Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Phenytoin Inhibits Na, high protein binding, gingival

hyperplasia

Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Carbamazepine Inhibits Na, autometabolism, agranulocytosis, Liver
function test required

Oxcarbazepine Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Inhibits Na, Ca; enhances K, Stevens-Johnson

Phenobarbital Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

modulates GABAa receptors, decreased glutamate

Gabapentin Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Decreases Ca, increases GABA, no drug interactions

1
 Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, Gaba
Tiagabine uptake inhibitor, high protein binding, hepatic
metabolism

Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Levetiracetam Inhibits delayed K, N-type Ca, negative mod of
GABAa, Free of drug-drug interactions

Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures,

Felbamate Inhibits NMDA, enhances GABA, Aplastic anemia,
Liver function test required

Ethosuximide Absence Seizures, Inhibits T-type Ca

Variety of seizure types, Inhibits Na, T-type Ca,

Valproic acid/ Sodium Valproate GABA transaminase, Idiosyncratic hepatoxicity (liver
function test required)

2
 Variety of seizure types, Inhibits Na, glutamate
Lamotrigine release, Partial, Absence, Lennox-Gastaut, Can cause
Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Variety of seizure types, Inhibits Na; enhances

Topiramate GABA, K; AMPA/KA antagonist, Can inhibit
carbonic anhydrase, Can cause metabolic acidosis

Variety of seizure types, Also for migraine,

Zonisamide manic-depression, neuropathic pain, Inhibits Na,
T-type Ca, weak carbonic anhydrase

iv Lorazepam Status epilepticus

iv Diazepam Status epilepticus

3
 iv Fosphenytoin Status epilepticus

Vigabatrin Infantile spasms

Corticotropin Infantile spasms

Prednisone Infantile spasms

Trazodone Antidepressants, Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT, block

post-synaptic 5-HT2 receptors, causes priapism

4
Nefazodone Antidepressants, Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT, block
post-synaptic 5-HT2 receptors, inhibits P-450

Bupropion Antidepressants, Inhibits DA, 5-HT, and NE uptake

also smoking cessation, OCD; Seizures

Antidepressants, α2 antagonist (increased NE and

Mirtazapine 5-HT), H1 receptor antagonist, causes appetite
stimulation

Fluoxetine Antidepressants, SSRIs (can inhibit P-450s,

anorgasmia) can cause akathisia

Antidepressants, SSRIs (can inhibit P-450s,

Sertraline anorgasmia), weakly blocks DA uptake, few
drug-drug interactions

5
 Antidepressants, SNRIs, can
Venlafaxine increase blood pressure

Antidepressants,
Duloxetine SNRIs

Amitriptyline Antidepressants, TCAs, also neuropathic pain,

migraines; Blocks 5-HT then NE. Also blocks D2

Antidepressants, TCAs; Secondary

Nortriptyline TCA

Imipramine Antidepressants, TCAs, also pediatric nocturnal

enuresis; Blocks 5-HT then NE

6
 Antidepressants, TCAs, inhibits NE
Desipramine uptake; Secondary TCA

Antidepressants, MAOI
Tranylcypromine (nonselective)—Atypical depression

Antidepressants, MAOI
Phenelzine (nonselective)—Atypical depression

Antidepressants, MAOI
Isocarboxazid (nonselective)—Atypical depression

Selegiline Antidepressants, MAOI type b

7
 Lithium Antidepressants, for Bipolar

Valproic acid Antidepressants, for Bipolar

Carbamazepine Antidepressants, for Bipolar

Lamotrigine Antidepressants, for Bipolar

Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Terbutaline β-adrenergic agonists

8
 Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Albuterol β-adrenergic agonists

Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Salmeterol β-adrenergic agonists

Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Ipratropium Muscarinic antagonists

Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Theophylline Methylxanthines

Asthma, Bronchodilators,
Aminophylline Methylxanthines

9
 Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,
Beclomethasone Corticosteroids

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Fluticasone Corticosteroids

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Budesonide Corticosteroids

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Prednisone Corticosteroids

Zileuton Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents, Leukotriene

pathway modifiers

10
Zafirlukast Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents, Leukotriene
pathway modifiers

Montelukast Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents, Leukotriene

pathway modifiers

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Cromolyn Release inhibitors

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Nedocromil Release inhibitors

