EXPERIMENT NO.

01
AIM: Use basic source and measuring instruments (power supply, function

generator, CRO, DMM)

1. To study power supply and learn to adjust given voltage and measure it with digital
millimeter.
2. To get sinusoidal, square waveform of given frequency and amplitude and see it on CRO.
3. To get ac signals along with offset voltage and observe them on CRO.

Apparatus:
Sr. No

Name of the Device

Quantity

CRO

Function Genrator

Digital Multimeter

Power Supply

Bradboard

Conncetion prob

Model No. and Specification

CRO (Cathode ray Oscilloscope):

This instrument is called an "eye" to see what is happening in the electrical and electronics circuit.
The oscilloscope is using cathode ray tube a heart of it. It can convert kinetic energy of electron
striking the phosphor screen into visible light. The position of the electron beam generated from the
electron gun is determined by the magnitude and polarity of voltage applied to horizontal and
deflection plates. In CRO horizontal deflection plates are provided external signal which we want to
observe. Due to internal ramp waveform, electron beam travels from left to right with constant speed
in a straight line and quickly returns to left again and repeats. Now in the presence of Input signal
Beam gets deflected in vertical direction also, thereby displaying input signal. The frequency of saw
tooth is so high that input signal being displayed looks stationary. You can select appropriate voltage
scale using volts/div and time scale using time/div so that displayed signal fits into the screen size. If
your CRO is a dual trace, you can simultaneously see two waveforms provided both of them have a
common ground. The time scales for both are same but voltage scales can be set independently.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Function (Signal) Generator:

It generates standard voltage signals like sinusoidal, square and triangular waveforms of different
frequencies and amplitudes. You can provide input to your circuit using signal function generator
with the BNC connector. In BNC connector the inner core wire is "high" in potential and outer one
is ground or "low". You can select sine, rectangular, triangular or pulse shape by selecting the
waveform from front panel control of function generator. You can change frequency as well
amplitude using knobs on front panel.

Power supply:
It is used to provide desired supply voltage in the circuit for its functioning. 230 volt signal phase
50Hz supply is converted to DC voltage using step down transformer and bridge rectifiers using
diodes. This voltage is filtered using fitters to make it smooth DC voltage. This voltage is regulated
against supply voltage and load current variations using regulators. See the "front panel of the power
supply available in the laboratory. It can offer constant or variable voltage. For variable voltage Fine
and course knobs are available on the front panel. Even there is a knob to select voltage range.

Multi meter
Voltmeter is used to measure voltage between two points Ammeter is used to measure current
through any branch and Ohmmeter is used to measure resistance between two points in a circuit. See
different range of above meters available in the laboratory. They are analog meters and D' Arsonval
movement is used for the pointer movement. Necessary changes are made in the basic galvanometer
to construct above meters. Multi meter is having voltage, current and resistance measurement, all in
one apparatus. It is a multipurpose instrument, with a current meter, a voltmeter and an ohmmeter
placed inside. It is provided with batteries (for making it an ohmmeter), with shunt resistance (for
making it multi range current meter) and with high series resistance (for making it multi-range
voltmeter). in all three cases the detection occur due to current, in resistance measurement this
current is inversely proportional to resistance, in voltage measurement current is proportional to the
voltage. These meters change input analog quantity into digital number and displays on LED or LCD
displays they are more readable compare to analog type. Digital multi meters are also has facility of
measurement of hfe of transistor, capacitance of capacitor etc.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Breadboard:
It is used to form circuit using discrete components Horizontal and vertical slots are available for the
grip of terminals, of electronic components.

Conclusion:

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM: Draw electronic circuit diagram using IEEE standard symbols.
1) One need to draw given circuit using IEEE symbols.
2) Draw all IEEE symbols on separate sheet.

Introduction

Wire Symbol

Electrical Wire

Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires

Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires

Wires are not connected

Ground Symbols
Earth Ground

Used for zero potential reference and electrical

shock protection.

Chassis Ground

Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

Resistor Symbols
Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEC)
Trimmer Resistor

Preset resistor

Thermistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when

temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light
dependent resistor (LDR)

Photo-resistor - change resistance with light

intensity change

Capacitor Symbols
Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts
as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.
Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor

Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor

Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols

Inductor

Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field

Iron Core Inductor

Includes iron

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Variable Inductor
Power Supply Symbols
Voltage Source

Generates constant voltage

Current Source

Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source

AC voltage source

Generator

Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical

rotation of the generator

Battery Cell

Generates constant voltage

Battery

Generates constant voltage

Controlled Voltage Source

Generates voltage as a function of voltage or

current of other circuit element.

Controlled Current Source

Generates current as a function of voltage or

current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols
Voltmeter

Measures voltage. Has very high resistance.

Connected in parallel.

Ammeter

Measures electric current. Has near zero

resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter

Measures resistance

Wattmeter

Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Lamp / light bulb

Lamp / light bulb

Generates light when current flows through

Lamp / light bulb

Diode / LED Symbols
Diode

Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left

to right).

