Saniya Shahrad O’LEVEL 2 - " PAKISTAN.S STU ‘GEOGRAPH 2059/2" | HEAD ‘OF DEPARTMENT . “JUNAID. AKHTAR = TOP IN PAK STUDIES 98% CELL= 0300-2187567 junaid-akhtar@live.comney FOREST. BASIC DEFINITIONS: FOREST: An extensive area covered by treés is called a forest. The desired level of forests is between 20-30% of the whole area of the country. Pakistan has only 5% of area covered with foresis. CANOPY: When the branches of trees merge or try to merge to give shade in the areas under them HUMUS: When the leaves & bipnches df the trees fall down, they decompose & mix with soil. AFORESTATION: Planting of the trees in a new area which was never plantefl i REAFFORESTATION: Planting of thd trees in a deforested area, TREE LINE; The area without{soil cover or high altitude area which does not/support treps to row. SNOW LINE: The area where prow dof's not melt throughout the year around (4500+) FUEL WOOD: Low quality whod usedjas fuel. TIMBER: High quality wood sed in fifniture & other industries. RANGE LAND: Land which ip neither|focested nor ander cultivation. WATER SHED: The area whiph acts ob a dividing line between two river systems. EVER GREEN: The plants without ledves falling even in autumn, Productive forests Protective forests They provide wood or timer for various | They are for scenic beauty industries 2. { They are large scale forest] ‘They are smali-scale forests 3. | We get fruits in large quarjlities We get food in small guna H __| 4. | Canopy would be closed ‘Canopy would be open 5. | Provide natural habitat for animals! Provide less natural habitat for arfinjals 6. [They give rise to tourism Doiiot give rise totourisn | 7.1 They also prevent soil erosion They prevent soil erosion Importance or advantages of Forest © Provide timber and wood ifor v: © Provide emplpyment fo mbny people industries ® Provide food)to people anf wildtif Prevent soil erosion ‘© Increase evaporation}which gives fise 10 Provide shelter and naturgl habitaf to witdlife . formation increases the sofi = Increase so hich givds rise to fertility, tourism «Provide vajious types of fruits © Provide hefbs for medicines Treegcause heaps of leaves dur}a DISADVANTAGES OF FORESTS: autumn, Trees cover thelspace where nothing can be done. Trees catch fire Which can destroy property. Trees provide shafter to wild beAsts which can hrm the human being Trees & their roots ban des! property life & 9300-21875: fy or damage theFOREST TYPES: TYPES. AREAS DES ON USES ALPINE NAREAS: DIR CHITRAL, KOHISTAN STUNTEDGROWTH DUE TO LOW TEMP, + SLOPY BRANCHES. + NEEDLE-SHAPED LEAVES FUEL WOOD MOSTLY. CONIFEROUS (Oak,maple) FATA (N-AREAS) FANA (SWAT,SHANGLA) PUNJAB (MURREE,RAWL) QUETTA & + TALL TREES + SLOPY BRANCHES. |__« NEEDLE-SHAPED LEAVES. EVERGREEN TREES - NO/LITTLE HUMUS RIVERIAN/ BELA BANKS OF RIVE! INDUS & LINEARPLANTATIONS. PERFECT GROWTH DUE TO WATER & ALLUVIUM. * HIGH QUALITY TIMBER SHISHAM & BABUL IRRIGATED LINEAR PLANTATIONS. ROWS & COLUMNS. EQUALLY SPACED. DIFF. SPECIES IN DIFF. AREA’ © HIGH QUALITY TIMBER SHISHAM & BABUL, TROPICAL THORN (RAKH) LOW HEIGHT, THORNY HARDWOOS BUSHES, SCATTERED PLANTS. LOW QUALITY SPECIES FOR FUEL. JO AKHTAR 0300-2187567| SUB- TROPICAL THORN (SCRUBS) THORNY HARDWOOS BUSHES. SCATTERED PLANTS. BROAD LEAVES. LOW QUALITY SPECIE: POR FUEL FUEL WOOD AND. GRAZING ANIMALS. MANGROVES ‘= INDUS DELTA + HAB DELTA + LOW HEIGHT DUE TO POLLUTION.Gm) * ONLY PLANTS CAN SURVIVE INTO WATER. © DIFF. SPECIES FOUND IN PAKISTAN, © KEEP THE COASTAL AREAS INTACT & ABSORD. ‘THE SHOCKING WAVES OF EARTH QUAKE. FUEL WOOD. PEOPLE CUT THEM FOR FUEL, FODDER FOR ANIMAL & MAKING HUTS. * BREEDING GROUNDS FOR | SHRIMPS & FISH,* CONIFEROUS Penn OR BELA (4500m) (4000m- 4500m) (1000m- 4000m) Overgrazing of land d Clearing of land for ich causes floods. ging of property. threat of w7ld beasts. Pe place, which is very harmful, ich increases aridity. spiration, means less rainfalf. Pk JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 lDescribe solutions to the caused by defoy * By providing irrigation facilities to the deforested areas * _ Byrreserving compact land for fuel wood * Creating awareness among the ut the importance of forests * By improving techniques of rai ies and planting trees * Selective cutting method shoulll be ‘+ Heavy machines like bull-dozdrs should! not be used * Forest laws should be implems + Enforcement of rural and grams, * By planting fruit trees on slopes of hil MOUNTANOUS AREAS: © — Terraeing (in which steps a ‘water and soil.) Contour ploughing (on the fides of 4 hill various crops are planted p ‘Strip farming (in this two dr more Reckless cutting for fuel wopd, overfgrazing due to industries when they dump t§xic i Indus Delta and adjojning reas. © Edaphie fact of Pakistan, The condition should be sulfa from western depression in Je More rain. Tourism would is cheap quality wood wh s have different types of forests.(Alpine) Aridity prevailing over the/Baluchiftan plateau and the southern pa not support plant growth ax * More than normal preci the soufh encourage the growth of mang nll Irriga ed) is used for burning. ‘Timber: It is good quality wood which, is used in various industries, Se JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 cut intd flat hillsides and front is covered determine the type and density/of forests in different TS) soil) pter pollutionResin: It is used for making Varnishes. Mazri: It is used for making mats, baskets etc.