES
The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well stimulation is to increase
well productivity by creating a highly conductive path (compare to
permeability)
y) some distance away
y from wellbore into the
reservoir p
formation.
Fracture Initiation
A hydraulic fracture treatment is accomplished by pumping a suitable
fluid into the formation at a rate faster than the fluid can leak off into
the rock. Fluid pressure is built up sufficient to overcome the earth
compressive stress holding the rock material together. The rock then
parts or fractures along a plane perpendicular to the minimum
compressive stress in the formation matrix.
Fracture Extension
As injection of frac fluid continues, the fracture tends to grow in width
as fluid
fl id pressure iin th
the ffracture,
t
exerted
t d on th
the ffracture
t
fface, works
k
against the elasticity of the rock material. After sufficient frac fluid
pad has been injected to open the fracture wide enough to accept
proppant,
p
pp , sand is added to the frac fluid and is carried into the
fracture to hold it open after the job.
The growth upward or downward may be stopped by a barrier
g
mayy also be stopped
pp by
y fallout of sand
formation;; downward growth
to the bottom of the fracture. The growth outward away from the
wellbore will be stopped when the rate of frac fluid leakoff through the
face of the fracture into the formation equals the rate of fluid injection
into the fracture at the wellbore.
wellbore
Mechanics of Fracturing
h2
= Total vertical stress, psi
= 0.007 D
= average rock density, lb/ft
h1
D = depth, ft
h1 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
v = 0.007 D Pr
Pr
h2 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
= formation pore pressure, psi
h
= 1 - (v Pr)
= Poissons ratio
Horizontal Fracture
Assuming vertical components of force are exerted against the
formation, the condition necessary for horizontal fracture initiation is
that the wellbore pressure must exceed the vertical stress plus vertical
tensile strength of the rock plus pore pressure.
Vertical
V
ti l Fracture
F
t
Condition for vertical fracture initiation depend on the relative strength
of the two principal horizontal compressive stresses.
Fracture Propagation
Fracture Orientation
The fracture will propagate in a plane perpendicular to the minimum
effective matrix stress. Usually the minimum stress is horizontal, and a
vertical fracture results.
Where horizontal matrix stress are unequal, there will be a preferred
direction for the vertical fracture.
Fracture Closure Pressure
To hold the fracture open after initiation (or to just keep it from closing),
the pressure in the fracture must exceed the pressure by an amount
equal to the minimum effective rock matrix stress. This pressure is
usually called the fracture closure pressure. The fracture gradient is the
fracture closure pressure divided by depth.
Lo
og net fraccturing pressure
I
II
III
IV
III
IV
I
Log Time
Frac Fluids
Basically oil or water fluids are used to create
create, extend
extend, and place
proppant in the fracture.
Fluid Properties and Modification
Frac fluid consideration :
Fluid viscosity
Fluid loss
Friction loss (down the pipe)
Proppant carrying ability
High temperature stability
Formation damage
Fracture clean up
Mixing and storage problems
Cost
PERENCANAAN
PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
CONTOH SOAL
QUESTIONS ?
PR 13
PR-13
1. Apa
p y
yang
g dimaksud dengan
g fracture initiation. Jelaskan secara
singkat
2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan fracture extension. Jelaskan secara
singkat
3. Jelaskan tahap2 fract job design
4. Sebutkan hydraulic fracturing equipment