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Reagents
1. Deionized water
2. Standardization buffers of pH 7.00 and 4.00
3. Below are quantities of CaCl2.2H2O and KCl to dissolve in water for preparing 0.01 M
CaCl2 or 1 M KCl if they are used for measuring salt pH.
a. 0.01 M CaCl2: Dissolve 1.47 g of CaCl2.2H2O in DI-H2O and bring volume to 1
L.
b. 1 M KCl: Dissolve 74.6 g of KCl in DI-H2O and bring volume to 1 L.
Procedure
1. Measure a volume of soil from 10 to 20 mL, or mass of soil from 10 to 20 g, and add it to
a sample cup. Volume is measured with a soil sampling scoop. Mass can be measured
with a scale or estimated from a volume measurement accounting for the density of soil.
2. The next step considers different variations on the type of solution added to soil.
a. 1:1 soil:water pH: Dispense a particular volume of water to soil that is equal to
the volume or mass of soil.
b. 1:1 soil:0.01 M CaCl2 pH: Dispense a particular volume of 0.01 M CaCl2 to soil
that is equal to the volume or mass of soil.
c. 1:1 soil:1 M KCl pH: Dispense a particular volume of 1 M KCl to soil that is
equal to the volume or mass of soil.
d. 1:2 soil:water pH: Dispense a particular volume of water that is twice the volume
or mass of soil.
3. Stir the soil and solution vigorously and allow slurry to set from 15 minutes to 1 hour.
4. Ensure room temperature is between 20 and 25oC before proceeding with pH
measurement.
5. Calibrate pH meter and electrode using pH 4 and 7 buffers.
6. Place electrode in the soil slurry to measure pH. Measurement may be taken with or
without continuous stirring. If measurement is made without continuous stirring, stir the
sample with a stir bar before placing electrode in the sample. Allow adequate time for
pH to reach a stable reading. Stability can be ascertained by pH meter settings for
manual measurements or software settings for automated instruments. Software settings
used by 4 Southeastern USA laboratories for automated LabFit instruments range from 5
Calculations
1. If measuring soil pH in 0.01 M CaCl2 or 1 M KCl, it is convenient to report an equivalent
soil-water pH since this is a more familiar pH value in relation to plant growth. The pH
in 0.01 M CaCl2 is approximately 0.6 units less than soil-water pH. The pH in 1 M KCl
is approximately 0.9 unit less than soil-water pH. A comparison of 1186 soils in Georgia
provided an equation to calculate an equivalent soil-water pH from 0.01 M CaCl2 soil pH
as shown below.
1:1 soil:water pH = 0.92 x 0.01 M CaCl2 soil pH + 1.10
r2 = 0.91
r2 = 0.98
2. The pH in a 1:2 soil:water mixture is only about 0.1 pH units greater than pH in a 1:1
soil:water mixture. A comparison of median values for 1:1 soil:water versus 1:2
soil:water from 134 samples in the North American Proficiency Testing program resulted
in the following relationship.
1:1 soil-water pH = 0.99 x 1:2 soil:water pH 0.04
r2 = 0.996
Analytical Performance
Range and Sensitivity
M CaCl2, and 1:1 soil:1 M KCl are shown below. Each measurement was taken on
different days.
Method
1:1 soil:water
1:1 soil:0.01 M CaCl2
1:1 soil:1 M KCl
Number of
measurements
10
yet to be added
yet to be added
Mean
5.73
yet to be added
yet to be added
Standard
deviation
0.09
yet to be added
yet to be added
Interferences
1. Differences in pH will occur with electrode placed in a soil-slurry or in the supernatant
after the soil has settled. The differences are more pronounced with soil pH in water
compared to electrolyte solutions. To avoid this variability in pH, it is important to stir
the soil slurry right before measurement. With sandy soils, the settling time of soil
particles is rapid and continuous stirring during measurement is recommended.
2. Glass electrodes have a short life span when measuring pH of sandy soils. The sand
particles are abrasive to the glass resulting in electrode breakage or malfunction. When
electrodes fail to measure pH of calibration buffers or quality control samples show more
error than expected, replace electrodes.
Interpretation
1. There is a wide variation of pH values for optimum plant growth. Most agronomic crops
require soil-water pH values between 5.7 and 7. Some plants, such as blueberries and
azaleas, require acidic soil conditions with soil-water pH below 5. Consult SERA6
(1988) for more details on optimum pH ranges for various crops. A soil pH measurement
just provides a measure of whether lime is needed or not. If soil pH is below a threshold
pH value, some method of quantifying residual acidity is required to determine how
much lime is needed to reach the target pH. Chapter X provides various methods for
quantifying residual soil acidity for determining lime requirements.
Effects of Storage
1. Air-dried soils may be stored several months without affecting the soil pH measurement
provided they are stored in an ammonia free environment or in a tightly sealed container.
2. The electrodes used for pH measurement should be maintained and stored according to
the manufacturers instructions. Any automated instrument used for pH measurement
should be maintained according to manufacturers directions.
References
Kalra, Y.P. 1995. Determination of pH of soils by different methods: Collaborative study. J.
AOAC Int. 78: 310-321.
Kidder, G., W.E. Sabbe, and C.L. Parks. 1988. Procedures and practices followed by southern
state soil testing laboratories for making liming recommendations. Southern Cooperative Series
bulletin no. 332, Univ. of Florida.
Miller, R.O. and D.E. Kissel. 2010. Comparison of soil pH methods on soils of North America.
Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:xxx-xxx