- Ephedra: It is a medicinal plant which, is used by pharmaceutical companies. *The ee Watershed *Rachna Doab Afforestation Projed tfees is done as soon as possible mn. Ifthe areas of plantation should be devdloped. The process of tation of trees. Carts, Railway Bogdies Sports goods industry. iture. ‘Hoow (Res 1) Fewer fish JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567Why (Res 1 Roots provide shelter for young fish Less food Breeding ground 2@112] Photograph A for Question 2 Study the photograph A 4 in Shangla District in NWFP. {a) () Describe in not mofe than tivo words, the topozraphv(relieN shbwn in the mountainous wooded / cqniferoust{rees)! steep slopes/deep vatleys i (0 (ii) What type of trees ark shown in this photograph? ‘coniferous / spruce / fir / deodanikaavehir 0) (ii) At what attitude do {hese treds erow in NWEP? 1000-4000 metres fl ed 40,shue climate in thls aren? ick, leathery Ipaves ) tq reduce wanspiration lergreen tp table advantage of short growing season (3 (b) (i) Tréos have been cut down in Area X. What offeects may this have on the soil there? : sl ct JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 . foal ralidesrtotal soi] logs/oniy rocks Jefi credit effect + dey 03} ii) How ca deforestation affect water su Muddy water .fe) Why are there irri ii) State and explain one way in} Construction } Firewood j + Prevent erosion of bafiks Furniture } uses max 2 * Reduces air pollutio Boxes } * — Forshade Agricultural implements } © Rechice timber impatis Isrigation available : «Ete. Shade education / better managempnt forest reserves Jegal controls on commercifl cutting// selective cutting restricting use of heavy maghinery supply of gas to Northern afeas to refluce need for firewood terracing, explanation: eredit accordipg to wayj stated in answer J mark for way plus 2 for dxplanatida ese age DISTRIBUTION OF FOREATS ON MAP(Fig-2) b delta/Sindlyeoast Gi) ‘irrigated aw mnost by riversty tae. = S UNAID AKHTAR 0300-2 187567 6/7 in Punjab/most in Panjab/uip 1 in Lower Sindh/near Liyderabad/iower LIP 1 on border of Punjab and NWEP/confuence of Indus and Gomal named plantation (max 1) Reserve | for each group. +@th) 8]i) What is used to line the canal Clay/cementibricks ‘To prevent seepagerleakage/water i) Why is the plantation being + Lowrainfalthers is note] For a constan/regular su iv) Why is the w To avoid waterlogging to ki Trees do not want heir roo} £0) (i) State pve domestic Firewood heatingeooki (Gi) Explain how: construct means of chemical guch as — resin, varnigh, mazri (for mats), pharmaceuti farnslagrichltural ase such as fnces, gates, implements paper production from pulp sports gools such as bats, ra crafts such bs ornaments, bef, etc. furniture sugh as chairs, tables. etc. ‘ensuring supphicS ure here for the future selective curing replanting tiees that have been cut dowr/ze-afforestation mainiaining/looking afer forests planting species that do not need irvig tion 2 Pl Ci i) BI JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 dhWhy does Pakistan need to increase the ares of ited pla ‘Too many trees have been cut down/too much deforestation ‘To provide more wood for industry, increase in population ete. To relieve waterflogging dnd salinity. ‘To prevent erosipn of banks/slopes To replace areas| where {rests cannot be replaced (e.g, due to soil frosion or trbanisation) For tourism : To reduce impolts (a) (i) Why is afforestation calthd a Hong-term investment’? © trees take many years to/grow + wany years belpre finanpial retumn/start production/results are spen © high cost of plfnting © costs during growth PI $i) What are the advantages dnd disadvantages of developing a fokest arda for tourism? Advantage (res. 1) Employment opportuyities Source of income Provision of named iijfrastructhre/electricity, roads, water, sanitation (max 2) Provision of other mddemn facilities, e.g. shops Reduces the effects off defores{ation/destruction of habitats/soil eropion (mds 1 Disadvantage (res. 1) High cost of developinent/mohey could be spent on other things Effects on habitats/dhmage toj trees Litter/earbage Resettlement of local people Tourists may not cone, problems of sccurity, ete, Loss of eultyap [aj SELECTIVE CUTTING JUNAID AKHTAR JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567TERRACING fe - GSRE42 CONTOUR PLLOUGHING JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567PAKISTAN Tf? FORESTS a) Af £ Ree | connate on BRyEvETICCA. TaapicACTHUnMen AKA Photograph B | mamenoves RWERsKOL BELA Syeneateoraeme g— | Na TARO ATE Ds. Photograph 4 EB] pce wt sort orate Ele ih i comenous toes 12, JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 |Extraction: Taking the mineral out from Nature. MINERAL RESOURCES Define the following terms: ‘Mineral: Any naturally occurring substance with a definite structure & shape, Exploration: To find any mineral or naturally occurring substance. Exploitation: The use of explored