TOPIC :- Influence of enzyme as a bio-catalyst in biochemical reactions

NAME :- MIHIR ACHARYA

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO :- 10300612026
UNIVERSITY REG. NO :DEPARTMENT :- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
PAPER NAME :- SEMINAR
PAPER CODE :- CHE694

HALDIA INTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

10TH FEB 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected
persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this presentation gives us
much Pleasure. We would like to show our gratitudeto all the teachers of our department, for
giving us a good guideline for this presentation throughout numerous consultations. We
would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly
guided us in writing this presentation.

In addition, a thank you to Professor Dr. R.N JANA, who introduced us to the Methodology
of work, and whose passion for the underlying structures had lasting effect.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable
comment suggestions on this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve our
assignment. We thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our
assignment.

INDEX

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Physical properties of Sulphuric acid

Chemical properties of sulphuric acid

4-5

Manufacturing process

6-8

Uses of sulphuric acid

Major engineering problems

10

Economic feasibility

11

Hazards and safety analysis

12

Future demand of sulphuric acid

13

CONCLUSION

14

REFERENCES

15

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Biocatalysis is the use of natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, to perform chemical
transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated
and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task.
Biocatalysis underpins some of the oldest chemical transformations known to humans,
for brewing predates recorded history. The oldest records of brewing are about 6000 years old
and refer to the Sumerians.
The employment of enzymes and whole cells have been important for many industries for
centuries. The most obvious uses have been in the food and drink businesses where the
production of wine, beer, cheese etc. is dependent on the effects of the microorganisms.
More than one hundred years ago, biocatalysis was employed to do chemical transformations
on non-natural man-made organic compounds, with the last 30 years seeing a substantial
increase in the application of biocatalysis to produce fine chemicals, especially for
the pharmaceutical industry.[4]
Since biocatalysis deals with enzymes and microorganisms, it is historically classified
separately from "homogeneous catalysis" and "heterogeneous catalysis". However,
mechanistically speaking, biocatalysis is simply a special case of heterogeneous catalysis

RATE OF REACTION
The reaction rate (rate of reaction) or speed of reaction for a reactant or product in a
particular reaction is intuitively defined as how fast or slow a reaction takes place.

Factors influencing rate of reaction

The nature of the reaction: Some reactions are naturally faster than others. The
number of reacting species, their physical state (the particles that form solids move much
more slowly than those of gases or those in solution), the complexity of the reaction and
other factors can greatly influence the rate of a reaction.

Concentration: Reaction rate increases with concentration, as described by the rate

law and explained by collision theory. As reactant concentration increases,
the frequencyof collision increases.

Pressure: The rate of gaseous reactions increases with pressure, which is, in fact,
equivalent to an increase in concentration of the gas.The reaction rate increases in the
direction where there are fewer moles of gas and decreases in the reverse direction. For
condensed-phase reactions, the pressure dependence is weak.

Order: The order of the reaction controls how the reactant concentration (or pressure)
affects reaction rate.

Temperature: Usually conducting a reaction at a higher temperature delivers more

energy into the system and increases the reaction rate by causing more collisions between
particles, as explained by collision theory. However, the main reason that temperature
increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding particles will have the
necessary activation energy resulting in more successful collisions (when bonds are
formed between reactants). The influence of temperature is described by the Arrhenius
equation. As a rule of thumb, reaction rates for many reactions double for every 10
degrees Celsius increase in temperature,[2] though the effect of temperature may be very
much larger or smaller than this

MEASURING RATE OF REACTION

RATE OF REACTION GRAPH

Chemical reactions vary greatly in the speed at which they occur. Some are essentially instantaneous, while others may take
years to reach equilibrium. The Reaction Rate for a given chemical reaction is the measure of the change in concentration of
the reactants or the change in concentration of the products per unit time.

ENZYMES
Enzymes are molecules that accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. In these reactions,
the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts
these

into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in

the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes
made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes
is called enzymology.
Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. [1] Most enzymes
are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from
their unique three-dimensional structures.
Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy.
Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of
times faster. An extreme example isorotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a
reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds.Chemically,
enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter
the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more
specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that
decrease

enzyme

activity,

and activators are

molecules

that

increase

activity.

Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly
outside a narrow range of temperature and pH.
Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some
household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in
biologicalwashing powders break down protein or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat
tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew

How enzymes influence a biochemical reactions?

USES OF ENZYMES

1) Enzymes are used in washing powders to help digest food stains. Biological washing
powders will only work on 400C or lower.
2) Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar which can then be used in food.
3) Conversion of glucose into fructose glucose and fructose are isomers (they have the
same chemical formula), but fructose is sweeter.
4)Enzymes can be taken out of organisms, purified and then used in science and industry.
5)One common use in the home is in biological washing powders. These contain amylase,
lipases and proteases and break down any stains that contain carbohydrate, fat and protein.
They therefore digest biological stains from the clothes. Since enzymes work at a low
temperature this saves electricity and makes them good for delicate fabrics.
6)Some people, however, are allergic to the enzymes and suffer skin problems.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
1. www.worldofteaching.com