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PENETRANT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

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INDEX
1.0

INDRODUCTION

2.0

SCOPE

3.0

REFERENCED STANDARDS

4.0

GENERAL REQUIRMENTS

5.0

EQUIPMENT

6.0

REQUIREMENTS

7.0

PROCEDURE/TECHNIQUE

8.0

EXAMINATION

9.0

DEVELOPING

10.0

INTERPRETAION

11.0

EVALUATION

12.0

CLASSIFICATION OF INDICATION

13.0

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

14.0

DOCUMENTATION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This procedure provides the technical information and detailed steps necessary to ensure a
complete and accurate liquid penetrant examination for detecting discontinuities, which are
open to the surface of nonporous metals and other materials. Typical discontinuities
detectable by this method are cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations and porosity.
In principle a liquid penetrant is applied to the surface to be examined & allowed to enter
discontinuities. All excess penetrant is then removed, the part is dried and a developer is
applied. The developer function both as a blotter to absorb the penetrant that has been
trapped in discontinuities & contrasting background to enhance the visibility of penetrant
indication. The dyes in penetrants are either colour contrast (visible under white light) or
fluorescent (visible under violet light).
2.0 SCOPE
When specified by the referencing code section, the liquid penetrant examination technique
described in this procedure shall be used.
3.0 REFERENCED STANDARDS
1. ANSI/ASME Sect. V
2. ANSI/ASME B 31.3
3. ANSI/ASME Sec.VIII Div. I & II
4. API 1104
5. ASNT-TC-1A from ASNT
6. ANSI/ASNT CP-189
7. AWS D1.1
4.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.1 INSPECTION WITNESS
Client inspection representative shall at their option, witness all or part of Liquid penetrant
examination work
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4.2 NDT PERSONNEL

The examination shall be performed by a PT level-II or PT level-I technician working under
the direct supervision of level-II. All interpretation of test results shall be done by a certified
NDT level-II technician. Personnel performed liquid penetrant examination must be
qualified & certified in accordance with ANSI/ASNT CP-189,ASNT-TC-1A.
5.0 EQUIPMENT& MATERIALS
5.1 PENETRANT
The following materials shall be used for conducting the tests.
For visible dry penetrant ELY CHECKMOR 222 Solvent removable Red Dye Penetrant,
ELY CHECKMOR 200 water washable Red Dye Penetrant , Magnaflux SKL-SP1 Solvent
removable Red Penetrant or equivalent dye shall be used.
For fluorescent method, water washable fluorescent penetrant BRITEMAR 4455 from ELY
Chemicals UK, water washable Penetrant ZL 60C, ZL 66A, ZL 67 from Magnaflux or its
equivalent Penetrant shall be used.
5.2 CLEANER
Penetrant remover S-72 from ELY Chemicals, UK, SKC-S & SKC-HF from Magnaflux or
its equivalent shall be used.
5.3 DEVELOPER
Liquid spray developer LD-3, LD-2 from ELY Chemicals, UK, SKD-S2 Developers from
Magnaflux or its equivalent shall be used.
6.0 REQUIREMENTS
6.1CONTROL OF CONTAMINANTS
If this procedure is to be used on nickel base alloy, austenitic stainless steel & titanium, then
all these materials shall obtain certification of contaminant content. These certification shall
include the Penetrant manufactures batch no. and statement. Maximum Sulfur or Chlorine
plus Fluorine content shall not be more than 1% of the residue by weight.
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6.2SURFACE PREPARATION
Surface to be examined may be in the as welded, as rolled, as forged or as cast condition,
unless surface irregularities interfere with the examination or mask the indication.
Irregular surface shall be ground or machined as necessary to provide surfaces which are
smooth for examination.
Prior to examination the surface to be examined and the adjacent areas within at least 1
shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, weld spatter, oil and other
extraneous matter that could obscure surface opening or otherwise interfere with the
examination.
Detergent, organic solvent, descaling solutions and paint re-movers shall be used for
cleaning. Degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning methods can be used.
NOTE:- SHOT & GRIT BLASTING OR OTHER SURFACE PREPARATION THAT
COULD SMEAR OR OTHERWISE MASK THE DISCONTINUITIES SHALL NOT BE
PERMITTED ON SURFACE TO BE EXAMINED.
6.3DRYING AFTER PREPARATION
After cleaning, drying of the surface shall be accomplished by normal evaporation.
Evaporation time shall be 5 minutes minimum. Where an indication of retained moisture
exists, the evaporation time shall be increased till no evidence of moisture in the areas of
test can be detected.
7.0 PROCEDURE/TECHNIQUE
7.1 TECHNIQUES
The Penetrant techniques to be used with this procedure are Water Washable and Solvent
removable.
7.2 PROCEDURE
This procedure shall be used with the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the
part to be processed shall not be below 15.5C through out the examination period.
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7.3 TECHNIQUE RESTRICTION