minerals is called exploitation hich would be exhausted after a speeffic time, not use them again and again. e.g. ofl, coal aid gas, etc... i od for thermal power generation like goal, oil & Non-Metallic Minerals Economically less valuable except for power minerals like (oil, gas) Generally hard, tough, and Softer, rough and may not seu | Can change shape without 12] | Breaks away when shape is cljar Can be stretched and comy ‘Cannot be stretched or comprf-ssed. Good thermal and electrica} conducfors_| Poor thermal and electrical ofnduct aly[+le[p) More reactive with water ahd acid Less reactive with water and[acid MINING METHODS: Mining is a process of digging depth Open- cast mining scoops up these min off by giant excavators and po ‘wagons to be carried away. Placer Mining or Mining in Hnad Panning: It j erosion the partic. separated by shakir Unde Deseribe the effects of ‘There are three main iin: it) round Mit mn the environment, JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 mineral from the earth. Mineral are fojind Environmental loss means there is damage to the whole atmosphere. For mineral exploration plants & trees are cut down causing soil erosion, Natural scenic beauty is destroyed due to construction of roads & houses for labours. The use of dynamite for blasting damages the earth. 13 hen oved through tunnels. This problems of ventilation nyDepressions formed due to blasting may be flooded. Duc to blasting noise pollution increases. Old methods of mining are ddngerous|for the miners. Miners should be given proj The area under mining sho Lack of technical knowledg Lack of accessible mineral nt Corporation ae failtes; ax exemptions on machinery & extensive visas for foreign staf. IMPOR’ iCE OF Ni ‘+ Provision of employment. More development in the areas with © Source of foreign exchange earnings due minerals. to exports. More local & foreign investment © Improves GDP & GNP. Less rural-urban migrationTERRACING oe CONTOUR PLOUGHING JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 dyPhotograph B PAKISTAN — e FORESTS a) At s | qa eoneamous 7 SL saessiéenes I TE taereat Tronvon (KH / (NO BAtteateD. caine rage ss . é &. purseanenty 'ssfazarganji-Chiltan National Park, near Ou Photograph A contrencss Poet D2, JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 4MINERAL RESOURCES the following terms _» Mineral: Any naturally occurring substance with a definite structure & shape. Exploration: To find any mineral or naturally occurring substance. Exploitation: The use of explored minerals is called exploitation Extraction: Taking the mineral out from Nature. ‘Mining: To extract the mineral by diggi for thermal power generation like goal, oil & Non-Metallic Minerals i: 1, | Economically more valuabl ‘Economically less valuable exept for ea power minerals like (oil, gas) 2. | Generally hard, tough, and $hinning| | Softer, rough and may not shife(Dull 3. | Can change shape without breaking] Breaks away when shape is cifanged 4. | Can be stretched and compfessed Cannot be stretched or comscl {| 5. | Good thermal and electrical conductors | Poor thermal and electrical egndu 6. | More reactive with water ahd acid Less reactive with water. andjacid f | minincmetuops, JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 ‘Mining is a process of digging nfcks and mineral from the earth. Mineralf are fo depths. There are three main mett ome miherals like coal and iron often lid near tHe s cast mining scoops up these minefals fron} near the surface. The mineral: off by giant excavators and power shovdls, which then load the materi are extracted by this Hnad Panning: It erosion the particlgs of the| mingrals are mixed with sand, So by using fieves & pans minerals|are in caselof Gold. hafis are dug down to the minerals, especially for.coal. Tunnels are ithe layers or seams pf the mineral, which is then r are also present underground, collapse. Miners have been 2) Adit Mining: Adil 3 dt passage. It is done in hilly areas where faineral seal exposed on a hillside) \dit might by/horizontal or vertical depending pn the ngture of the + Environmental loss means there is damage to the whole atmosphere For mineral exploration plants & trees are cut down causing soil erosion. Natural scenic beauty is destroyed due to construction of roads & houses for labours, The use of dynamite for blasting damages the earth. 13Depressions formed due to blasting may be flooded. Due to blasting noise pollution increases. Old methods of mining are d4ngerous|for the miners. Due to mining waste land po} “To avoid environmental lo To avoid deformation dep To provide clean water prof ‘the mineral sector. Lack of Finance Lack of technical knowledg Lack of stable political sitya Lack of Public support dud g = E facies; wx exemptions on tiachinery & extensive visas for foreign staf, IMPORT: /ETALLIC MI ‘* Provision of employment. ‘© More development in the areas with * Source of forcign exchange camnings due minerals aoe to exports. © More local & foreign investment. ‘+ Improves GDP & GNP. © Less rural-urban migration2 Us) Fig.3-anows now cement is mace, Describe the process of Cement preparation, The raw materials