D1D2:Pharmaceuticalproducts&Antacids

1.

Listthethreedifferentwaysinwhichdrugscanbeinjectedintothebody.Predict,givinga
reason,whichofthethreemethodswillresultinthedrughavingthemostrapideffect.
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(Total4marks)

2.

Statewhatismeantbytolerancetowardsadrugandexplainwhyitispotentiallydangerous.
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(Total2marks)

3.

Statethenamesoffourmainmethodsofadministeringdrugs.
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(Total3marks)

4.

Magnesiumhydroxideandaluminiumhydroxidecanactasantacids.
(a)

Writeanequationforthereactionofhydrochloricacidwithoneoftheaboveantacids.
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(2)

(b)

Identifywhichantacidneutralizesthegreateramountofhydrochloricacidif0.1molof
eachantacidisusedtoneutralizethehydrochloricacidpresentinthestomach.
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(1)

(c)

Explainwhysodiumhydroxideisnotusedinsteadoftheseantacids.
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(2)
(Total5marks)

5.

Antacidscanbetakenforindigestioncausedbyexcessacidity.
Givetworeasonswhyalginatesareincludedinmanyantacids.
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(Total2marks)

6.

Antacidscanbetakenforindigestioncausedbyexcessacidity.
(a)

IdentifythesubstanceresponsibleforthelowpHvalueoftheliquidinthehuman
stomach.
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(1)

(b)

TwoactiveingredientsinantacidsareMg(OH)2andNaHCO3.Writeanequationto
showhoweachingredientcanrelieveindigestion.
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(2)

(c)

Threeantacidpreparationscontain0.01molofoneofthefollowingMg(OH)2,
Al(OH)3andNaHCO3.Identifythemosteffectiveantacid.Giveareasonforyour
choice,withreferencetotheformulaoftheantacid.
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(2)
(Total5marks)

7.

Onecommontypeofmedicinetakenorallyisanantacid.Antacidssuchassodium
hydrogencarbonatearetakentoreducestomachacidity.
(a)

Statethenamesoftwometals,otherthansodium,whosecompoundsareoftenusedin
antacids.
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(1

(b)

Writeanequationfortheneutralizationofhydrochloricacidinthestomachbysodium
hydrogencarbonate.
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(1)

(c)

Explainhowheartburniscaused.
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(d)

Explainwhydimethiconeisaddedtosomeantacids.
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(1)
(Total4marks)

8.

Duringdrugdevelopment,trialsareconductedtodeterminethetherapeuticwindow.
(a)

Explainthemeaningofthetermtherapeuticwindowanddiscussitsimportanceindrug
administration.
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(4)

(b)

Explaintheuseofplacebosinclinicaltrialsonhumans.
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(c)

Identifyoneothereffectofadrugwhichmustbedeterminedduringclinicaltrials.
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(1)
(Total8marks)

9.

Inthe1950s,thalidomidewasgiventopregnantwomentoalleviatemorningsickness.
Manyofthechildrenborntothesewomenhaddeformedlimbs.Statethestructuralfeatureof
thalidomideresponsibleforthesedifferenteffectsandexplaintheeffectthatthiscasehashad
onthedevelopmentofdrugs.
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(Total2marks)

10.

Explainwhatismeantbythetermtoleranceandsuggestwhythisisaparticularproblemfor
heroinusers.
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(Total2marks)

11.

Drugscanbeprescribedfortreatingvariousdiseasesandassistinginhealingthehumanbody,
however,anydrugpresentspotentialrisks.Thepropertiesofthreedrugsaresummarized
below.

Drug

Physiologicaleffect

Sideeffects

Therapeuticwindow

high

severe

medium

moderate

moderate

narrow

low

minimal

wide

Suggestwhichdrug(A,BorC)couldbe
(a)

consideredsafeenoughtobetakenbypatientswithoutsupervision.
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(1)

(b)

administeredonlybyqualifiedstaff.
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(1)

(c)

usedonlyinamedicalemergency.
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(1)
(Total3marks)

12.

Medicinesanddrugsalterthephysiologicalstateofthebodyincludingconsciousnessand
coordination.
(a)

Stateoneothereffectofmedicinesanddrugsonthebody.
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(1)

(b)

Explainthemeaningofthefollowingterms:
(i)

therapeuticwindow.
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(1)

(ii)

tolerance.
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(1)

(iii) placeboeffect.
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(1)
(Total4marks)

13.

Medicinesanddrugscaninfluencethefunctioningofthebody.
Discussthetermtherapeuticwindow.Youranswershouldincludeitsmeaning,aquantitative
descriptionandanexplanationofwideandnarrowtherapeuticwindows.
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(Total4marks)

14.

Outlinethemajorstagesinthedevelopmentofanewdrug.
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(Total3marks)