Florescent Penetrant examination shall not follow a colour contrast Penetrant examination.
Intermixing of Penetrant materials from different families or different manufactures is not
permitted.
8.0 EXAMINATION
8.1 PENETRANT APPLICATION
The Penetrant may be applied by any suitable mean such as dipping, brushing, or spraying.
8.2 PENETRATION TIME
Minimum penetration time is 8 minutes and maximum is 30 minutes.
8.3 EXCESS PENETRANT REMOVAL
Excess penetrant shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or the absorbent paper, repeating
the operation until most traces shall be removed. The remaining traces shall be removed by
lightly wiping the surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with solvent.
Note:- Flushing the surface with solvent following the application of the penetrant and
prior to developing is prohibited.
For water washable Penetrant excess Penetrant may be removed by water spray. Pressure
shall not exceed 50 PSI and water temperature shall not exceed 5C.
8.4 DRYING AFTER EXCESS PENETRANT REMOVAL
For solvent removable Panetrants, the surface may be dried by normal evaporation, blotting,
wiping and forced air.
For water washable Penetrant the surfaces may be dried blotting or circulation air.

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9.0 DEVELOPING
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

The developer shall be applied immediately after ensuring that all excess
Penetrant has been removed.
The developer shall be applied by spraying.
Developer time beings as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface
of parts.
Minimum developer time is 7 minutes and maximum time is 30 minutes.

10.0 INTERPRETATION
The surface shall be closely observed during the application of the developer, to monitor the
behavior of the indications which tends to bleed out profusely.
Note:- If the surface to be examined is large enough to preclude complete examination
within
prescribed time, the surface shall be examined in increments.

10.1 FINAL INTERPRETATION

It shall be made within 7-30 minutes after the application of the developer or as soon as a
wet developer coating is dry.

10.2 COLOUR CONTRAST PENETRANTS

With a colour contrast penetrant, the developer forms a reasonably uniform white coating.
Surface discontinuities are indicated by bleed out of the penetrant which is normally a deep
red colour that stains the developer. Indications with light pink colour may indicate
excessive cleaning. Inadequate cleaning may leave an excessive background making
interpretation difficult. Minimum illumination of 50 footcandles is required on the surface
of the part being examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and
evaluation of indications.
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10.3 FLUORESCENT PENETRANTS

With fluorescent penetrants the process is essentially the same as in 10.2 with the exception
that the examination is performed using ultraviolet light, called black light. The examination
shall be performed as follow.
a) It shall be performed in darkened area.
b) The examiner shall be in the darkened area for at least 5 min. prior to performing the
examination to enable his eyes to adapt to dark viewing. If the examiner wear
glasses or lenses, they shall not be photosensitive.
c) The black light shall be allowed to warm up for minimum of 5 minutes prior to use
or measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
d) The black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter. A minimum of
1000 micro watts/cm2 on the surface of the part be examined shall be required. The
black light intensity shall be measured at least 8 hrs., and whenever the work station
is changed.
10.4 POST EXAMINATION CLEANING
Post examination cleaning shall be performed as soon as possible after the examination.
Penetrant material if any shall be removed by wiping with the cloths or brushing.
11.0 EVALUATION
11.1
All indication shall be evaluated in term of acceptance standards of the reference code
section. Acceptance criteria are listed in 13.0 of this document.
11.2
Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by bleed out of penetrant; however, localized
surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface conditions may produce false
indications.
11.3
Broad area of fluorescence or pigmentation which could mask indications of discontinuities
are unacceptable, and such areas shall be cleaned and re-examined.
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12.0 CLASSIFICATION OF INDICATIONS

12.1
Any indication with a maximum dimension of 1/16 (1.59 mm) or less shall be classifieds
non-relevant. Any larger indication believed to be non-relevant shall be regarded as relevant
until re-examined. The surface may be ground or otherwise conditioned before re-examined.
After an indication is determined to be non-relevant, other non-relevant indication of the
same type need not be re-examined.
12.2
Relevant indications are those caused by discontinuities. Linear indications are those in
which the length is more than three times the width. Rounded indications are those in which
the length is three times the width or less.
13.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The acceptance criteria for liquid examination shall be ASME Section VIII Appendix 8.
All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
13.1
Relevant linear indications.
13.2
Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16.
13.3
Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 or less (edge to
edge).
13.4
An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the imperfection that causes it;
however, the size of the indication is the basis for acceptance evaluation.
14.0 DOCUMENTATION
The record of liquid pentrant examination shall be reported and submitted in the attached
format by a level-II PT technician
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