Limestone, Clay or Shale are ground & mixed. Then they are heated in g rotary Kiln. When the Clinkers are prepared. The kiln products are ground then mixed with Gypsum to make cement. MINERAL POLICY OF GOVT. OF PAKISTAN: To attract the local & foreign investors the govt. of Pakistan would provide them land; security; infra structure facilities; tax exemptions on machinery é& extensive visas for foreign stall. IMPORTANCE OF NON-METALLIC MINERALS: Provision of employment. Source of foreign exchange earnings due to exports. Improves GDP & GNP. More development in the areas with minerals. More loca! & foreign investment. Less ruralanban migration fi) State three waturat iny limestone gypsumécaleiam sulphate nalurai gss/coal clay/shale water sand JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 ts that are needed to make cement. a 1S t2 {a} Study Fig. 4, a cross section showing iwotypes of coal mine coal seam other rock B coal (seam) underground / {ili) Describe the method of minin; ‘Adit mine Horizontal shaft into hillgide Possibly several shafts ndifferent Pick and shoveltrepannet (only cr Dynamite on seam {onlyferedit ond Bucketsttrucks/trolleysidonvavor tw surface Shalt mining Maia shaft (venical or Joping) JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 ‘Tunnels/side sMafts along seam Pick and shovti/tzepanner (onl Dynamite on feam (ordy credit to mai r (Res of mine, Aloft of 1] credit once} ace} shat for each pe (1 by(a) Study Fig, 3 which shows limestone and rock salt extraction, @ Describe the distribution of limestone extraction in Pakistan. BI + Widespread - + NWEP-Punjab border/Potwar Plateau © NCB) Baluchistan + SSindlvnear Karachi © Central Sindh i) What is rock salt used for in Pakistan? fe] Cooking, preservation, soda ash, bicarbonate, caustic soda for tanning, textiles,laundhies Table salt (Credit 2 uses, ot one with development) Photograph 8 for Gavetion 3 {c) Studv Photograph B (Insert) showing a cement factory near Ghulamullah, in Thatta Dist, i) Deseribe the scene in the photograph. > [a * Flat © Smokedustair pollution © Dryfbarefbarrenunpopulated © Low fiat-roofed building . Rough road to factory © Stones/rocks © Vegctation in background © Tyretracks © Chinney (iit) Explain the importance of three human inputs at_a cement factory and the diffiewlty of provi them at this site. You should refer. yh B and your own knowledge. . inputs ° difficulty . electricity for power remote from settlement © roadirailway for transport lack of skifled/edueaiéd workforce © Iabour for govd production anrefiable labour force lack of named infrastructure hovdry climate Jack of focal entrepreneurs telecommunications for supplyfsiles et. machinery for fastefficient production © capital for Investment input + difficulty 141) (@) Why is there a large demand for coment in Pakistan? HI Domestic construction e.g, houses Industrial construction e.g. Factories Institutional buildings/schools/hospitals/offices ete. Communication ¢.g. roads. bridges, railway sleepers Port developments Water management e.g, Dams. canals, embankments, JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 Shw & “N L j~—] Naine Description and uses 1. (@ Rock Salt Seams of rock salt vary in thickness from between 20 co 100 meters thick. The rocks knawae aze white or pink in eqlour. The salt is overlain by gypsum and clay. Rock salt is used agena foe cooking and preservative purposes and for the manufverare of soda 2h, bieatbonace of soda, caustic soda and other sodas for laundries, textilesy and tanning. () Brine Used in the chemics! and fertilizer industry. nbd mpggyone Limestone is a major sedimentary deposit and is widespsead in Pakistan. Itis the main | shale ne (Este) Gran gy THAh (BEG) raw material for cement and also used in the manufacturing of lime, bleaching powder, ‘glass, soap, paper and paints. 3.Coal 7K [s]Laicies, Semon, TeamPn Isp DaReral, mach, SOR RAG] USAF tanvene, Daneel, Pra (ode oatt Pakistan has low-quality coal. Coal is mainly used in brick kiins, some is used to make coke and coal briquettes and 2 small percentage is used for power generation, Itis planaed to build 2 thermal powcr station to use the coal from @ new coalfield in Thar District. 4. Natural Gas Dorestic and Industat uses are discussed in detail in "Power Resources”, Kos ce 5, Mineral Oii It is used as a power source, as a lubricant for machines, and as motor fuel. troleum) Tris discussed in detail in “Power Resources”. perwates Babied — 6. Gypsusn Found in grey, white ond pink colour. Ic is used in the manufseture of paints, fertilizers: SArbewaey and pre-fabricated constractions boards. White gypsum is used for making cement Daep kwer and Plaster of Paris. 7. Masble Found in baads of white, grey, yellow and bown. It is used in buildings end formaking | ye Raaokt chips for flooring and decorative pieces. : Mad eB, _ 8. Clays Clays arc fine-grained minerals, In Pakistan, che most importans inlustrial clays are Stan pees China Clay, Pize Clay and Falles’s Barth. China Clay is used in the ceramic industry, for » speciel type of coment enc has other industrial uses, i, Hire Clay is eaed its cefzacturies to make fire Daleks and asuketug brichs. 