Asthma, Anti-inflammatory agents,

Omalizumab anti-IgE therapy

11
Phenobarbital Sedative-Hypnotics, Barbiturates

Pentobarbital Sedative-Hypnotics, Barbiturates

Thiopental Sedative-Hypnotics, Barbiturates

Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

Chlordiazepoxide receptors), alcohol withdrawal

Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

Diazepam receptors), anticonvulsant, alcohol withdrawal,
anxiolytic

12
Flurazepam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa
receptors), sleep aid

Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

Lorazepam receptors), phase II metabolism, alcohol withdrawal,
anxiolytic

Temazapam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

receptors), phase II metabolism, sleep aid

Alprazolam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

receptors), anxiolytic, short half life

Midazolam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

receptors), anterograde amnesia

13
Flunitrazepam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa
receptors), Rohypnol

Clonazepam Sedative-Hypnotics, Benzodiazepines (GABAa

receptors), Anticonvulsant, Spasmolytic

Zaleplon Sedative-Hypnotics, Non-benzodiazepines (z-drugs),

bind to BZ1 subtype of benzodiazepine sites

Zolpidem Sedative-Hypnotics, Non-benzodiazepines (z-drugs),

bind to BZ1 subtype of benzodiazepine sites

Eszopiclone Sedative-Hypnotics, Non-benzodiazepines (z-drugs),

bind to BZ1 subtype of benzodiazepine sites

14
 Flumazenil Sedative-Hypnotics, Non-benzodiazepines (z-drugs),
benzodiazepine site antagonist

Sedative-Hypnotics, Older
Chloral Hydrate sedative/Hypnotics

Sedative-Hypnotics, Older
Meprobamate sedative/Hypnotics

Sedative-Hypnotics, Melatonin receptor agonists,

Melatonin serotonin derivative synthesized and secrected by the
pineal gland

Ramelteon Sedative-Hypnotics, Melatonin receptor agonists,

MT1 (sleepiness) and MT2 (circadian rhythm)

15
 Sedative-Hypnotics, Serotonergic
Buspirone Agents, agonist at 5-HT1a

Sedative-Hypnotics, Over the counter sleep aids,

Diphenhydramine Antihistamines

Doxylamine Sedative-Hypnotics, Over the counter sleep aids,

Antihistamines

Sedative-Hypnotics, Spasmolytics,
Baclofen GABAb receptor agonist

Tizanidine Sedative-Hypnotics, Spasmolytics, central α2

adrenergic receptor agonist

16
 Dantrolene Sedative-Hypnotics, Spasmolytics, decreased release
of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Chlorpromazine Typical Antipsychotics

Haloperidol Typical Antipsychotics

Risperidone Atypical antipsychotics, Elevation of prolacting,

extrapyramidal side effects

Clozapine Atypical antipsychotics, Agranulocytosis, improves

cognitive function

17
 Olanzapine Atypical antipsychotics, Similar to cloxapine, binds
5-HT2a and D4, improves cognitive function

Quetiapine Atypical antipsychotics, Binds 5-HT2a more than

D2, antagonizes H1, α1, α2

Ziprasidone Atypical antipsychotics, Binds 5-HT2a more than

D2, antagonizes H1, α1, α3

Antipsychotics; Dopamine system stabilizer, Partial

Aripiprazole agonist at D2 and 5HT1a serotonin receptors,
antagonist 5HT2a

Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, more

Hydromorphone potent than morphine

18
 Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, treatment
Methadone for heroin addiction

Meperidine Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, less potent and shorter

duration than morphine

Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, very

Fentanyl potent, short duration

Oxycodone Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, weak like codeine, orally as

analgesic for mild pain

Loperamide Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, highly potent meperidine

analog, controls diarrhea, no CNS penetration

19
 Opiates, Synthetic Drugs,
Naloxone antagonizes all opiates

Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, longer

Naltrexone acting antagonist

Buprenorphine Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, partial agonist at opiate

receptors, antagonizes morphine and heroin

Opiates, Synthetic Drugs, cough

Dextromethorphan suppressant

Parkinson's treatments, direct

L-dopa precursor of dopamine

20
Carbiodopa Parkinson's treatments, peripheral L-aromatic
decarboxylase inhibitor

Parkinson's treatments, 1
Simemet Carbidopa: 10 L-dopa

Selegiline Parkinson's treatments, MOA B inhibitors, does not

cause hypertensive crisis; Deprenyl

Parkinson's treatments, MOA B

Rasagiline inhibitors

Parkinson's treatments, COMT Inhibitors (prevent

Tolcapone L-dopa breakdown in peripheral tissues), may cause
liver damage

21
 Entacapone Parkinson's treatments, COMT Inhibitors (prevent
L-dopa breakdown in peripheral tissues)

Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine agonists (can

Bromocriptine cause nausea, hypotension, dyskinesia,
hallucinations, delusions)

Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine agonists (can

Pergolide cause nausea, hypotension, dyskinesia,
hallucinations, delusions)

Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine agonists (can

Ropinirole cause nausea, hypotension, dyskinesia,
hallucinations, delusions)

Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine agonists (can

Pramipexole cause nausea, hypotension, dyskinesia,
hallucinations, delusions)

22
 Parkinson's treatments, Centrally acting
Benztropine antimuscarinic agents (block muscarinics within the
striatum)

Parkinson's treatments, Centrally acting

Trihexyphenidyl antimuscarinic agents (block muscarinics within the
striatum)

Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine

Amantadine releasing agent

Alzheimer's treatment,
Donepezil Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Alzheimer's treatment,
Rivastigmine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

23
 Alzheimer's treatment,
Galantamine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Alzheimer's treatment,
Tacrine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Alzheimer's treatment, NMDA

Memantine receptor agonist

Methotrexate Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

drugs (DMARDs), Immunosuppressive agents

Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

Gold preparations drugs (DMARDs), Immunosuppresive agents;
Depresses macrophage activity

24
 Gold sodium Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs (DMARDs), Immunosuppresive agents;
thiomalate Depresses macrophage activity

Leflunomide Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

drugs (DMARDs), Immunosuppresive agents

Etanercept Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

drugs (DMARDs), TNF-alpha blockers

Infliximab Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

drugs (DMARDs) TNF-alpha blockers

Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

Abatacept drugs (DMARDs), others; Reduces production of
TNF-alpha

25
 Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
Rituximab drugs (DMARDs), others; Depletion of CD20
positive B cells

Anakinra Inflammation, Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

drugs (DMARDs); IL-1 receptor antagonist

Aspirin NSAIDs

Ibuprofen NSAIDs

Naproxen NSAIDs

26
 Salicylate NSAIDs

Celecoxib NSAIDs

Acetaminophen Inflammation, Others

Glucocorticoids Inflammation, Others

Indomethacin Gout, Anti-inflammatory, NSAID

27
 Gout, Anti-inflammatory, binds to
Colchicine tubulin in microtubules

Gout,
Phenylbutazone Anti-inflammatory

Gout, Decreased urate production

Allopurinol (inhibit xanthine oxidase)

Gout, Decreased urate production

Febuxostat (inhibit xanthine oxidase)

Probenecid Gout, Uricosuric drugs

28
Sulfinpyrazone Gout, Uricosuric drugs

Cyclosporine Immunomodulators, Calcineurin inhibitors, inhibits

activation and proliferation of T-cells through IL-2

Tacrolimus Immunomodulators, Calcineurin inhibitors, binds

FKBP-12 more than cyclophilin

Pimecrolimus Immunomodulators, Calcineurin inhibitors, binds

FKBP-12 and inhibits calcineurin

Sirolimus Immunomodulators, Regulators of Cytokine

response, does not inhibit calcineurin

29
 Immunomodulators, Regulators of
Mycophenolate mofetil Cytokine response

Leflunomide Immunomodulators, Regulators of Cytokine

response, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

Immunomodulators, Regulators of
Thalidomide Cytokine response

Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to

Daclizumab treat inflammatory disorders, blocks IL-2, prevents
T-cell activation, transplant rejection

Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to

Basiliximab treat inflammatory disorders, blocks IL-2, prevents
T-cell activation, transplant rejection

30
 Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to
Muromonab treat inflammatory disorders, transplant rejection;
works against epsilon portion of CD3

Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to

Infliximab treat inflammatory disorders, anti TNFα for Crohns,
UC, RA, ankylosing spondylitis

Etanercept Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to

treat inflammatory disorders, soaks up free TNF

Immunomodulators, Monoclonal antibodies used to

Abatacept treat inflammatory disorders, binds CD80, 86,
blocking their binding to CD28; for RA

