2013-14 BSCS BIO

THE LANGUAGE OF LIFE

MS. TULLY

MENDEL, DIHYBRIDS & SEX-LINKED TRAITS - WORKSHEET

Once upon a time (1860's), in an Austrian monastery, there lived a monk named Mendel, Gregor Mendel. Monks had a lot
of time on there hands and Mendel spent his time crossing pea plants. As he did this over & over & over & over & over
again, he noticed some patterns to the inheritance of traits from one set of pea plants to the next. By carefully analyzing his
pea plant numbers (he was really good at mathematics), he discovered three laws of inheritance.
Mendels Laws of Inheritance:
1. Law of Dominance: in a cross of parents that are pure (homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive) for
different traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have
only the dominant trait in their phenotype (even though they have the recessive allele in their genotype).

Mendels Law can be proven using a monohybrid cross, crossing a homozygous dominant and
homozygous recessive individual to produce heterozygotes with a phenotype for the dominant allele. PARENT CROSS !
TT x tt = Tt 100% Tall
2. Law of Segregation: during meiosis (Prophase I) - the formation of gametes (egg and sperm)- the two alleles
responsible for a trait separate from each other into different gametes. Alleles for a trait are then recombined at
fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

Mendels Law can be proven using a monohybrid cross, crossing the heterozygotes from the F1
generation of the above cross, resulting in a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. PARENT CROSS ! Tt x Tt =
75% Tall; 25% short
3. Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different traits are located on different chromosomes. Because of
this, they are distributed to sex cells (and offspring) independently of one another during meiosis (Metaphase I).
Mendels Law can be proven using dihybrid crosses for different traits. For example, height (tall vs.
short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), pod color (green vs. yellow). Mendel found that being tall did not
automatically mean the plant would produce round seeds and green color. The different traits were inherited
independently from one another. PARENT CROSS ! TtRr x TtRr = 9:3:3:1 genotypic ratio (tall/round: tall/
wrinkled: short/round: short/wrinkled)
1. Which cross best illustrates Mendels Law of Segregation?

a. TT x tt
b. Hh x hh
c. Bb x Bb
d. rr x rr
2. Which cross best illustrates Mendels Law of Independent Assortment?

a. TTRR x TTRR b. HHss x HhSs c. HhSs x HhSs d. ttrr x ttrr
3. Which cross best illustrates Mendels Law of Dominance?

a. A homozygous black rabbit is crossed with a white rabbit. All of the offspring
are heterozygous for black.

b. A homozygous purple flowered plant is crossed with a heterozygous white plant.
Some of the offspring are pink.

c. Several tall plants are crossed with short plants. One out of four plants is
medium in height.
4. The mating of two curly-haired brown guinea pigs results in some offspring with brown curly hair, some with brown
straight hair, some with white curly hair, and some with white straight hair. This mating illustrates which of Mendels
Laws?

a. Dominance
b. Segregation
c. Independent Assortment
5. Mendel formulated his Law of Segregation after he had:
a. studied F1 offspring b. studied F2 offspring
c. produced mutations d. produced hybrids
6. Mendel formulated his Law of Independent Assortment after he had:
a. studied F1 offspring b. studied F2 offspring
c. produced mutations d. produced hybrids

Reviewing Concepts
MATCH the indicated key term with the scenario. NOTE: There may be more than one answer for each scenario.
a. Complete Dominance b. Incomplete Dominance

d. Multiple Alleles
e. Sex Linked Trait

c. Codominance
f. Multifactorial Inheritance

__________ 8. The Andalusian fowl has three varieties of color: splashed white, black and blue. A cross between a pure
splashed white male fowl and a pure black female fowl yields, hybrid fowls with blue color, in the F1 generation.
__________ 9. In a certain cactus, prickly spines can be two pronged or one pronged. If a true breeding one-pronged cactus is
crossed with a true breeding two-pronged cactus, the F1 generation has a mixture of spines, some are two-pronged, some
are one-pronged.
__________ 10. Crossing a heterozygous short haired rabbit with a homozygous long haired rabbit results in a phenotypic
ratio of 1:4 long haired rabbits.
__________ 11. A farmer crosses an all red haired cow with an all white haired bull. The calf is roan (red and white hairs).
__________ 12. A woman with Type O blood and a man with Type AB blood have a child with type A blood.
_________ 13. Leonardos parents are homozygous for tall height. However, Leonardos height at the age of 18 was average.
_________ 14. In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is carried on the X-chromosome.
15. How many alleles for one trait are normally found in the genotype of an organism?
a. 1
b. 2

c. 3

d. 4
16. Which statement is not true?
a. genotype (and often times, the environment) determines phenotype
b. phenotype determines genotype
c. a phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait in an organism
d. alleles are different forms of the same gene
17. A test cross can determine the genotype (heterozygous or homozygous) of an individual with a dominant trait. It
involves crossing the individual to a pure breeding recessive individual (homozygous recessive). If the unknown is found to
be a heterozygous individual, which of the following is true?

a. half the offspring will have the dominant trait and half will have the recessive

b. all the offspring will have the dominant trait

c. all the offspring will have the recessive trait
18. Complete the table SUMMARIZING the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for various genetic crosses:

Parents

Offspring Genotype/
Phenotype
Tt Tall

a. TT x ________
Homozygous dominant x
homozygous recessive
TT x Tt
d. TT, ________ tall
Homozygous dominant x b.
_______________________
Tt x Tt
TT, Tt tall
Heterozygous x
Tt short
Heterozygous
tt x tt
e. tt ___________
c. homozygous _____________
x homozygous recessive

Genotypic Ratio

Phenotypic Ratio

4:0 Tt
(or 4:4 Tt)

4:0 tall (100%)

(or 4:4 tall)

2:2 TT:Tt

4:0 tall

1:2:1 TT:Tt:tt

f. 3:1 tall:__________

0:4 tt
(or 4:4 tt)

0:4 short (100%)

(or 4:4 tall)

USING PUNNETT SQUARE TO PREDICT TRAITS IN OFFSPRING

-GENETICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS: SHOW YOUR WORK!!
19. Create a Punnett Square in which the results show a cross in which all offspring look the same. (choose any letter to
represent an allele).