1 is also used to make pottery and chemic H—Polles's Marth fy used in steel mill foundsies, olf dailing ane of reliaing, 9. Magnesite gh percentage of magnesia (sbour 80%}. Ue is used in the madwifi sre of arnaceuticals, SPins Lat cement, paper pulp, rayon, fertilizer, chemicals ani 10. Sulphus Sulphur is used to manufacture sulphuric acid, explosives, paints, dyes, rayon and fet out Sera | 6h — ‘ound in the eavitis of sedimentary 1. Cekestite Found in the cavities of tary sucks Uses: tracer buileis, Erewor's, ceramics, palots und plastics. | tiesia tard ce [Rien ietic tere ——— JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2 THgrTa tir Bo Sarakrasa * “-Shait mining. Cosi seams exposed on the hill side Open-cast mining Adit mining ‘The coal is processed Key: coal seam ES} other rock Intormatcnal boundary Provinet eaundary cars oh Ainpernot: UD ao 2 weer inesPOWER RESOURCE COAL FIELDS OF PAKISTAN 1. Baluchistan: Quetta Coal field (Sor range, Mach, Dargai 2, Sindh: Lower Sindh Coal field (Lakhra, Sonda, Jhampir, Thar 94%) 3. Punjab; Salt range Coat field (Dandot, Pidh) 4. Khyber Pakitoonkiiaw I) FORMATION OF CO, Thousands of years back the whold earth was covered with sea water. Wf got some dry areas with thick vegetation but thoseftrees were buried bencath the earth surface due to various hiataral havards like earthquakes etc, Due ko the oy ath the earth surface -s Carbon & more impurities. It’s like animé) dung. Lignite: Beiter than Peay but it alko contains high moisture & ash coftent. on. Another is ent IN PAKISTAN, nurces due to lack of If energy due to the e pehple and vavtous industries we do minfng of doa-ahd use bf the various y injthermal power plants. We have Fewer deposits of oil & low quality coal. ‘tries fike ice plants. brick kiln. and lime kiln © 40% of coal is destroyedt due to collapse and fire © Mining of coal in Pakistan is less profitable. itis hi # Organizations are not interested to invest ly risky. tough job and tow jaconne The mining of coal is tough & risky Low standaid of living of the Coal miners due to less profit MINERAL OIL OIL FIELDS OF PAKIS’ 1. “Upper Panjab (Potwar Plateau) Lower Sindh (Badin) JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 2aOIL REFINERIES AND THED ONS BEHIND LOCATION IN PAKISTAN. 1) “Attock Oil Refinery” in the Potwar region at Morga due to presence of oil deposits in that region. It should be near the oil fields because the transportation of oil is expensive, time consuming and dangerous. 2) “Pak-Arab Refinery Company (PARCO)” at Mehmodkot Multan because it is centrally located ‘and can fulfill the requirements of upper & lower areas of Pakistan, 3 & 4) “Pakistan Oil Refinery and National Oil Refinery"are located in Karachi due to ports of iports because we import oil by ship at Kemari & Port Qasim, 5) “Hab Oil Refinery” in Balochistan because of Gwader Port & to fulfill Balochistan data is studied by Geol decided, then a rig is set ly drilling is done with the help 4f Diamond oil which is crude oil. Then it is s CRUDE ONL: It i ‘compounds of carbon in it, PRODUCTS OF OIL: Petrol, jet oil, diesel & K ruction & tages wwe, bulky, & only limited amount can be franspor . Faethods of mining & drilling if investment like British Petroleum . pesticides. Lubricant & Fertilizer industries * Favourable Govt. policies © More industries need more oil for generators. x More use in agriculture like in Tube wells & Machinery, 1Y DO WE IMPORT O} Many vehicles in Pakistan, Many industries & lubricant industries, use of generators, More use of electrical appliances.'S OF SO MUCH IMPORT OF OIL: Economic burden Negative balance of payment. Nigh inflation rate. More foreign debt. Less money for other projects. Foreign dependency Loss of valuable foreign exchange NATURAL GAS GAS FIELD OF PAKISTAI SUI, MARI, PIRKOH, MEYAI low temperature it converts i due tolheight the pressure also reduces a lot PG as aligeatives Many Easily & cheaply avg . serves in P: # Developed sys JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 Lines. smoke far lung areas. Rk ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES. Transport. the m rally ing of the term ‘Fossil Fuels’ with examples son of hydrogen deposit is called “Fossil Fuel.” Decomposition of pre- anisms formed these fuels ¢.2. Coal, oil and gas, Name the body that was established in 1959 to promote the development of electric Pakistan, including rural areas. The Water and Power Development Authority: (WAPDA) 22POWER GENERATION: ‘Thermal power stations (70%) ADVANTAGES: ‘© Can be installed anywhere, : * Low installation cost. * Less space is required for installation. * Easy to provide power to Ipcatareas DISADVANTAGES: Z z g = ‘+ Fossil fuels cause poltuti + Highly dangerous way to generatelelectricity.. Can cause acidic rainfal Hot water drained into sch causes\lestruction of plants & sea life. Hy W ADVANTAGES: Water isa renewable source, whi + HEP is referred to as w © Very low running cost. # Safest ay 10 generate ris used to generate HEP and wi oduces power without burni tally fijendly DISADVANTAGES: cosfs are hig red 4s reservpir. “JUNAID A AKHTAR 0300- 2187567 There are many financial & technical