Azathioprine Immunomodulators, Purine analog

31
 Immunomodulators, Autoimmune
Methotrexate diseases

Glatiramer Immunomodulators, Similar to myelin basic protein,

used for MS

Immunomodulators, Cytokine
Anakinra antagonist

Immunomodulators, cytokines and

Imiquimod growth factors

Colony stimulating factor eopetin Immunomodulators, cytokines and

alfa growth factors

32
 Reduces amphetamine withdrawal
Bupropion symptoms

Amphetamine treatment, DA
Bromocriptine receptor agonist

Desipramine Amphetamine treatment, TCA

Cocaine Stimulants, CNS sympathomimetics

Amphetamines Stimulants, CNS sympathomimetics

33
Phenethylamine Stimulants, CNS sympathomimetics;
Phenethylamines; Decongestant, weight loss

Kathionine Stimulants, CNS sympathomimetics

Stimulants, ADHD treatments,

Methylphenidate Ritalin

Atomoxetine Stimulants, ADHD treatments

Modafinil Stimulants, Narcolepsy treatments

34
 Gamma Stimulants, Narcolepsy treatments,
also a date-rape drug
hydroxybutyrate

Dronabinol Marijuana analog

Rimonabant Marijuana analog

GI drugs, Mucosal protective agents,

Bismuth subsalicylate Pepto-Bismol

Cimetidine GI drugs, H2-receptor antagonists

35
 Ranitidine GI drugs, H2-receptor antagonists

Omeprazole GI drugs, Proton pump inhibitors

Esomeprazole GI drugs, Proton pump inhibitors

Rabeprazole GI drugs, Proton pump inhibitors

Misoprostol GI drugs, Prostaglandin E1 analog

36
Metoclopramide GI drugs, Prokinetic agent (D2 antagonist, 5-HT3
antagonists, 5-HT-4 agonist)

GI drugs, Antiemetics, D2 receptor

Metoclopramide antagonists

GI drugs, Antiemetics, D2 receptor

Chlorpromazine antagonists

GI drugs, Antiemetics, D2 receptor

Prochlorperazine antagonists

GI drugs, Antiemetics, D2 receptor

Promethazine antagonists

37
 GI drugs, Antiemetics, D2 receptor antagonists,
Droperidol postoperative nausea and vomiting; can cause
hypotension, fatal cardiac arrhythmias

GI drugs, Antiemetics, 5-HT3

Ondansetron receptor antagonist

GI drugs, Antiemetics, 5-HT3

Granisetron receptor antagonist

GI drugs, Antiemetics, 5-HT3

Palonsetron receptor antagonist

GI drugs, Antiemetics, Substance P

Aprepitant antagonist

38
 GI drugs, Antiemetics, H1
Dimenhydrinate antihistamine

Nabilone GI drugs, Antiemetics, Cannabinoid

Sulfasalazine GI drugs, IBD

Mesalamine GI drugs, IBD

Diphenoxylate GI drugs, Antidiarrheal

39
 Loperamide GI drugs, Antidiarrheal, opioid

Bismuth subsalicylate GI drugs, Antidiarrheal

Alosetron GI drugs, Antidiarrheal, 5-HT3 antagonist, For IBS

whose primary manifestation is diarrhea; for women

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool

Tegaserod softeners

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool

Lubiprostone softeners

40
 GI drugs, Laxatives and stool
Bran softeners, Bulk laxatives

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool

Psyllium preparations softeners, Bulk laxatives

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool

Methylcellulose softeners, Bulk laxatives

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically

Milk of magnesia active agents

Sodium phosphate/sodium GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically

biphosphate active agents

41
 Glycerin GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically
active agents

Lactulose GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically

active agents

GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically

Polyethylene glycol active agents

Ascorbic acid GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Osmotically

active agents

Bisacodyl GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Stimulant

laxatives

42
 GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Stimulant
Cascara sagrada laxatives

Senna GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Stimulant

laxatives

Castor oil GI drugs, Laxatives and stool softeners, Stimulant

laxatives

Dimenhydrinate Autocoids, Biogenic Amines, Antihistamines,

Dramamine, Vertigo

Autocoids, Biogenic Amines, Antihistamines,

Diphenhydramine Benadryl, over the counter sleep aid

43
 Meclizine Autocoids, Biogenic Amines, Antihistamines,
Antivert, Vertigo

Promethazine Autocoids, Biogenic Amines, Antihistamines,

Phenergan, Vertigo

Autocoids, Biogenic Amines,

Fexofenadine Antihistamines, Allegra

Autocoids, Biogenic Amines,

Loratadine Antihistamines, Claritin

Autocoids, Biogenic Amines,

Sumatriptan Triptans, Imirex

44
 Alcohol treatment; Inhibits alcohol
Fomepizole dehydrogenase

Stimulants, CNS sympathomimetics;

Phenylpropanolamine Phenethylamines; Decongestant, weight loss

Alcohol treatment; inhibits aldehyde

Disulfiram dehydrogenase

Naltrexone Alcohol treatment; opiate antagonist; reduces

reinforcing effects of ethanol

Acamprosate Alcohol treatment; analog of GABA, impairs NMDA

receptor function; reduces alcohol cravings

45
 Prophylactic Treatment for
Propranolol Migraines

Prophylactic Treatment for

Methysergide Migraines; Ergot alkaloid

Prophylactic Treatment for

Amitriptyline Migraines

Verapamil Prophylactic Treatment for Migraines; Calcium

channel blocker

Prophylactic Treatment for

Valproic acid Migraines

46
 Prophylactic Treatment for
Topiramate Migraines

Prophylactic Treatment for

Gabapentin Migraines

Prophylactic Treatment for

Ibuprofen Migraines

47