20. Create a Punnett Square(s) in which the results predict that three out of four offspring will look the same.

21. Indicate the genotypes of a parent cross which would result in all offspring having a genotype of homozygous
recessive.

22. Indicate the genotypes of a parent cross which would predict two possible genotypes in the F1 generation.

23. Indicate the genotypes of a parent cross which would result in all offspring with the SAME phenotype, but different
genotypes.

24. A tall plant of unknown genotype is test crossed. Of the offspring, 869 are dwarf and 912 are tall. What is the
genotype of the unknown parent? Show the cross to prove it.

25. A black Labrador retriever of genotype BbEe is crossed with a black lab of genotype BbEe. What are the expected
phenotypes of their offspring and in what proportion (ratio)?

26. A black Labrador retriever of genotype BbEe is crossed with a yellow lab of genotype bbee. What are the expected
phenotypes of their offspring and in what proportion?

27. For each of the following phenotypes, give all possible gametes.

a. AABb

b. AaBB

c. AaBb

d. aaBb

28. A cross between a blue blahblah bird and a white blahblah bird produces offspring that are silver.

a. What are the genotypes of the parent blahblah birds in the original cross?

b. What is/are the genotype(s) of the silver offspring?

c. What would be the phenotypic ratios of offspring produced by two silver blahblah birds?

d. Is this an example of incomplete dominance or codominance? EXPLAIN.

29. A farmer has homozygous dominant red cows that he crosses with homozygous recessive white cows. Some of the
offspring are roan (red and white). Is this an example of incomplete dominance or codominance? EXPLAIN.

30. Two brown-eyed parents have a child with blue eyes. The best explanation is:

31. Sammy is a giraffe who is homozygous dominant for a long neck and long legs. Suzie is another giraffe who has a short
neck and long legs. If Sammy and Suzie have baby giraffes, what are the possible phenotypes?

b. If neck length shows incomplete dominancy, what are the possible phenotypes?

SEX-LINKED GENES
X-Linked Dominant

X-Linked Recessive

Y-Linked

Traits are ONLY coded by genes on

female X chromosome

Traits are ONLY coded by genes on female Traits are only coded by genes on male Y
X chromosome
chromosome

Traits DO NOT skip generations

Traits DO skip generations

Traits DO NOT skip generations

Both Males and Females affected

Affected sons born to unaffected carrier

mothers

Traits passed from father to son ONLY

(not to daughters)

Affected mothers have BOTH affected Traits NEVER passed from father to son,
sons and daughters
but daughters are always carriers
Affected fathers always have affected
daughters (but have unaffected sons)
Sex-linked genes are located on ONE of the sex chromosomes (X or Y), but not the other. Sex-linked traits are traits that
are inherited from alleles located on the X and Y chromosomes. These are the chromosomes that determine the sex of an
individual. Males have an X and a Y chromosome while females have 2 Xs. Since the X chromosome is usually longer, it
bears a lot of genes not found on the Y chromosome, thus most sex-linked genes are X-linked genes. One such trait is
hemophilia. Others include color blindness and male pattern baldness. A person will have hemophilia if they have a
recessive hemophilia allele with no dominant allele to mask it. If a person has one dominant and one recessive allele they
are called a carrier. They do not have the disease but can pass it on to their children. Because the hemophilia allele is
located on the X chromosome (like almost all other sex-linked alleles), it almost exclusively strikes men. Subsequently,
genes on that chromosome that do not code for gender are usually expressed in the male phenotype even if they are
recessive since there are no corresponding genes to mask it on the Y chromosome in most cases. Yet only women can be
carriers. When an X-linked gene is said to express dominant inheritance, it means that a single dose of the mutant allele
will affect the phenotype of the female. A recessive X-linked gene requires two doses of the mutant allele to affect the
female phenotype. In other words, males are never carriers!! A single dose of an allele will produce a mutant phenotype
in a male, whether mutation is dominant or recessive.
1. If a male inherits an X-linked recessive allele for hemophilia:

a. Could his sons have hemophilia?

b. Could his daughters have hemophilia?

c. Could his sons be carriers?
d. Could his daughters be carriers?

2. If a male has an X-linked dominant allele for hemophilia:

a. Could his sons have hemophilia?
b. Could his daughters have hemophilia?
c. Could his sons be carriers?
d. Could his daughters be carriers?
3. If an affected male and normal female have a child:

a. Could their sons have hemophilia?

b.

Could their daughters have hemophilia?

c. Could their sons be carriers?
d. Could their daughters be carriers?

4. If an affected female and unaffected male have a child:

a. Could their sons have hemophilia?
b. Could their daughters have hemophilia?
c. Could their sons be carriers?
d. Could their daughters be carriers?