problems in many power plants. In winter the amount of water reduces in dams causing less HEP generation Long transmission lines from the grid stations causing wastage of energy In many dams siltation causes less storage of energy Price of fossil fuel & furnace oil is very high. More demand due to industrialization: urbanization & rural electrification. Power theft (Kunda System) causing misuse of energy A large amount of electricity is given to tribal areas free of cost JUNAID AKHTER 0300-2187567eS eS | EFFECTS OF LOAD SHEDDING: hours of factories. Less production in factories. Difficult to pay the wages to labour. ~ Factories can be shut down. Difficult to meet the targets so loss of foreign contracts. High production cost due foruse-of generators & dynamo, Explain why at some hydroelect rvoirs have been made over recent y This is due to the problem to store water decreases and there is a floods in the nearby areas. So to preven{ any type of harm or damage to the dams,/additional djm’s wall reservoirs have been made. ‘* Fuel rods in reactors d their WOR Nuclear fission igh the hot core heats a State two factors, which have been taken into consideration in deciding the order of villages, which would be supplied with electricity. The first factor is the retim of the cost of laying and maintaining transmission lines and other expenditures. The second factor is poptilation because it is not feasible to provide electricity to illages with a population fewer than 1,000 people in Khyber Pakhtoonistan(NWEP) and Sindh and fewer than 300 in Baluchistan. JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 24Explain how the provision of electricity has raised the living standards of the people in many reas of Pakistan © Tube-wells can be in ‘alled in villages ‘+ Small-scale industries can be set up in village areas + Standard of Living of people can-be raised. * People can receive electronic media and have access to 1 ¢ More jobs can be created in the village areas, which will stop migration from villages to city areas. SOLAR POWER: | from sunlight, solar power. is used in several ways, One {photovoltaic ceils). Thdy can paver radios and even small cars. fy is to collect it in solar cells Biogas projects are it means that cow dung jon a lafge scale it will aggravate the deficic lover. it} would increase polliion because mefhane is greenhouse WINDERERGY: fi can befdevetoped in those areas where heavy: cnvirortment friendly and refenable source, Reve been elosen fardits iftstaltatiqn. wind blows. It if ly in Giklani and other areas o| Nery cast. safe Pakistan have Non-rehewable sources of fnergy will he eventually exhyosteds expla prospelts of developing eguewable resources in Pakistay. Non-rerewable power resgurees will eveniually be exbuypted becluise everypshere iif the world the depositstare preserved in/a limited amount. So alier its ¢onsumpfion they yill be Fhished. Due tw these reahons and the f¥Ct that we do not have much re . we hve to Fink ways to use renewable ources of ower but we have the following problemg due to whieh we edhmot use salar ‘and wind energy» the sources of reheWaBTe power the problems and energy. wants * Lack of finance * Lack of political stability # Lack of technivat assistance # Lack of awareness amongst people © Lack of machinery required for # Inaceessible area mining Explain why in the Sixth Five-\ ear-Plan, for example, emphasis was placed on the use of renewable rather than non-renewable sources of energy. This is because Pakistan is a developing countey with fewer deposits cl’ fassit import mineral ofl form other countries (0 run oor industries and thermal poswer stations. whieh puts 4 burdep on our economy. So to save our Valuable foreign exchange we should wse solar eneryy wind or wave energy as substitute for oif. JUNAID AIKHTER 0300-2187567 A5 uel, We hare toSOLAR POWER Advantages BIO-GAS Advantages: WIND ENERGY ADVANTAGES: BIO-MASS: ‘ADVANTAGE! Gro THERM! ADVANTAGE, WAVE ENERG) ADVANTAGE: safe, Less space required. pollution free. efficient . Low running cost. Safe and efficient. Less deforestation Saving of chemical fe dio-stuny. Less space required, Low running cost. ‘No skilled labour is requifed using Require less space and hand benbath can be used, Environment friendly Renewable source Low running cost becaufe wind id free, Can be set up in the fareas avfay from fossil fuel Always available when Growing bio-mass er} more oxygen and dioxide. Less money sper eign oil produce. carbon ning cos Reliabk Large ap Environ f If techtlology is Bood can he installed anywhere More jobs for locals. is produced. Can prodlice a targe amountfof ener Waves {we predictable/ for energy generation Jt does not produce green frouse gases Safe way tolgenerate engfey DISADVANTAGES: + “construction of expensive + Skilled labour is + Can not be used i DISADVANTAGE: ‘Causes pollut tar poweb station is cloudy & rhiny days. + Limited anronny of gas is prodgced. + Land would by natural manure, + Can + Can ascas, © Difficult tomfainiain, © Rep &TV. cause agricultural lay ‘cause infertile due} to use of Ah listed -gularly jof mobile available in those lal waste: je steam require} Fie