Zener Diode

Allows current flow in one direction, but also can

flow in the reverse direction when above
breakdown voltage

Schottky Diode

Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode

Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED emits light when current flows through

Photodiode

Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to

light

Transistor Symbols
NPN Bipolar Transistor

Allows current flow when high potential at base

(middle)

PNP Bipolar Transistor

Allows current flow when low potential at base

(middle)

Darlington Transistor

Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of

the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor

N-channel field effect transistor

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

JFET-P Transistor

P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor

N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor

P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols
Motor

Electric motor

Transformer

Change AC voltage from high to low or low to

high.

Electric bell

Rings when activated

Buzzer

Produce buzzing sound

Fuse

The fuse disconnects when current above

threshold. Used to protect circuit from high
currents.

Fuse

Bus

Bus

Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.

Bus

Opt coupler / Opto-isolator

Opt coupler isolates connection to other board

Loudspeaker

Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone

Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Operational Amplifier

Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger

Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital converter
(ADC)

Converts analog signal to digital numbers

Digital-to-Analog converter
(DAC)

Converts digital numbers to analog signal

Crystal Oscillator

Used to generate precise frequency clock signal

Antenna Symbols
Antenna / aerial
Transmits & receives radio waves
Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna

Two wires simple antenna

Logic Gates Symbols

NOT Gate (Inverter)

Outputs 1 when input is 0

AND Gate

Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.

NAND Gate

Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND)

OR Gate

Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate

Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR)

XOR Gate

Outputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive

OR)

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

D Flip-Flop

Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1
Connects the output to selected input line.
Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1

Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4

Connects selected output to the input line.

Conclusion :

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
AIM: Identify various types of ports and connectors
1. Understand various connectors like, BNC, crocodile, banana, and other
connectors.
2. RG 45, Ethernet connector, USB, RS 232, VGA port , printer port, etc

INTRODUCTION
In electronics, connectors are one of those things we tend to take for granted. They're just something
hanging off the end of a cable so we can plug and unplug power or signals on some circuit.
Besides the obvious, such as having the right number of pins, there are several things to consider
when choosing a connector:

Cost: Nobody wants to spend more than they have to. But using the cheapest connector you
can find may not, in the end, is cost effective if it fails to do its job.

Ruggedness: Is it going to be plugged and unplugged once a year, or ten times a day?

Environment: Will it be exposed to the weather, such as on an outdoors antenna, salt water,
on a boat. Will it be subject to vibration, such as on a machine.

Signals Type: Is it for power and ground and for analog or digital signals. If analog, what
frequency? Is it audio or RF? If digital, what clock speed or bit rate?

Power Level: If it's for power, is it for 24 Volts? Or 240 Volts? Or 2,400 Volts? Will it carry
0.25 Amps? Or 2.5 Amps? Or 25 Amps? Higher currents require larger, thicker pins. Higher
voltages require more insulation.

Signal Level: Is it for 2 Volt signals or 2 microVolt signals? Will the current be 5 milliAmps
or 5 microAmps? Connectors used for very low signal levels (so-called "dry circuits") often
have gold plated pins.

Second Sources: Is it a standard type of connector available from many manufacturers, or is

it available only from one company?

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

TYPES OF CONNECTORS
Power Connectors

Figure 1 shows a common type of 230 VAC receptacle used to connect the power cord to things
such as personal computers and test equipment.

Audio Connectors

Like the Jones connectors, most of these have been around for decades. Figure 2 shows what is
commonly called an "RCA" plug and jack. They are two-conductor connectors typically used with
shielded cable. They are used in applications such as connecting microphones and small speakers to
audio amplifiers.

Figure 2

Figure 3 shows a "phone" (old telephone type) or "phono" plug and jack. They can be two or three
conductor connectors used for one (mono) or two (stereo) audio signals carried on a shielded cable.
There are several other types of connectors used for audio signals.

Figure 3
Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Modular (Telephone) Connectors:

These are used with UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cables. Figure4 shows an RJ11 connector
commonly used with 4-wire telephone cables. An RJ12 connector is the same size but used with 6wire cable. Figure 5 shows an RJ45 connector used with 8-wire local area network (LAN) cables.

Figure 4

Figure 5

BNC and UHF Connectors

Figure 6 shows a BNC cable commonly used with shielded cable, such as RG58, carrying RF
signals. Exactly what BNC stands for is unclear, but most people think the B is for bayonet because
of the way the connector locks on to the receptacle. BNC connectors are common on electronic test
equipment such as oscilloscopes.

Figure 6

Figure 7 shows a UHF connector (UHF stands for Ultra High Frequency). Like the BNC connector,
it is used on coaxial cables carrying RF signals. It can be used on thicker cable such as RG8. A UHF
connector is threaded to screw onto the receptacle.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Figure 7
D-Shell Connectors

Figure 8A

Figure 8B

Figure 8A shows a DB9 connector. Figure 8B shows a so-called Centronics connector commonly
used for the printer port of a PC.

Edge Connector

Figure 9
Figure 9 show a typical connector used to connect to copper traces on the edge of a removable
circuit board.
Insulation Displacement Connectors (IDCs)

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Figure 10A

Figure 10B

Figure 10C

Figure 10 shows the types of connectors used with ribbon cables. Figure 10A is a "DIP" connector,
which can plug into a standard IC DIP socket. The connector of Figure 10B mates a "header", which
has pins on 0.1" centers and is common on circuit boards. The connector of Figure 10C is a
"shrouded" header.

Conclusion :

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat