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10 pts
An ideal gas, initially at 30C and 100 kPa, undergoes an internally reversible, cyclic process
in a closed system. The gas is first compressed adiabatically to 500 kPa, then cooled at a
constant pressure of 500 kPa to 30C, and finally expanded isothermally to its original state.
a.)
b.)
Sketch the process path for this cycle on a PV Diagram. Put a point on the diagram
for each state. Be sure to include and label all the important features for a complete
PV diagram for this system.
c.)
Calculate Q, W, U and H, in J/mole, for each step in the process and for the entire
cycle. Assume that CP = (7/2) R.
d.)
Is this cycle a power cycle or a refrigeration cycle ? Explain. Calculate the thermal
efficiency or COP of the cycle, whichever is appropriate.
Read : Sketch carefully. Understanding what is going on in the problem is half the
battle. Apply the 1st Law, the definitions of boundary work, CP and CV to a cycle
on an ideal gas with constant heat capacities. Take advantage of the fact that step 1-2
is both adiabatic and reversible, so it is isentropic. Power cycles produce a net
amount of work and proceed in a clock-wise direction on a PV Diagram.
Given : T1
T2
T3
Q12
303.15
???
303.15
0
K
K
K
J/mole
P1
P2
P3
R
CP
100
500
500
8.314
29.099
kPa
kPa
kPa
J/mole-K
J/mole-K
Find : For each of the three steps and for the entire cycle: U
H
Q
W
Diagrams :
Part a.)
???
???
???
???
J/mole
J/mole
J/mole
J/mole
Part b.)
Assumptions:
Eqn 2
Eqn 3
Eqn 4
The fastest way to determine T2 is to use one of the PVT relationships for isentropic
processes.
Eqn 5
Eqn 6
Eqn 7
Eqn 8
Eqn 9
T2
W12
U12
20.785
J/mole
-K
1.4
480.13 K
-3678.6 J/mole
3678.6 J/mole
Eqn 10
Eqn 11
Eqn 12
H12
5150.1
J/mole
480.1349 K
303.15 K
P2
P3
500
500
kPa
kPa
Eqn 13
Because we assumed that boundary work is the only form of work that crosses the
system boundary, we can determine work from its definition.
Eqn 14
Isobaric process:
Eqn 15
Eqn 16
W23
-1471.5 J/mole
Eqn 17
U23
-3678.6 J/mole
Eqn 18
Q23
-5150.1 J/mole
Eqn 19
H23
-5150.1 J/mole
U31
0.0
J/mole
H31
0.0
J/mole
Eqn 20
Again, because we assumed that boundary work is the only form of work that crosses
the system boundary, we can determine work from its definition.
Eqn 21
Eqn 23
Eqn 22
Eqn 24
Eqn 25
We can use the Ideal Gas EOS to avoid calculating V1 and V3 as follows:
Eqn 26
Eqn 27
Eqn 28
W31
Q31
4056.4
4056.4
J/mole
J/mole
Eqn 29
Eqn 30
Wcycle
Qcycle
-1093.7 J/mole
-1093.7 J/mole
This result confirms what an application of the 1st Law to the entire cycle tells us:
Qcycle = Wcycle.
Part d.)
The cycle is a refrigeration cycle because both Wcycle and Qcycle are
negative.
The coefficient of performance of a
refrigeration cycle is defined as :
Eqn 31
QC is the heat absorbed by the system during the cycle. In this case, QC =Q31.
W is the work input to the system during the cycle. In this case, W = - Wcycle.
Therefore :
QC
W
COPR
25.20
7.98
5.04
4056.4
1093.7
J/mole
J/mole
3.709
Eqn 32
L/mol
L/mol
L/mol
Eqn 33
The specific volume at each state is greater than 5 L/mol for all states and Air can be
considered to be a diatomic gas, so the ideal gas assumption is valid.
Answer
a.)
s:
c.)
b.)
H
1-2
2-3
3-1
Cycle
d.)
3679 5150
-3679
5150
0
0
0
0
-3679
-5150
-1471
4056
-1094
4056
-1094
All values in
this table are
in J/mole.
5C-4 :
3.7
COPHP
4.7
5 pts
Steam at 9000 kPa and 600C passes through a throttling process so that the pressure is
suddenly reduced to 400 kPa.
a.)
b.)
Read :
We know the values of two intensive variables for the inlet steam, so we can
determine the values of all of its other properties, including the specific enthalpy,
from the steam tables. If changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible and
the throttling device is adiabatic, then the throttling device is isenthalpic. In this
case, we then know the specific enthalpy of the outlet stream. The pressure of the
outlet stream is given, so we now know the values of two intensive properties of
the outlet stream and we can determine the values of any other property using the
steam tables. Part (b) is an application of the 1st Law. The area must be greater at
the outlet in order to keep the velocity the same because the steam expands as the
pressure drops across the throttling device.
Diagram
:
Given : P1
9000
kPa
T1
600
P2
400
kPa
Assumptions : 1 23-
Find :
T1
??? C
A2 /
???
A1
Part a.)
303.4 C
Because T1 > Tsat, we conclude that the feed is superheated steam and we must
consult the Superheated Steam Tables. Because 9000 kPa is not listed in the table,
interpolation is required.
At 600oC :
P (kPa)
8000
9000
10000
H (kJ/kg)
3642.0
3633.7
3625.3
V (m3/kg)
0.04845
0.04341
0.03837
H1
V1
3633.7 kJ/kg
0.04341 m3/kg
The 1st Law for a throttling device that is adiabatic and causes negligible changes
in kinetic and potential energies is :
Eqn 1
Because the pressure drops in the throttling device and the feed is a superheated
vapor, the effluent must also be a superheated vapor. So, to answer part (a), we
must use the Superheated Steam Tables to determine the temperature of 400 kPa
steam that has a specific enthalpy equal to H2.
At 400 kPa :
H (kJ/kg)
3592.9
3633.7
3702.4
T (oC)
550
568.6
600
V (m3/kg)
0.9475
0.9693
1.006
T2
V2
568.6 C
0.96927 m3/kg
Part b.) We need to use the definition of kinetic energy to determine how much the area of
the outlet pipe must be greater than the area of the inlet pipe in order to keep the
kinetic energy (and therefore the velocity) constant.
Eqn 2
Eqn 3
Eqn 4
Next, we need to consider the relationship between velocity, specific volume and
cross-sectional area.
Eqn 5
Eqn 6
Eqn 7
A2 /
A1
Verify :
22.328
Answers
T2
:
569
A2 /
A1
22.3
Open Feedwater
6 pts
Heater
An open feedwater heater in a steam power plant operates at steady-state with liquid entering
at T1 = 40oC and P1 = 7 bar. Water vapor at T2 = 200oC and P2 = 7 bar enters in a second
feed stream. The effluent is saturated liquid water at P3 = 7 bar. If heat exchange with the
surroundings and changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible, determine the ratio
of the mass flow rates of the two feed streams, mdot1 / mdot,2.
5C-5 :
Read :
Given :
The feedwater heater is just a fancy mixer. When we write the MIMO form of the
1st Law at steady-state, there are three unknowns: the three mass flow rates. The
states of all three streams are fixed, so we can determine the specific enthalpy of
each of them.
Mass conservation tells us that m3 = m1 + m2. We can use this to eliminate m3
from the 1st Law. Then we can solve the 1st Law for m1 / m2 !
T1
P1
T2
P2
P3
Q
40oC
700kPa
200oC
700kPa
700kPa
0kW
Find :
mdot1 / mdot,2 =
???
Diagram:
Assumptions:
1234-
Eqn 1
The assumptions in the list above allow us to simplify the 1st Law considerably:
Eqn 2
Conservation of mass on the feedwater heater operating at steady-state tells us that :
Eqn 3
We can solve Eqn 3 for mdot,3 and use the result to eliminate mdot,3 from Eqn 2. The
result is:
Eqn 4
The easiest way to determine mdot,1 / mdot,2 is to divide Eqn 4 by mdot,2.
Eqn 5
Now, we can solve Eqn 5 for mdot,1 / mdot,2 :
Eqn 6
Now, all we need to do is to determine the specific enthalpy of all three streams and
plug these values into Eqn 6 to complete the problem.
First we must determine the phase(s) present in each stream.
Tsat(700kPa)=
Therefore:
164.95oC
Data from the Steam Tables of the NIST Webbook (using the default reference
state) :
H1
168.15kJ/kg
H2
H3
mdot1 / mdot,2 =
2845.3kJ/kg
697kJ/kg
4.062
Verify : None of the assumptions made in this problem solution can be verified.
Answers
mdot1 / mdot,2 =
:
4.06
5C-6
Analysis of a Steam Power Cycle
:
8 pts
Data
P1
:
T1
20
kPa
50
P2
T2
D2
8000 kPa
50 C
0.05 m
P4
x4
P3
T3
8000 kPa
600 C
Tcw,in
Tcw,out
20 kPa
0.92 kg vap/kg total
20
50
C
C
Read Cycle problems of this type usually require you to work your way around the cycle,
:
process by process until you have determined the values of all of the unknowns. This is
a good approach here because the problem statement asks us to determine the values of
unknowns in every process in the cycle. The only decision is where to begin. We can
begin with the turbine because that is the 1st question and also because we have enough
information to answer part (a). We know T3 and P3, so we can determine H3. Stream 4
is saturated mixture with known P4 and x4, so we can also determine H4. With the
usual assumtions about kinetic and potential energy, we can determine Wturb. In fact,
because we know the T and P of streams 1 and 2 as well, we can analyze the processes
in this cycle in any convenient order. So, we will let the questions posed in the problem
determine the order in which we analyze the processes. We will apply the 1st law to the
pump, the boiler and the condenser, in that order. Use the Steam Tables in the NIST
Webbook.
Give
m
n:
P1
T1
P2
T2
D2
kg/s
P3
8000 kPa
20
50
8000
50
0.05
kPa
C
kPa
C
m
T3
P4
x4
Tcw,in
Tcw,out
600
20
0.92
20
50
C
kPa
kg vap/kg total
C
C
???
MW
Qboil
???
MW
???
???
kW
m/s
Qcond
mcw
th
???
???
???
MW
kg/s
Find
Wturb
:
Wpump
v2
Assumptions :
123-
H3
3642.4 kJ/kg
251.42 kJ/kg
Hsat vap
2608.9 kJ/kg
Eqn 3
H4
2420.3 kJ/kg
Wturb
9.777
MW
Part Write the 1st Law for the pump, assuming that changes in kinetic and potential energy
b.) are negligible. This makes sense because we have no elevation or velocity data and we
are given only the outlet pipe diameter. Also, assume the pump is adiabatic, Qpump =
0.
Eqn 4
Eqn 5
Now, we must determine H1 and H2. We know the T and P for both of these streams,
so we should have no difficulty determining the H values.
Tsat(P1)
60.058 C
Tsat(P2)
295.01 C
H1
209.35 kJ/kg
216.22 kJ/kg
Wpump
-54.960 kW
Part Here, we need to consider the relationship between velocity, specific volume and crossc.) sectional area.
Eqn 6 where :
Eqn 7
A2
V2
v2
0.001963 m2
0.0010086 m3/kg
4.109
m/s
Part Write the 1st Law for the boiler, assuming that changes in kinetic and potential energy
d.) are negligible. This makes sense because we have no elevation, velocity or pipe
diameter data. There is no shaft work in a boiler.
Eqn 8
Eqn 9
We determined H2 in part (b) and H3 in part (a), so all we need to do is plug numbers
into Eqn 9.
Qboil
27.409 MW
Part
e.) Write the 1st Law for the condenser assuming that changes in kinetic and potential
energy are negligible. This makes sense because we have no elevation, velocity or pipe
diameter data. Use the working fluid as the system so that Qcond is the amount of heat
transferred to the cooling water. There is no shaft work in a condenser.
Eqn 10
Eqn 11
We determined H1 in part (b) and H4 in part (a), so all we need to do is plug numbers
into Eqn 11.
Qcond
-17.688 MW
Part
f.) In order to determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water, we must write the 1st Law
using the cooling water as our system. For this system, Qcw = - Qcond because heat
leaving the working fluid for the cycle enters the cooling water.
Qcw
17.688 MW
Assume that changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible. This makes sense
because we have no elevation, velocity or pipe diameter data. There is no shaft work for
the cooling water system.
Eqn 12
We cannot use the Steam Tables to determine the enthalpy of the cooling water because
we do not know the pressure in either stream. The next best thing we can do is to use
the specific heat of the cooling water to determine Hcw using:
Eqn 13
If we further assume that the specific heat of liquid water is constant over the
temperature range 20C - 50C, than Eqn 13 simplifies to:
Eqn 14
We can then combine Eqn 14 with Eqn 12 to obtain
:
Eqn 15
Eqn 16
All we need to do is look up the average heat capacity of water between 20C and 50C.
NIST :
Let's use :
Then :
CP,cw(50C)
4.1813 kJ/kg-K
CP,cw(20C)
4.1841 kJ/kg-K
CP,cw
mcw
CP,cw
4.1827
4.18 kJ/kg-K
141.05 kg/s
Part The thermal efficiency of this power cycle can be determined directly from its
g.) definition.
Eqn 17
th
0.3547
kJ/kgK