Coastal eondition| JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 2b: La.Study the map Fig. 5 showing edalfields nnd coal mining centres in Pakistan, (b) G) Name the coalfield X and bne of tht mining centres there. Quetta (coalfield) 0] Sor Range, Degan, Mach, Khost, Bhahvig, Harnai wy Gi) Name the coalfield Y andosh of the shinjgg centres there, Lower Sindh (coalfield) id laiaatapesons JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 m state ne two uses af coat hnined in coalfield X Brick making/brick kilns ; (nixed with imported coal) For steel makipg/in the blast furnace Briquerting a (ci Explain why coal lias to bejimported. Not good enough for iron smeltihg/no me{allmigical coal needed for Pakistan Stee! Need for coal to mix with pore} grade Difficult to mine/seams thin/seains contomted Not enough mined in Pakistavidck of technology/iack of finance Gi {@) Hivdroselectric power (HED) is calléd a ‘renewable? source of power. { State three physica Gpnditjons necessary fur the development of an HEP scheme. Elmodpcateligh sainialiZover 750 mms whiels Named polfution/not enviyonmentally Iriendly/causes global ve aGi) Sues Schemes in remote areas/ean be built away from fuel resources Low running costs of HEP, solar power, wave energy ete/cheaper in the long term Possil fuels expensive Fossil fuels are imported Nuclear power dangerous zest why the amount of wa: jn the reservoir is decreasing. Gi) What can be done to stop th {@) @ Why is HEP (hvdel) a ebitap sourde of electricity? nountain] ii) What problems occur whén supplving elt Siltationsilting Due to soil erosion/deforesation/overgrazing/river deposition Less water supply Due ta climatic change/tow Incrensed usage (max 1) ler rainfall/higher temperatures/more evaporation Silt traps ‘Afforestation } Terracing } of slopes Dredging/removal of silt Reducing wastage/polluti Free raw material/rain in Will never ran out/reney ‘Not imported/mined/drill Efficient/high power out Long distance t0 areas of Cost of wires and poles! money Loss by damage Loss by theft Loss of power by resis! ihn ible be ut usc/high! ficult te fnceftrans amountjof water in the reservoir from reducinp further? JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 riitv from reservoi population rrain/Pakistan cannot afford thisishortage of nission 4 GI I) |Reason: Imported ofl Demand from named ares Oifields in Southern Sindh (141) fea} Either: Locate an oil refinery in the province of Punjab, and give one reason why it is there. . Mahmood Kot / PARCO . Pipetine from Karachi f pont : . ‘Demand from named ares / Multan Atlock / Morge Local oilfictd in Potwar plate . Demand fom named area Iflamabad ¢Rawalpindi PI ) State (wo ways in which refined di vantage of each, sine = Bulk transfor large quantitifs & Can go to mote ples than pipette + Cheap (ater cost of buildin + More products cayfoe carried + ut~ only to. few big cents © But= smaller quaiies + Costly ta build and enabest Expensive + Problem of leakage Chance of accidefts (NOT explosion) + Onlyasingle product (ey. Diese ‘Tanker / Lorry a, + Cango anywhere by road Do yierebescn ecu — JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 5 Hen ea only cer sm amu + Chance of accidents +The 111 for each of ways 9 Study Fig. 3 which shows some esamples ofthe four main uses of ot “(QName another by-product A. ‘wax / synthetic rebber J detergent / pharmacettical products / furnace oil / ele, i 1) Name the fourth main use of il B. fuel ma With referonge to Fig. 3 andl using vdur own, knowledge. eeplain haw ei produets/are_huportant to lier forming or manufaciuring. farming fuel for pachines fiel for fanspont vehicles . electrcie} generation — for pore / heat (Tight . fuel for Resting . avy matefial for named product . tarmac fot better roade / rotate tc, (he edndidate may choosy to tink this answer to Fig. 3) (create OF iv material ads{@).4i) Which gas field produces most natural gas in Pakistan? Sui cu anny ee menace Easier to transport than coal pointe Reds doandens on imprifit is coal imported im addition to that produced in Pakistan? Poor quality of local coal Mised wit ocalccal” = JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 Not cnongh local coal Pakistan that TATWFHl gas as a raw material, . Shortage of coal ane / or pil in Polsistan = t (a) Most hero elcetric power (hydol) schemds are in Northern Pakistan. i) Name two large dams and the rive! © Tarbela on river Indus © Mangla on river Thehurm Warsak on river Kabul Must name both dam and rivs (i) Why do the reservoirs of these. Deep valleyilarge valleyfhigh dam Steep sides Large river/permanent flow/water fic Low evaporation/coal climate, Tigh rainfall (b) Study Fig. 4.a diagram showink how lnjdro electric power is made, Name the machine A, and explain gw it usesjihe flow of water to make electricit{.. A ~ turbine/generator/power station ‘Turbine spinsirotatesimeves, (c) Study Fig. 5, a piechart showihe the pel (Which sector us Domestic/homes Gi) State two other tadge users df eleftrieity sh(wn on the ehart and explain what they use i for. Industry ~ for machitery, compute}s, lighting, air conditioning ete Farming — for much ¢f above, {ubgwvelis, drying erops, cic Offices ~ computers, jighting. cofmmunicatif, air conditioning ete. ‘One mark for two large users Three marks for how the electricity is used {2#1) [143] ly to factories breaks dojen? (ii) What problemsjare caused when thk electricity suj : Stops producthon/siows productiopoutput reduced * Damages machinery short citetritfexplosion * Damages goods‘aifects the qualify e.g. food, cloth * Delays contraels‘erders © Loss of money !profiv/orders ay (2) 2) Bi eISolar ~ long hours of sunshine/many Wind — Indus plain flat, on mountain, ‘Tidal ~ for coastal areas esp. Karachi Biogas—cheap, smell scale, disposed Bagasse — many suger cane factories| (Geothermal ~ oot in Pakistan) ineenatenat Boundary —— see pipeine {a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipHlines in Pakistan, (Name the gasfield A. Sui (Gil) Name the cities B. C and D at the ends of the pipelines. B Peshawar, C Islamabad, D Siafot/Jamm Gi) State two ways in which gad ean be supplied to areas away from pipelthes, Changed to.a Tequid/LPGACNG Cylinders (Pressurised) tankdes (b) Study Fig. 5. Yhich shbws the uses of untural gas in Pakistan, State the largcht ase of natufal ga poner fii) Name a use i commercialloftice| cement ‘ransporticarsilorrips/motor vebicles named industry (ngt on pie chart) iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen Use (res, 1 Heating Cooking e 2) HTAR in BI p1 aWhy (res. 1) + Available in citiesttowns © Cheaper than oil or coal © Easier than collecting fireyvood Less bulky/easier to transport than Cleaner than coaliwood/all (Reserve | for each of use and whl) (iv) Why is natural gas called ‘gon-ren JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 joal/wood able’? it will run out/is not being replacda/etc. (©) (i) Name two raw materials apart Sypm natural gas, which : gen * Sulphur = Gypsum . Potassium/Potash {00 Explain why most fertitiner factors © Phosphate + Ammonia + Fish/animal rsfnains/ones are in the Panjab and northern areas of Si Main farming area } + Deep soiiffertite soil } » . Good irrigation } * Less flooding now te replace mut . Large population to fees + Good roads for transpaipilow tra . Named raw material near, e.g. Re . Gas att Sui Git Why is it important that ox 2 for fara farming inpats alkistan manufactures is own fertilisers? ents {sport costs ck salt and Gypsum at Khewra/Salt Expensive (to buy) Aumproves balance of pqyments/ Reduce imports/eannot{afford tolimport fertilisers rtilisers barclen the economy/greater crop pipduetfon . improves the economy large po I export Land elarance/loss of habit ° Traffic / ulation reduces malnutrition reduces hoverty soit erosion BI ea fe) i idl L= LEE key FF] poroue rock FZ non-porous ack (a) (i) The area of rock containing oil ¥ (i) The area of rock containing natural gas, x (6) (@ What is meant by the term ‘porous rock"? Has pores/holes/spaces (10 hold liqiids/gases) (10 let liguids/gases pass through) ii) Why is the feature in Fig. 5 called an oil ‘trap’? * Cannot get through rocks around it + Between layers of nen-porous/imperviousfimpermeable rock + __ Rises 20 10p of antieline/top of bend How is oil extracted from this ‘trap’? © Derrick/dvilling rig built + Drilling (oil weltVoil well constructed/pipes inserted + Dianond/tongh metal drills into rock © Cooled with mud mixture/water © Gilrises when pressure releasec/pumped up/sucked up * Valves to controt flow into pipeline + Derrick removedl/dismantled afier oil is flowing. BI i Ina recent study it was stated that ever 46% of thermal power in Pakistan is generated in the area around Karachi, 13) ©) (i) Why is $9 much thermal + Gas/Oilfields in Lower Sindh © Imports of oil at Karachi © Named oilfield (max. 1) * Demand from indusiry © Coal mines in Lower Sindls . Demasid from larze poputation * Named mining © Other demands e.g. railway (max. 2) ceatre/Laksha/Shimper/Sonda ® — Oilrefineries at Kerach * Gas pipeline from Sui Gi) What problems ave created when there are many thermal power stations in one area? + Air polhition and details (max. 2) + Shortage of oit/gas/eoal supply * Depiction of cil/coal reserves in the area + Lack of investment in renewable energy generation + Hot water Rows out inte rivers (e) What is “load shedding’, and how does it affect industry and business in Pakistan? + Definition (res. 1) Planned power cuts © Cost of genezalors + Effects Interrupts produetion . Lightsicomputers/teczers/air » Damages machinery © conditioning/heating ete, stops (max 2) © Cannot mect dendfines 5 Transpartétratfic problems + Loss of guatity © Lass of orders fay + Lessofmenesiprot — JUNAID AKHTAR 0300-2187567 33zctoral consumption of coal f “741 ©} ) brick rarutacoring house Nolds and i thermal power Stations Di atters 40-200 C TA 2 ieee Kerosene, jot fuet 200-250 C ya to ye, Heating oi! 250-300 C Crude Oit Cys to Cig 300-370 C Cy9 and up Residue, asphalt Cas and up 1. Opharst e199 =p G) => dam and reservoir transmission 9 Million kWh Generation af Biects ity in Pakistan FJ water 55000 eee ae s960e SEAR pO JUNAID AKHTAR 0390-2187567 ‘Suck fson rks tremenous aman ef ence wine oto wee Ke psn tang Ue et sore Reis 00 a {Sr opply sod turn fo seam, which fo de suse eae