NES 605 Part 1 Guide To Selection of Sensors For The Measurement of System Parameters

Ministry of Defence
Defence Standard 02-605 Part 1

Issue 2 Publication Date 4 February 2003
Guide to Selection of Sensors for

Measurement of System Parameters
Part 1
Selection of Liquid Level, Temperature and
Pressure Sensors
Category 3
AMENDMENTS ISSUED SINCE PUBLICATION

AMD NO
DATE OF
ISSUE
TEXT AFFECTED
SIGNATURE &
DATE
Revision Note
This Issue of this Standard has been prepared to incorporate changes to text and presentation.
The technical content has been updated in line with current practice.
Historical Record
DEF STAN 02-605 Part 1 Issue 1
April 2000
April 2000
April 2000
NES 605 Part 1 Issue 3

April 1989
January 1981
February 1980

February 1995
April 1989
January 1981

February 1992
December 1988
January 1981
DEFENCE STANDARD 02605
GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF SENSORS FOR THE

MEASUREMENT OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS
PART 1 ISSUE 2
SELECTION OF LIQUID LEVEL, TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE SENSORS
This Defence Standard is

authorized for use in MOD contracts
by the Defence Procurement Agency and
the Defence Logistics Organization
Published by:
Defence Procurement Agency
An Executive Agency of The Ministry of Defence
UK Defence Standardization
Kentigern House
65 Brown Street
Glasgow G2 8EX
1
DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

(NES 605 Part 1)
SCOPE
1.
This Defence Standard (DEF STAN) provides technical guidance for the selection of sensors and
transducers that produce an electrical output signal. These may be suitable for direct reading
instrumentation or for coupling into an electronic automatic control and automation system.
2.
This Standard provides guidance on sensors and transducers which are suitable for measuring the
level, temperature or pressure of a variable.
3.
The following components are outside the scope of this Standard:

a.
Sensors and transducers, such as pneumatic components, mercury thermometers or

mechanical devices which do not produce an electrical output signal;
b.
Dipsticks and other portable liquid level sensors;
c.
Indicators and thermometers which only produce a local indication of temperature;
d.
Local controllers such as level or pressure switches, thermostats, thermal cutout switches
and relief valves.

(NES 605 Part 1)
FOREWORD
Sponsorship
1.
This Defence Standard (DEF STAN) is sponsored by the Warship Support Agency (WSA),
Ministry of Defence (MOD).
2.
The complete Standard 02-605 comprises:

Guide to the Selection of Sensors for the Measurement of System Parameters:
Part 1:
Selection of Liquid Level, Temperature and Pressure Sensors;
Part 4:
Selection of Flow Sensors;
Part 5:
Selection of Torsionmeter Systems.
3.
Any user of this Standard either within MOD or in industry may propose an amendment to it.
Proposals for amendments that are not directly applicable to a particular contract shall be made
to the publishing authority identified on Page (i), and those directly applicable to a particular
contract shall be dealt with using existing departmental procedures.
4.
If it is found to be unsuitable for any particular requirement, MOD shall be informed in writing
of the circumstances.
5.
No alteration shall be made to this Standard except by the issue of an authorized amendment.
6.
Unless otherwise stated, reference in this Standard to approval, approved, authorized and similar
terms means by the MOD in writing.
7.
Any significant amendments that may be made to this Standard at a later date will be indicated by
a vertical sideline. Deletions will be indicated by 000 appearing at the end of the line interval.
8.
Extracts from British Standards quoted within this Standard have been included with the
permission of the British Standards Institution.
9.
This Standard has been re-issued due to a Technical Update and the combining of
DEF STAN 02605 Parts 1, 2 and 3.
Conditions of Release
General
10.
This Standard has been devised solely for the use of the MOD, and its contractors in the execution
of contracts for the MOD. To the extent permitted by law, the MOD hereby excludes all liability
whatsoever and howsoever arising (including but without limitation, liability resulting from
negligence) for any loss or damage however caused when the Standard is used for any other
purpose.
11.
This document is Crown Copyright and the information herein may be subject to Crown or third
party rights. It is not to be released, reproduced or published without written permission of the
MOD.
12.
The Crown reserves the right to amend or modify the contents of this Standard without consulting
or informing any holder.
MOD Tender or Contract Process
13.
This Standard is the property of the Crown. Unless otherwise authorized in writing by the MOD
it must be returned on completion of the contract, or submission of the tender, in connection with
which it is issued.
3

(NES 605 Part 1)
14.
When this Standard is used in connection with a MOD tender or contract, the user shall ensure that
he is in possession of the appropriate version of each document, including related documents,
relevant to each particular tender or contract. Enquiries in this connection may be made to the
authority named in the tender or contract.
15.
When Defence Standards are incorporated into MOD contracts, users are responsible for their
correct application and for complying with contractual and any other statutory requirements.
Compliance with a Defence Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Categories of Standard
16.
The Category of this Standard has been determined using the following criteria:
a.
Category 1. If not applied may have a Critical affect on the following:

Safety of the vessel, its complement or third parties.
Operational performance of the vessel, its systems or equipment.
b.
Category 2. If not applied may have a Significant affect on the following:

Safety of the vessel, its complement or third parties.
Operational performance of the vessel, its systems or equipment.
Through life costs and support.
c.
Category 3. If not applied may have a Minor affect on the following:

MOD best practice and fleet commonality.
Corporate Experience and Knowledge.
Current support practice.
Related Documents
17.
In the tender and procurement processes the related documents listed in each section and Annex
A can be obtained as follows:
a.
British Standards
British Standards Institution,

389 Chiswick High Road,
London, W4 4AL.
b.
Defence Standards
Defence Procurement Agency,

An Executive Agency of The Ministry of Defence,
UK Defence Standardization,
Kentigern House,
65 Brown Street,
Glasgow, G2 8EX.
c.
Other documents
Tender or Contract Sponsor to advise.
18.
All applications to Ministry Establishments for related documents shall quote the relevant MOD
Invitation to Tender or Contract number and date, together with the sponsoring Directorate and the
Tender or Contract Sponsor.
19.
Prime Contractors are responsible for supplying their subcontractors with relevant documentation,
including specifications, standards and drawings.

(NES 605 Part 1)
Health and Safety

Warning
20.
This Standard may call for the use of processes, substances and/or procedures that may be injurious
to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability and in no way
absolves either the supplier or the user from statutory obligations relating to health and safety at
any stage of manufacture or use. Where attention is drawn to hazards, those quoted may not
necessarily be exhaustive.
21.
This Standard has been written, and shall be used, taking into account the policy stipulated in
JSP 430 MOD Ship Safety Management System Handbook.
Additional Information
(There is no relevant information included)

(NES 605 Part 1)
CONTENTS
Page No
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conditions of Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Categories of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SECTION
1.
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
Figure 1.1
1.4
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
1.5
1.6
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range and Span Covered by the Various Types of
Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Certifying Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standards Relating to Sensors and Measurement .
14
14
14
14
SECTION
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Policy Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size and Installation of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electromagnetic Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acoustic Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
13
13
13

(NES 605 Part 1)
Page No
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
Hazardous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explosive Risk Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dangerous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Fire Risk Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17
18
18
SECTION
4.
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.4
Figure 4.1
4.4.1
4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
4.4.1.3
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
4.5.3
4.6
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.8
4.9
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.2.1
4.9.2.2
4.9.2.3
4.9.2.4
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.10
4.11
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/GUIDANCE . . . . . . .
Selection of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elements of a Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensing Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . .
Signal Conditioning Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range of Various Types of Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size and Installation of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Immersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connection Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corrosion and Chemical Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ingress Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
SECTION
5.
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
CORPORATE EXPERIENCE & KNOWLEDGE .

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensing Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
28
28
28

(NES 605 Part 1)
Page No
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.3.12
5.3.13
5.3.14
5.3.15
5.3.16
5.3.17
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
5.4.3
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2
5.5.3
5.6
Capacitance Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultrasonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Reflectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors RTDs . . . . . . .
Temperature Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bourdon Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . .
Magnet/Reed Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tape Float Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultrasonic Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optical Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piezoresistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variable Reluctance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potentiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Force Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vibrating Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linear Variable Differential Transformer . . . . . . . .
TDR Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RTDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
29
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
44

(NES 605 Part 1)
Page No
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.2.1
5.6.2.2
5.6.3
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
45
45
45
46
ANNEX A
RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
ANNEX B
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . .

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
50
PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
D.1
D.2
D.3
SENSOR PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance of Typical Liquid Level Sensors . . . . .
Performance of Typical Temperature Sensors . . . .
Performance of Typical Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . .
57
57
58
59
E.1
Documents Providing Background Information . . .

Documents Providing Background Information . . .
61
61
ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
B.1
B.2
ANNEX C
ANNEX D
ANNEX E

(NES 605 Part 1)
1.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
Related Documents: BS EN 60068; BS 2011 Part 2; BS 5775; see also Annex A.
1.1
General
a.
For many applications, commercially available sensors may meet the requirements
of HM Surface Ships and Submarines. The possibilities of cost reductions by
selecting such sensors shall be considered when the System Requirement
Documentation (SRD) is being prepared.
b.
Manufacturers data sheets shall be examined to determine whether the claimed

performance of commercially available sensors, transducers and measuring
transmitters meets the requirements for a particular application. Consideration shall
be given to the requirements for normal operation, to the operating limits, and to the
transport and storage limits.
c.
Annex D provides performance data for various types of sensor in commercial use.
1.2
Environmental Conditions
1.2.1
General
a.
1.2.2
Sensors must be capable of continuous operation with unimpaired performance and

adequate reliability. The equipment to which the sensors are attached will be
subject to environmental stress, the severity of which will depend upon its location
in the vessel.
Operating Conditions
a.
Manufacturers provide information about the performance of their products under

various operating conditions. Information is also provided about the influence of
environmental changes. There are different conditions for:
(1)
Reference performance;
(2)
Normal operation;
(3)
Operating limits;
(4)
Transport or storage.
b.
The reference performance of a sensor is achieved within upper and lower limits for
reference operating conditions, within which the influences on the sensor by
changes in environmental conditions are small enough to disregard.
c.
The normal operating conditions is the range of conditions the sensor is designed to
operate within and satisfy specified accuracy limits without any adjustment.
d.
The operating limits are the range of conditions to which a sensor may be subjected
without permanent impairment of characteristics, adjustment may be required after
excursion to the operating limits.
e.
The transport and storage limits are the range of conditions to which equipment may
be subjected, without operating and remain undamaged, although adjustment may
be required after transport or storage.
10

(NES 605 Part 1)
1.2.3
1.3
Environmental Tests
a.
It is the responsibility of the procurement authority to ensure that sensors procured

for Royal Navy service are fit for purpose. Manufacturers shall demonstrate that
commercially available sensors provide the degree of environmental hardness
required for a particular application.
b.
It is the responsibility of Marine Domestics Detection, Monitoring, Steering and

Stabilising Systems (MDMS) Integrated Project Team (IPT) to ensure that the SRD
only includes tests essential for satisfactory operation and to avoid unnecessary
groups of tests.
c.
Only a few sensor manufacturers claim compliance with British Standards (BS) for
performance under environmental stress. BS 2011 Part 2 and BS EN 60068 series
describe such procedure, including tests, with guidance notes and background
information. Most sensor suppliers can provide information on such performance.
Calibration and Accuracy

a.
The SRD shall state the required accuracy rating. A certificate of calibration
traceability shall be called for only when necessary.
b.
The term accuracy rating means the guaranteed limits to inaccuracy for a given
sensor. Such inaccuracy stems from the combined effects of a lack of conformity to
the specified characteristic curve (normally linear), of hysteresis, dead band,
repeatability errors and of any other features stated in the specification. This
concept is illustrated in Figure Figure 1.1.
c.
Manufacturers refer to errors in a variety of ways; definitions and terminology

used in this Standard and the SRD are defined in Annex B.
11

(NES 605 Part 1)
Figure 1.1 Accuracy Rating
12

(NES 605 Part 1)
1.4
1.5
1.6
Range and Span Covered by the Various Types of Sensor

a.
The range, within which the specified accuracy of measurement shall be achieved,
shall be stated in terms of upper and lower limits and specified in the SRD.
b.
If adjustment of span and zero is required, it shall be stated together with any
requirements for suppressed or elevated zero.
c.
Sensors are designed to withstand inputs in excess of their range, up to the

overrange limit. The maximum input that a sensor is required to withstand without
suffering damage or permanent change in performance or accuracy shall be stated.
Such values are usually expressed in units rather than in multiples of the range.
Stability
a.
In many applications, stability is more important than accuracy. Sensors,

transducers and transmitters are designed to retain their performance under their
normal operating conditions, which will usually include wide variations of ambient
temperature, pressure and humidity. The possibility that the accuracy of a sensor
may be impaired by the medium it monitors shall be taken into account.
b.
Some means of zero adjustment shall be considered, as an alternative to imposing

unusually severe requirements for stability.
c.
Preference shall be given to transducers, sensors and transmitters that do not suffer
from drift over long periods.
d.
Sensors that are electrically energised require a finite time (warmup period) before
the rated characteristics apply. Drift can occur during the warmup period.
Symbols and Units

a.
The SRD shall be written in metric units using the International System of Units
(SI), unless the interface requirements make necessary the use of the Imperial and
other systems.
b.
Temperature is commonly measured in C, and is equal in magnitude to the SI unit

Kelvin. It is preferential to use the unit C for the SRD.
c.
BS 5775 (ISO 31) states the specification for quantities, units and symbols to be
used.
13

(NES 605 Part 1)
2.
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Related Documents: There are no related documents referred to in this section.
2.1
Certifying Authority
a.
2.2
Standards Relating to Sensors and Measurement

a.
2.3
Annex E. lists BS which cover terminology, documentation and test procedures for
measuring instruments, process control equipment and electronic measuring
equipment, and which could be applied to sensors.

a.
3.
The Certifying Authority for Britishmade electrical equipment for use in

Dangerous Areas and High Fire Risk Areas is the Electrical Equipment Certifying
Service (EECS), incorporating the British Approvals Service for Electrical
Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA). There are equivalent
overseas national authorities for nonBritish equipment.
Sensors and transducers for applications where the highest accuracy is essential
may be calibrated using instruments that have been calibrated and certified by the
British Calibration Service. They are then said to be traceable to the National
Physical Laboratory (NPL) standards.
MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS
Related Documents: see Annex A.
3.1
3.2
General
a.
The SRD shall draw attention to applications whose satisfactory performance is

vital to the safety or efficiency of the Ship, Submarine or personnel.
b.
Typically, these will be found in alarm systems, in closed loop control systems, or
where the sensor forms part of a critical pressure boundary. In such cases, it may be
a requirement to invoke formal Quality Assurance procedures. For Submarines,
SSP 25 shall be consulted.
c.
Rationalisation of sensors throughout vessels or systems, taking account of benefits

of commonality with existing in-service sensors shall be observed.
Policy Statement
a.
Where procurement of sensors is the responsibility of a Main Shipbuilder or Prime

Contractor, the procurement authority shall produce a statement, which will clearly
indicate the procurement policy to be followed.
b.
The object of the Policy Statement shall establish limits for procurement, so that a
coordinated approach to sensor selection is made across all ship systems and
subsystems.
c.
The Policy Statement shall include, but not be limited to:

14

(NES 605 Part 1)
d.
3.3
3.5
Reference to project papers that shall be consulted;
(2)
Rationalisation of proposed sensors against existing in-service sensors shall

be completed;
(3)
Statements on standardisation of electrical and mechanical aspects and

measurement ranges;
(4)
Reference to purchasing policy;
(5)
Reference to this Standard;
(6)
Statements on preference for selection or rejection of particular items;
(7)
Statements on defined vessel shock and environmental standards.
The Policy Statement shall cover all the major parameters likely to be measured and
shall be agreed with MOD prior to implementation. Once agreed, it shall be applied
across all systems and equipments being procured for the project.

a.
3.4
(1)
DEF STAN 02797 Part 1 requires that where a temperaturesensing device is

connected to an electrical transmitter, an adjacent pocket shall be provided for a test
thermometer to ensure the sensing element is operating within the specified
performance limit.
Output of Sensors
a.
The sensor converts or transduces the input variable into an output signal suitable
for measurement, as shown in Figure 4.1.
b.
Where practical, outputs shall be of the form 420 mA dc in accordance with BS

5863, Part 1, or 115 v, 05 v, 010 v or 10 v in accordance with
BS 5863, Part 2. In the case of the 420 mA signal, the 0 mA value is reserved for
indication of a signal circuit or power supply failure.
c.
BS 6174 specifies requirements for dc powered electrical transmitters with

analogue direct current output used in differential pressure measurements.
BS 6447 specifies requirements for such transmitters used in absolute and gauge
pressure measurement. The scope of these two standards states that they do not
apply to marine applications. This does not imply that transmitters conforming to
these standards are unsuitable for marine applications.
d.
Limits to the output noise and to the output regulation shall be stated in SRD.
Power Supply
a.
DEF STAN 61-5, Part 4 provides information on the electrical power supply
systems on HM Surface Ships and Submarines.
b.
The power supplies and earthing arrangements for sensors, transducers and
transmitters shall be selected in accordance with DEF STAN 08-107.
c.
Power supply requirements will usually be determined by the instrumentation

system of which the sensor forms a part. Where known they shall be stated in the
SRD.
15

(NES 605 Part 1)
3.6
3.7
d.
Consideration shall be given to the power consumption which will result from a
number of transducers, feeding into the output load, to ensure an adequate supply is
available. Where it is necessary to limit the power consumption, the acceptable
limit shall be stipulated on the SRD.
e.
Temperature transmitters are available which can transduce the signals from a
number of temperature sensors, all provided from one power supply. The use of
such systems shall be considered in applications where many measurements shall
be made in one compartment or on one equipment.
f.
Sensors and transducers which are sensitive to voltage spikes may need external
protection, or may be supplied with builtin protection circuits. The maximum
voltage and duration of spikes likely to be seen shall be stated in the SRD.
Size and Installation of Sensors

a.
The siting of sensors, design of associated pipe work and installation and security of
fittings shall be in accordance with the requirements of DEF STAN 02-797 Part 1.
b.
Reference shall be made to BR 3013(2), to determine the type of pipe connections

called for in the SRD.
c.
The SRD shall ensure the use of properly resistant materials, finishes and protection
for sensors and associated items in accordance with DEF STAN 08-107, DEF
STAN 07-224 and DEF STAN 21-5.
d.
In general, a separate process connection shall be considered for each instrument

and the locations of tapping points shall take account of the nature of the variable
involved.
e.
Installations of sensors in fuel systems for gas turbines and diesel engines shall
comply with DEF STAN 07-220 and for aviation fuel systems DEF STAN 07-219.
f.
Installations of sensors for gasoline systems shall comply with DEF STAN 02-775.
g.
The sensing point for any monitoring purpose shall be located at the precise point
from which the information is required. The sensing point for an automatically
controlled process shall be situated at the point where the controlled condition is
required and is subject to specific MOD approval. The sensing points for any
automatic control system shall be independent of those used for other
instrumentation purposes.
Environmental Conditions
a.
DEF STAN 08-123 states the requirements for equipment design and testing in
respect of environmental conditions. Sensors shall be capable of operating under
the conditions stated in DEF STAN 08-123 and DEF STAN 00-35 Parts 1, 3, 4, 5
and 6 as applicable.
b.
The Installation Region Reference shall be stated in the SRD.
c.
Where the variable to be measured is subjected to temporary environmental

conditions due to operational circumstances, details shall be stipulated in the SRD
16

(NES 605 Part 1)
to ensure that the most appropriate type of sensor is selected. Such changes may
include but not be limited to, changes in pressure, temperature or working levels.
3.7.1
3.7.2
Shock
a.
The Ship Shock Specification shall be stipulated in the SRD.
b.
The requirements for determining the shock strength of equipment are stated in
DEF STAN 08-120.
c.
The sensors, and parts thereof, must remain captive, i.e. not become a projectile
when subjected to shock not exceeding the specified level.
Radiation Resistance
a.
3.7.3
3.7.4
Sensors attached to equipment intended for operation in the unshielded vicinity of

nuclear reactors may be subject to prolonged exposure to nuclear radiation. Under
such conditions, the radiation levels shall be stated in the SRD.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
a.
Sensors installed in HM Surface Ships and Submarines are subject to a hostile

electromagnetic environment. The SRD shall specify the electromagnetic
environment to which they will be subjected, the quality of the power supply to
them and tests requirements when necessary.
b.
Reference shall be made to DEF STAN 59-41, Parts 1 to 4 regarding

electromagnetic compatibility.
c.
Reference shall be made to suppliers literature to ascertain what claims (if any) are
made for electromagnetic compatibility of sensors.
Acoustic Noise
a.
Sensors for equipment located in aircraft hangars, on flight decks, close to diesel
generators or gasturbine exhaust outlets, may be required to withstand intense
airborne acoustic noise. This may cause interference or failure through fatigue.
b.
Installations in such regions shall be identified in the SRD.
3.8
Hazardous Areas
3.8.1
Explosive Risk Areas

a.
Sensors and transducers that shall be fitted in magazines, adjacent compartments

and designated danger areas, as defined in DEF STAN 07-228 and BS EN
60079-14, shall comply with the requirements of the appropriate standard.
b.
The SRD may require sensors and associated equipment to satisfy the requirements
for electrical apparatus in explosive atmospheres. Certificates of compliance issued
by BASEEFA shall be provided to the MOD under such circumstances.
c.
Gasoline compartments shall be treated as magazines in respect of precautions

against fire.
17

(NES 605 Part 1)
3.8.2
3.8.3
Dangerous Areas
a.
Any compartment or space where highly flammable or flammable material is

stored, handled or distributed is termed a Dangerous Area. Certain adjacent zones
are similarly classified. A list of compartments and spaces, which shall be regarded
as Dangerous Areas, will be stated in the SRD.
b.
Reference shall be made to DEF STAN 01-5 for the flash point classification of
fuels, lubricants and associated products for MOD use.
c.
Sensors and transducers within the scope of this Standard are not, except where
essential, to be fitted in Dangerous Areas, this shall prevent serious interference
with the service for which the compartment is intended. If so fitted, such equipment
shall be certified as intrinsically safe in accordance with BS EN 50020 and in
conjunction with BS EN 50014, this equipment shall be installed in accordance with
BS EN 60079-14.
d.
The cabling, installation, and fittings for sensors, transducers and associated
equipment fitted in Dangerous Areas shall be in accordance with DEF STAN
07-228 and DEF STAN 02-775.
High Fire Risk Areas

a.
b.
4.
High Fire Risk Areas include Dangerous Areas and also:

(1)
Main and auxiliary machinery spaces;
(2)
Diesel Generator Compartments;
(3)
Gas Turbine Generator Compartments;
(4)
Uptakes and Downtakes;
(5)
Ventilation trunks from machinery spaces up to the close down flaps;
(6)
Machinery removal routes and escape trunks associated with the above listed
compartments;
(7)
Fuel pump spaces.
Explosive vapour concentrations of Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants Class C

products may be present in storage tanks above the liquid surface, in conditions of
high ambient temperature and in compartments where system leaks have created
vapour mists. Storage tanks in these conditions shall be treated as containing
explosive vapour.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/GUIDANCE
4.1
Selection of Sensors
a.
The type of sensor required will depend on the following:

(1)
Variable which shall be measured;
(2)
Application which shall be served;

18

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.2
4.2.1
Conditions under which it must operate satisfactorily;
(5)
Accessibility for installation and maintenance.
The performance characteristic or variable that shall be measured shall be stated

precisely and without ambiguities, to enable a correct choice of sensor to be made.
b.
The pressure, viscosity, temperature, density, electrical conductivity, flow rate and
dielectric constant of the variable over which the sensor shall perform shall be stated
if appropriate.
c.
The presence of any corrosive material, additives or inclusions, which could cause
damage to sensors shall be declared.
Level
For continuous measurements of liquid level, the range, zero and maximum levels
shall be stated.
Temperature
Measurements of the temperature of the contents of pipes, tanks and containers
shall be distinguishable from measurements of solid objects such as bearings, and
from measurements of compartment or equipment temperatures.
Pressure
a.
4.3
(4)
a.
a.
4.2.3
Functional requirements of the system of which it forms a part;
The Variable
a.
4.2.2
(3)
Gauge pressure, absolute pressure, differential pressure, vacuum pressure and

compound sensors (i.e. above and below atmospheric) shall be distinguishable.
The Application
a.
The SRD shall state whether it refers to a sensing element, a probe, a transducer, a
transmitter, or a complete measuring system. The application description shall state
the equipment on which it shall be used and its mounting arrangements.
b.
The SRD should clearly state the location(s), type of display and the unit
measurements to be employed in each application.
c.
Where the same performance characteristics shall be measured in more than one
application, concerning one or more substances, reference shall be made to the
related applications. Consideration should be given to using common designs, with
common ranges and a limited number of mechanical arrangements.
d.
The majority of sensors make a negligible physical impact on the quantity or

condition being measured. Where this is not the case, the system design may
require this impact to be limited. Any such limitations shall be stated in the SRD.
e.
Where sensors are required to measure tank contents or ullage, the SRD shall state
whether a percentage, or unit volume measurement is required and what units shall
19

(NES 605 Part 1)
be employed. Adequate dimensional information for the tank and any inclusions
shall be provided.
f.
4.4
Temperature sensors, fitted in pockets within pipes containing a flowing fluid, are
not to cause the fluid velocity to exceed the permitted maximum due to obstruction
by the pockets.
Measurement Techniques
a.
Sensors and transducers contain three elements in order to carry out the function of
detecting and measuring a change and generating a signal which can be coupled to
an electronic system or indicating equipment. These are illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Changing Variable
Sensing Element
Transduction
Element
Signal
Conditioning
Element
Electrical Output
Figure 4.1 Elements of a Transducer

b.
The three elements may be combined in a single package, or the signal conditioning
circuitry may be remote from the sensor, and is sometimes designed to serve more
than one sensor.
c.
Where an electrical output is required to interface with a platform management

surveillance system, sufficient technical detail of any such interface shall be
provided in the SRD. The exact nature of each interface shall be agreed by all
parties concerned.
20

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.4.1
Sensing Element Devices/Techniques
4.4.1.1
Liquid Level
a.
Sensors for detecting changes in liquid level, which are in common use, employ one
of the following eight types of sensing element:
(1)
Pressure Sensors;
(2)
Capacitance Sensors;
(3)
Conductivity Sensors;
(4)
Ultrasonic Sensors;
(5)
Optical Sensors;
(6)
Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR);
(7)
Floats (not recommended);
(8)
Displacers (not recommended).
NOTE For more details on these sensors refer to Section 5.

b.
4.4.1.2
Other techniques, which are known to be under investigation or development,

include differential temperature devices.
Temperature
a.
Sensing elements for detecting change in temperature which are commonly used
with electrical measuring systems are:
(1)
Thermocouples;
(2)
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs);
(3)
Thermistors;
(4)
Semiconductors.

b.
Of the four types of commonly used elements, thermocouples and RTDs are closely
governed by internationally acceptable standards. Other types of temperature
sensing device include pyrometers and optical fibre sensors.
c.
Flat devices are available for use in situations where a sensor and pocket cannot be
installed such as a small diameter pipe. There is no standard, which covers the
shape, size and fixing method of flat devices.
21

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.4.1.3
Pressure
a.
Pressure sensing elements, which are commonly used with electrical measuring
systems are:
(1)
Diaphragm;
(2)
Capsule;
(3)
Bourdon Tube.

4.4.2
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques

a.
Conversion of the mechanical displacement of a sensing element into an electrical

signal can be achieved using a variety of techniques, some of which are exclusive to
a particular type of sensing element. Further detail is provided at Section 5. Options
currently available include:
(1)
Magnetic/Reed Switches;
(2)
Tape Float Transducers;
(3)
Pressure Sensors;
(4)
Capacitance Transducers;
(5)
Conductivity Transducers;
(6)
Ultrasonic Transducers;
(7)
Optical Transducers;
(8)
Transmitters;
(9)
Strain Gauges;
(10) Piezo-Resistance;
(11) Variable Reluctance;
(12) Capacitance;
(13) Potentiometer;
(14) Force Balance;
(15) Vibrating Wire;
(16) Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
22

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.4.3
Signal Conditioning Element

a.
b.
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
In addition to the sensing and transduction elements described in Clause 4.4.1 and
Clause 4.4.2, transducers usually incorporate electronic circuitry which carries out
some or all of the following functions:
(1)
Amplification of the signal from the transduction element;
(2)
Linearization of the signal;
(3)
Square root of the signal (for flow measurements);
(4)
Compensation for temperature effects;
(5)
Zero and span adjustments.
Many level sensors are provided with microprocessors and programs, which
compute the tank contents or ullage from the measurement of liquid level.
Range of Various Types of Sensor

a.
Fixed spans shall be specified for applications in which the measured value are
known from experience. Adjustable spans are useful where calibration depends on
individual site parameters.
b.
Adjustable zero is usually expressed as a percentage of span. The span and the zero
selected are not to exceed the manufacturers recommended range.
c.
Adjustment to span and zero are usually by means of easily accessible screws, while
range changes are typically provided for by internal switches.
Liquid Level
a.
To measure tank contents, zero will normally correspond to an empty tank, i.e. the
level of the lowest wetted surface. The upper limit will correspond to the surface
level when the tank is full to its designed capacity. An elevated zero set point may be
required for tanks where a constant level or interface is required. A suppressed zero
may be required for tanks that always contain some minimum amount of liquid.
b.
Liquid level sensors are designed to withstand levels above their upper limit of
range.
Temperature
a.
Measurements of all the temperatures encountered in RN vessels can be made,

either with an RTD or with a thermocouple.
b.
The sensors range will depend on the method of construction and on the materials
used; manufacturers literature shall be consulted for details of the range for specific
devices.
Temperature Transmitters
a.
Transmitters can provide an indication of loss of input, by driving the output current
up-scale if the RTD or thermocouple goes open-circuit. Any consequent impact on
the load limitation data shall be stated.
23

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.5.3
Pressure
a.
4.6
4.7
Consideration shall be given to the burst pressure of transducers, this is sometimes

referred to as the seal pressure.
Calibration of Sensors
a.
The manufacturers check the calibration of sensing elements as part of the

production process to satisfy the specified requirements at the time of ordering.
b.
Factory calibration is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure and at

maximum range. The SRD shall clearly state any requirement for calibration under
other conditions.
c.
Sensor calibrations tend to drift with time and consideration shall be given to
practical calibration intervals. Factors affecting recalibration intervals include:
(1)
Properties of the variable to be measured;
(2)
Possibility of chemical attack on, or fouling of floats, displacers and

electrodes;
(3)
Vibration and shock effects which may cause small movements in mechanical
assemblies;
(4)
Ease of access;
(5)
The need to maintain accuracy;
(6)
Use of a capacitance sensor for a liquid different from that for which it was
originally calibrated.
d.
To ensure correct in-service measures are completed, suppliers shall specify any
calibration and maintenance procedures necessary, their periodicity and associated
special test equipment.
e.
For very accurate measurements, recalibration is carried out before every

measurement, but for practical situations a lowdrift sensor can be expected to
perform adequately for 6 months to 2 years.
f.
When a sensor is replaced, changes in the orientation and alignment may introduce
a small error that requires calibration.
g.
A calibration curve or other calibration record is sometimes provided with the

sensor.
Accuracy of Sensors
a.
For the purpose of specification or selection, comparisons of a combination of

linearity, hysteresis and repeatability errors, temperature effects and drift of
different sensors shall be considered.
b.
Stability and repeatability are particularly important. It is also important that ships
movements should not introduce significant errors, due to the attitude of the sensor
or to accelerations imposed upon it. Manufacturers claims relate to land based
applications, the ability to damp out the effects of ship motion shall be taken into
account.
24

(NES 605 Part 1)
c.
4.7.1
Temperature
a.
4.7.2
4.9
Reference shall be made to BS EN 60751 for the tolerances that apply to platinum
RTDs, to BS EN 605842 for thermocouples, and to manufacturers literature for
devices fabricated from other materials.
Pressure
a.
4.8
Drift over a long period may be detected as a zero shift and as a span shift, but these
are normally combined as a single drift figure expressed as a percentage of span.
BS 6174 and BS 6447 require an accuracy test for pressure transmitters to measure
error, dead band and repeatability after preconditioning and under specified
atmospheric conditions. An accuracy class figure is then calculated by combining
the modulus of the measured error and repeatability.
Dynamic Characteristics
a.
The sensing element of a transducer has a natural frequency of oscillation. Damping

can be provided to reduce amplitude of these oscillations following a step change of
measurand. In some transducers, adjustment of damping is provided. The speed of
operation of the transducer is affected by the degree of damping, which is specified
either by time constant or by damping factor.
b.
In all applications, consideration shall be given to the need to specify the degree of
damping and frequency response that is required. Such requirements shall be stated
in the SRD.
Size and Installation of Sensors

a.
Consideration shall be given when siting sensors to the space required for removal
of covers, any adjustments that may be needed, and access for replacement or
recalibration.
b.
Restrictions on acceptable size, weight and on means of access for installation,

connections and replacement shall be stated in the SRD.
c.
The surfaces provided for location of sensors shall be adequately dimensioned for
squareness and fit, and shall meet the manufacturers mounting recommendations.
d.
Where pulsation of pressure is expected, fitting pulsation dampers may be

considered. System designers shall be consulted in the use of such dampers.
e.
Sensors offered with electrical connections in the form of flying leads with factory
made seals are preferred to screw terminals, or plugs and sockets. Manufacturers
recommendations on the maximum length and resistance of flying leads shall be
taken into account in the selection of sensors.
f.
Some transducers incorporate protection against electromagnetic interference and

voltage spikes. In general, twisted-pair conductors are adequate for most
transducer outputs, but coaxial-screened conductors are sometimes recommended.
g.
The dimensions of flange mountings shall comply with BS 1560 or BS 4504-3.3 as

appropriate. The dimensions of probes and sensors that are mounted on pipe
threads shall comply with BS 21 or BS 2779 as appropriate.
25

(NES 605 Part 1)
h.
4.9.1
The electrical and mechanical connections to sensors, probes and transmitters shall
be stated in the SRD as follows:
(1)
Number, current and voltage capacity, requirements for earthing, insulation,

screening (if any), and coding of electrical connections for power supply,
signal output, and local test;
(2)
Method of electrical connection, whether by terminal block, flying leads,

plug or socket, or other method. Terminal blocks and flying leads are more
resistant to vibration, provided that the cables are adequately secured. When
flying leads are chosen, their length and method of termination shall be
specified;
(3)
Size and method of mechanical connection, including where necessary any

liquid seals, filters, pulsation dampers or other ancillary devices which have
to be allowed for.
Liquid Level
a.
In applications where accuracy is important and/or recalibration is frequently

necessary, level sensors shall be installed in close proximity to sounding tubes.
b.
The zero of a diaphragm pressure sensor depends on the attitude of the diaphragm
(the span is not affected by change of attitude).
4.9.2
Temperature
4.9.2.1
Pockets
4.9.2.2
4.9.2.3
a.
Whenever possible, sensors and pockets in accordance with BS 2765 shall be

selected.
b.
Agreement to dispense with the use of a pocket shall be approved by the appropriate
equipment IPT of the equipment being monitored.
Sensing Elements
a.
Sheaths for sensing elements to BS 2765 are rigid and are not to be bent, since this
may irreparably damage the element. RTDs are particularly prone to bending
damage.
b.
Where it is necessary to make two measurements of temperature at one point, the

use of a duplex probe shall be considered.
Depth of Immersion
a.
4.9.2.4
Reference shall be made to BS 1041 Parts 3 and 4, BS 2765 and to manufacturers

specifications to determine the optimum depth of immersion when selecting
sensors and pockets.
Electrical Connections
a.
Reference shall be made to BS 1041 Part 3 for information on the number, type, size
and routeing of the connections to RTDs.
26

(NES 605 Part 1)
4.9.3
b.
The colour coding of the connections to RTDs shall be in accordance with BS EN

60751.
c.
Reference shall be made to BS 1041 Part 4 for information on the dimensions of

thermocouple leads and on the use of compensating cable and extension leads.
d.
When selecting thermocouple compensating leads, extension leads and equipment

wire, preference shall be given to the types listed in DEF STAN 02-512 Part 7, and
to types which are colour coded in accordance with BS 4937 Part 30.
Pressure
a.
4.9.4
Sizes and shapes of pressure sensors and transducers depend on the manufacturers;
there are no standards for interchangeability.
Connection Head
a.
Within the connection head are the terminals for the sensor connections. The head
may also house a transmitter.
b.
These circuits are separated from the sensor:

(1)
When they cannot be accommodated at the measuring point for reasons of

space, access or environmental stress;
(2)
When the electrical power present at the measuring point has to be limited to
avoid risk of an explosion.
NOTE In such applications, the manufacturers recommendations for the type of

interconnection, and any requirements for a zener barrier to achieve a
certified level of safety, shall be strictly adhered to.
c.
4.10
4.11
The head is sealed for protection, typically to IP 42, see clause 4.11. Flameproof
varieties are available for use in explosive atmospheres.
Corrosion and Chemical Attack

a.
Sensors and any connecting pipework and associated transducing electronics are
subject to corrosion and chemical attack caused by the variable to be measured or
harmful substances that may be present.
b.
Certain types of chemical attack can reduce the working life of thermocouples. BS
1041 Part 4 lists the most significant substances that attack the various
thermocouple combinations, and the factors that limit their effective life.
c.
Reference shall be made to BR 1326 to ensure that sensors do not incorporate any of
the metallic or nonmetallic materials listed as unsuitable for Submarines.
Ingress Protection
a.
Sensors may be protected against the ingress of unwanted materials by the provision
of an enclosure. The same enclosure may protect persons against contact with
electrically live or moving parts of the sensor.
b.
Ingress Protection, or IP code is represented by a twocharacteristic numeral code

as defined in BS EN 60529. The category of enclosure required shall be stated in the
27

(NES 605 Part 1)
SRD. The degree of protection afforded by the equipment or subassembly upon

which the sensor shall be mounted shall be taken into account.
5.
CORPORATE EXPERIENCE & KNOWLEDGE

5.1
General
a.
By themselves, sensors cannot usually be employed in measurement systems. A

transduction element is necessary to quantify the sensing process and produce an
output signal. This, in turn, may require processing by a signal processing stage.
b.
The terms sensor and transducer have become synonymous in commercial usage,
and many manufacturers prefer to describe their products as transducers. Where it
is required to convey the strict meaning of the term, sensor ambiguity would be
avoided by using the term sensing element.
5.2
Sensing Element Devices/Techniques
5.2.1
Pressure Sensors
a.
The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a liquid in a tank depends on the height of the
column of liquid above the measuring point, on the SG of the liquid and on the
pressure of the gas above the surface. A differential pressure sensor may therefore
be used to sense the liquid level. The sensor is usually mounted at a selected datum
position on the side of the tank and close to the bottom, either flush with the wall of
the tank or with an extension to clear the wall and lining.
b.
An alternative design permits the sensor to be fully submerged, mounted either on a

bracket or attached to the base of the tank, or at the lower end of a vertical rod
suspended from a flange formed on the horizontal cover of the tank, or suspended
by a cable.
c.
The highpressure side of the differential sensor is usually connected to the liquid in
the tank. If the tank is vented to atmosphere, the lowpressure side is similarly
vented, otherwise the low pressure side is connected to the top of the tank, above the
highest liquid level. Fully submerged internally mounted sensors are provided with
a capillary tube giving access to the lowpressure side of the sensor, which is
brought out to atmosphere.
d.
In the case of closed tanks containing volatile liquids, it is necessary to ensure that
liquid does not condense in the reference connection and cause an error in
measurement. This can be achieved by:
(1)
Arranging a downward slope at the top of the reference connection (so that
any condensate flows back into the tank);
(2)
Insulating and if necessary heating the reference connection;
(3)
Using a condensate pot to provide a constant level of liquid on the high

pressure side of the sensor and connecting the low pressure side to the bottom
of the tank;
28

(NES 605 Part 1)
(4)
Filling the reference pipe with a reference liquid and the zero adjusted to
compensate for the head pressure it exerts.
NOTE These arrangements are known as wet leg.
5.2.2
e.
Closed tanks containing liquids which are not volatile in any ambient or operating
conditions do not require these precautions. The arrangement is then known as dry
leg.
f.
Differential pressure sensors are widely used for measurements of liquid level.
They provide greater sensitivity and accuracy than floats or displacers; they benefit
from modern developments in pressure sensor technology and are available at
competitive costs. They are compact devices, which perform reliably in hostile
conditions and with corrosive liquids. They can be used with viscous fluids and
with liquids which contain suspended solid matter. They are resistant to shock and
vibration and their diaphragms are less likely to clog than floats or displacers.
Capacitance Sensors
a.
A capacitor consists of two conducting materials separated by an insulator. Its

electrical capacitance is determined by the area of the conductors, their distance
apart, and the dielectric constant of the insulator. Capacitance sensors detect the
change in capacitance which occurs when a liquid replaces the gas in the space
between two electrodes, or at a changing interface between two liquids of different
dielectric constants.
b.
Capacitance sensors are used for continuous measurement of liquid level, and for
detecting level at a set point. They are suitable for use with fuel and lubricating oils,
water, hydraulic fluid, glycol and many other liquids, both conducting and
nonconducting. They are also used with granular and other solid materials.
c.
The dielectric constant of a liquid changes with temperature. Sensors required to

operate over a wide temperature range therefore require compensation.
d.
Capacitance sensors generally take the form of a cylindrical probe or rod, mounted
vertically for continuous measurement, or horizontally for set point detection. The
head of the probe or electrode contains the transducer electronics and provides a
suitable fitting to the tank. Probes are supplied to the required length.
e.
They are made of steel, aluminium or stainless steel. The sensors are usually
located inside the tank containing the liquid. Alternatively, the electrode may be
installed inside an external pipe connected to the tank.
f.
Bare metal probes are used to measure the level of nonconductive liquids. For
conductive liquids, an insulated probe is required.
g.
The probe head insulates the probe from the tank. If the tank wall is electrically
conductive, it acts as the earth electrode of the sensor. If the tank is nonconductive
an earth electrode must be provided by either:
(1)
Fitting a concentric tube electrode around the probe and connecting it to

earth; or
(2)
Installing a metal strap vertically within the tank and connecting it to the
probe head earth.
29

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.2.3
h.
The span of a capacitance levelmeasuring system depends on the differential

capacitance of the probe over the range of levels to be measured.
i.
The selection of a capacitance probe for a specific application is to be made in

consultation with the manufacturer concerned.
j.
Capacitance probes are simple devices with no moving parts and can be designed to
withstand shock, vibration and corrosion. They may be used at various operating
pressures and temperatures. They perform satisfactorily in ships, aircraft and road
vehicles.
k.
Measurements of liquid level are subject to error if:

(1)
The probe becomes coated with a conductive material;
(2)
The dielectric constant of the liquid changes;
(3)
The tank to be measured is filled with a liquid of different dielectric constant.
Conductivity Sensors
a.
The level of a liquid which conducts electricity can be sensed by conductivity

sensors. Conductivity sensors can also detect interfaces between liquids of
different conductivity.
b.
A conductivity sensor consists of a conducting electrode fitted to an insulated

electrode holder. The electrode is installed vertically from above the surface of the
liquid to provide a point measurement at its lower tip. Multiple electrodes of
different lengths can be arranged to give a succession of measurements at different
levels.
c.
Electrodes for horizontal mounting are also supplied, but are subject to error if the
liquid film bridging the probe to earth does not run off when the contents fall below
the set point.
d.
Monel and other corrosion resistant alloys are available for use with aggressive
liquids. Electrodes may be covered (to within a cm or so from the tip) with a plastic
insulator to prevent bridging of adjacent multiple electrode assemblies and to
reduce errors due to leakage in humid conditions.
e.
The conductivity sensor is supplied with a low voltage, one pole is connected to the
probe electrode, and the other to the container wall. (A second electrode is used in
containers that are nonconductive.) When the liquid level is below the electrode
tip, the circuit resistance is high. When the level reaches the probe, a low resistance
path is formed. The change in resistance is thus an indication of liquid level.
f.
The conductivity sensing circuit is designed so that the ac current flow is low
enough to avoid electrolytic decomposition. The resistance change which triggers
the output signal is adjustable in range. Sometimes the response time is also
adjustable.
g.
Conductivity level sensors are simple, low cost devices, for point, or multipoint,
measurement and control of conductive liquids. Errors will arise if the electrodes
are coated by nonconductive materials.
30

(NES 605 Part 1)
h.
5.2.4
5.2.5
The selection of a conductivity sensor for a specific application is to be made in

consultation with the manufacturer concerned.
Ultrasonic Sensors
a.
Ultrasonic liquid level sensors employ a piezoelectric crystal to detect the

presence or attenuation of a continuous or pulsed sound pressure signal at a
frequency above the upper range of hearing. Such sensors are employed as level
and interface detectors located at the set point level to be detected. They are also
used as noncontacting continuous level sensors, located above the liquid and
detect the echoes of pulses directed at that surface.
b.
Ultrasonic sensors are available for use with clean, dirty, aerated and viscous
liquids, and for liquids which are contaminated with scale and solids. Continuous or
setpoint measurements can be made. Manufacturers should be consulted to
identify the suitability of these sensors with regard to the application.
c.
Ultrasonic gap sensors for point liquid level detection are available in numerous
configurations and materials. These sensors contain a crystal which transmits a
beam of ultrasonic energy across a gap to a receiving crystal. Multigap sensors
exist which provide more than one setpoint. Sensors may be located vertically
from above the liquid surface, horizontally through the container wall, or inclined at
about 10 to the horizontal to detect a liquid/liquid interface.
d.
Ultrasonic sensors for continuous liquid level measurement are usually mounted
above the surface of the liquid. (Submerged bottom mounted sensors are also
available.) They transmit a pulse of ultrasonic sound to the surface, and receive a
corresponding echo. The time interval between the outward and return signals is a
measure of the distance travelled and hence of the distance between sensor and
surface. The measuring span in many configurations is less than the range, because
there is a minimum range below which the time interval cannot be accurately
measured. The vertical dead space can be reduced if a deflector or concentrator is
used to turn the beam through 90, using a horizontally arranged sensor. Another
technique is to use a receiver that is separate from the transmitter and contains its
own crystal.
e.
The timing circuitry allows for adjustment of the measuring span. Changes of
temperature in the air space above the liquid introduce an error and many ultrasonic
level measurement systems include an automatic compensation for temperature.
f.
Internal pipes or stays, and liquid entering the tank from one side or above the beam,
may cause attenuation or interference. Provision for counteracting such effects is
sometimes made in the procedures for calibrating the sensor and for processing its
output signal.
g.
Ultrasonic gap sensors are widely used in marine applications. Ultrasonic sensors
have no moving parts, and can make accurate continuous measurements at
relatively long range without making contact with the liquid in question. The
composition, cleanliness and electrical properties of the liquid do not affect the
measurement.
Optical Sensors
a.
An optical level sensor is a short cylindrical probe with a conical point. The probe
contains a light emitting diode, transmitting an infrared light to the tip. With no
31

(NES 605 Part 1)
b.
c.
d.
5.2.6
Time Domain Reflectrometry

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.2.7
liquid surrounding the tip, the beam is reflected internally and returns along the
probe to a phototransistor detector. When the tip is immersed in liquid, light escapes
through the interface and the reduction in internal reflection is detected.
Positive switching circuits within the sensor provide a full on or off switch.
Versions are available to switch on when covered, or vice versa. The sensor may
be installed vertically above the liquid, or horizontally either way up, in the tank
wall. These devices can detect hydraulic oils, lubricants, fuels, coolant liquids, and
other chemicals, and are immune to ambient light.
Sensors providing a time delay are available to dampen the effects of surface
agitation or severe vibration.
Changes in the viscosity, density, conductivity or dielectric constant do not affect
the measurement. Optical sensors are lowcost devices with no moving parts and
can be very compact.
Electromagnetic pulses are transmitted down a cable or rod and reflected off the
surface of the variable being measured. The reflected pulse is registered by the
signal source. Level is determined by measuring the travel time (time of flight) of
the pulse or the delay in the receipt of the reflected echo. This delay is directly
correlated to a distance if the propagation velocity is known. It is unaffected by
changes in product characteristics such as density, pressure, temperature and
dielectric constant.
The measurement possibilities include level measurement in liquids and solids plus
interface measurements between liquids of diverse dielectric constant values.
For liquid applications dual rod or concentric tube/rod designs are preferred. The
advantage of these designs is that the electric field around the probe is concentrated
in the tube or between the rods and there is little external influence from the vessel
structure.
These designs are sometimes susceptible to a build up of foreign matter between the
rods or within the tube. This can in turn lead to measurement inaccuracies due to
false echos being registered. They are therefore best suited to relatively clean
liquids.
TDR can also experience some difficulty in producing accurate measurements if the
variable is in very close proximity to the sender/receiver because the time of flight is
so small. This is, however. being addressed and a number of manufacturers claim to
have overcome this problem.
Floats (Not Recommended)

a.
Floats are cylindrical or spherical vessels, sealed against ingress of liquid. Normally
made of a suitably resistant material, partially submerged and supported by the
buoyancy force exerted by the liquid they displace. Floats may be restrained by a
vertical tube, or they may be attached to a pivoted arm. In both cases they rise and
fall to follow the level of the liquid surface. Floats could be mounted to the top,
bottom or sides of the tank which contains the liquid, within the tank itself, or in
external chambers with valves to permit isolation and maintenance.
b.
Liquids with a very low Specific Gravity (SG) may exert insufficient buoyant force
on a float for proper action.
32

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.2.8
5.2.9
c.
Float rods would have been used to extend the vertical distance between a low-level
float and a top mounted switch. Clearance would be necessary above the float at its
highest indicating level, and below it at its lowest indicating level. Manufacturers
literature would be examined to ascertain the clearances required.
d.
Floats and their associated arms and guides are comparatively bulky, and required
adequate clearance for satisfactory operation. Vertical float guides required
adequate headroom for withdrawal, and if long would require support at both ends.
e.
Float sensors are widely used and are inexpensive. In high pressure or corrosive
applications, the necessary seals may require frequent maintenance. Float sensors
are suitable for clean liquids of low viscosity. They would not be suitable for liquids
that can clog the moving parts or can coat the float and change its buoyancy.
Displacers (Not Recommended)

a.
Displacers are cylinders mounted in a vertical cage, and supported by a spring.

Displacers can be mounted inside a tank containing liquid or the cage can be fitted
externally. To measure the level of a free liquid surface the displacer is partially
submerged in the liquid. A displacer may also be used to measure the interface
between two immiscible liquids, provided they are of different densities. The
variable buoyant force acting on the displacer provides a measure of the required
level in both applications. The SG of a displacer is higher than that of the liquid it
displaces.
b.
The transduction element, which converts buoyant force to electrical signal,

imposes limits on the span of the buoyant force. The length of the displacer has to be
slightly greater than the measurement span required, and hence its material,
diameter and SG have to be selected from the manufacturers available designs so
that the above limits are observed. This selection also takes account of the SG of the
liquid(s) in question.
c.
The SG of the measured liquid changes with temperature. If the error thus caused is
unacceptable, a temperaturecompensated displacer can be used. It contains a
liquid of equal expansion coefficient and is fitted with a bellows end to permit
expansion and contraction.
d.
Displacers are in general more accurate, but more expensive than floats. They are
less bulky, work best in clean liquids of low viscosity and are not suitable for liquids
that can coat their surface or cause excessive friction between displacer and cage.
Thermocouples
a.
A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar conductors that may be pure metals,

alloys or nonmetals. At one end, the two conductors are formed into a junction at
which the conductors are in good electrical and thermal contact. The other ends of
the conductors are made available for connection to the terminals of an emf
measuring system which provides a reference junction. If the conductors are
insulated from each other (except at the measuring junction) and if a temperature
difference exists between the measuring and reference junctions an electromotive
force will be developed.
b.
BS EN 60584 Part 1 contains international thermocouple reference tables, which

are used to determine the measuring junction temperature that corresponds to a
33

(NES 605 Part 1)
detected emf, for a specified combination of conductors. Tables are provided for
eight combinations of conductors, designated Type R, Type S, Type B, Type J, Type
T, Type E, Type K and Type N respectively.
c.
The materials most widely used for thermocouples may be divided into two groups;
base metals and rare metals. The thermocouple combination must be chosen so as to
ensure that the physical and chemical conditions to which the device is exposed will
not result in a change in calibration. The emf/temperature relationships for base
metal thermocouples only apply up to about 1200 C. From 1110 C to 1800 C rare
metal devices are used. In both groups the low temperature limit of working is
usually decided by the limiting minimum emf which can be employed with
measuring instruments. In general, base thermocouples develop larger emf than
rare metal types.
d.
The thermocouple materials must be chosen in order to ensure that the device will
not suffer a significant change in calibration due to the effects of the operating
environment. The calibration may change as a result of oxidation, reduction, other
chemical attack or the preferential evaporation of constituents of an alloy. BS 1041,
Part 4 describes the limiting characteristics of the types listed above.
e.
The thermocouple measuring junction is constructed in one of three ways:

(1)
An exposed junction is used, where a fast response is required, for the

measurement of noncorrosive gas temperatures. It is unlikely that this
junction will be suitable for use in HM Surface Ships and Submarines;
(2)
The insulated, or ungrounded, junction is used for corrosive gas and liquid
temperatures;
(3)
An earthed junction, also referred to as grounded or bottomed, is also used

for corrosive gas and liquid, and high pressure applications. The speed of
response will be faster than that obtained from the insulated junction.
f.
The thermoelectric properties of thermocouple and compensating cable can be

changed by flexing and cold working.
g.
The thermocouple conductors are insulated from each other, except at the
measuring junction, using conventional electrical insulation materials chosen to
withstand the operating temperature range of the device.
h.
The termination of a sheathed mineral insulated thermocouple at the reference

junction end, usually comprises a small pot filled with sealant, called the cold seal.
It houses the connections to the thermocouple wires. Such mineral insulated
thermocouples shall be handled in accordance with manufacturers instructions.
The installation is to be designed so that the thermocouples are not cut to length, as
this may affect accuracy. Provision is to be made for coiling and supporting any
excess length near to the termination.
i.
Mineral insulated thermocouples are manufactured by embedding the two

conductors in a mineral insulant, for example, magnesium oxide, within a metallic
sheath. These thermocouples are resistant to thermal shock, operate at higher
temperatures than other thermocouples, and are of smaller diameter than those
insulated by other means resulting in a rapid response and high sensitivity. Both
base metal and rare metal types are available.
34

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.2.10
j.
It may be possible to house the temperature transmitter directly above the

temperature sensing element. Frequently the available space and environmental
conditions will dictate that the transmitter is installed at some distance from the
sensing element. When this is the case the thermocouple must be connected to the
transmitter using either extension cables or compensating cables.
k.
Extension cables are used in situations where a high accuracy is required. They are
made of the same materials as the thermocouple combination in order to ensure that
the measurement is not affected by the use of materials with different
temperature/emf characteristics being used to complete the circuit between
measuring and reference junctions. This will inevitably be expensive when the
thermocouple is composed of rare metals.
l.
Compensating cables are used to connect the thermocouple to the measuring system
in situations where a lower accuracy is acceptable. They are made of materials
which resemble the thermoelectric properties of the thermocouple conductors.
m.
Thermocouples generate an emf when there is a difference in temperature between

the measuring junction and the reference junction. For the most accurate
measurement the temperature of the reference junction must remain static, for
example, by immersion in water at the ice point. In practice the reference junction is
housed within the measuring system and corrections for temperature variations are
produced electronically.
Resistance Temperature Detectors RTDs

a.
RTDs are based on the principle of the variation of resistivity with temperature of
various electrical conductors. Suitable materials have a high temperature
coefficient of resistance, are stable and have a high resistivity to permit the
construction of small sensors. Both platinum and nickel are extensively used
because they meet the above criteria and are relatively easy to obtain in a pure state.
Platinum has the additional advantage of a temperature coefficient of resistance,
which is linear over a larger temperature range.
b.
BS EN 60751 specifies requirements for industrial platinum RTDs whose electrical

resistance is a defined function of temperature.
c.
Wire wound resistance elements can be constructed so that the surface area is large
in relation to the volume in order to provide a fast response or, if thin wire is used,
the winding can be made compact for measuring temperature at a point. The
platinum coil may be wound within a ceramic tube, which enables the sensor to be
used over a wide temperature range. In applications where vibration is a problem
the platinum may be wound round a ceramic former and secured to the ceramic by a
glass coating. For surface temperature measurement, or for applications where a
tipsensitive sensor is required a small coil may be mounted on a flat ceramic body.
d.
Resistance elements may also be constructed of platinum foil, and are particularly
suitable for surface measurement.
e.
Thick film devices, in which a platinum track is printed on to an alumina substrate

and coated with a protective ceramic glaze, are manufactured both for surface
temperature measurement and, in a rodshaped configuration, as a direct
35

(NES 605 Part 1)
replacement for wirewound elements. The high thermal conductivity of the

alumina ensures a fast thermal response. These devices can be manufactured in
accordance with the resistance/temperature relationship of BS EN 60751. The
rodshaped devices may be in accordance with the physical sizes specified in BS
2765.
f.
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
The resistance of the detecting element is determined by comparison with known

resistances in a Wheatstone Bridge circuit housed in the transmitter. Various bridge
configurations can be employed requiring twowire, three wire, or four wire
connections to the detector. The fourwire circuit achieves greatest accuracy since
it satisfactorily minimises the effect of the resistance value of the lead wires. BS
1041 shows a number of bridge circuits.
Temperature Pockets
a.
Pockets are tubular receptacles, closed at one end, for insertion in a pipe or vessel by
means of a pressuretight joint. The standard allows for parallel and tapered
pockets, secured either by a parallel or tapered thread, or by a flange.
b.
Standard insertion lengths are specified, there being six lengths for flanged pockets
(115 mm to 600 mm) and seven lengths for threaded pockets (75 mm to 625 mm).
There are seven standard bore diameters, from 3 mm to 20 mm. Any one of the
diameters can be combined with any one of the lengths.
c.
Pocket designs are to be suitable for the environmental conditions in use. Parallel
stems are suitable for conditions of low vibration and flow. Tapered stems are
suitable for conditions that are more arduous. Flanged fittings are to be used for
highpressure systems.
d.
The standard mating dimensions of pockets and elements have been chosen to
obtain a small radial air gap and hence a quick thermal response whilst permitting
easy insertion and withdrawal.
Thermistors
a.
Thermistors are semiconductors which behave as thermal resistors and have a

high temperature coefficient of resistance which is usually negative. These devices
are made from the sintered compounds of metallic oxides of copper, manganese,
nickel and cobalt, formed into beads, rings or discs. The resistance/temperature
relationship is normally nonlinear, although modified thermistors are available
which are linear over a restricted range.
b.
Unlike thermocouples and resistance thermometers, the performance of

thermistors is not closely governed by international standards. Temperature
sensing accuracy and stability vary from one manufacturer to another. Due to the
problems which therefore arise in sensor replacement, thermistors are unlikely to be
suitable for temperature measurement in HM Surface Ships and Submarines.
c.
Positive temperature coefficient thermistors are used for thermal protection

purposes as described in DEF STAN 22-48.
Semiconductor Temperature Sensors

a.
In addition to thermistors, other types of semiconductor temperature sensors based

on integrated circuit arrangements are available. Some devices give a linear voltage
36

(NES 605 Part 1)
output. These are sometimes used to provide reference junction compensation in

thermocouple instruments. Other types provide an output current proportional to
temperature.
b.
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
These devices have not yet found widespread acceptance in industrial situations.
They operate over a very limited range and are not covered by widely accepted
standards. They are unlikely to be suitable for temperature measurement in HM
Surface Ships and Submarines.
Diaphragm
a.
A metallic or silicon diaphragm is sealed within the body of the sensor and pressure
difference applied across the diaphragm causes deflection. This is the main form of
pressure sensor in common use and it has a number of advantages. A single design
can be used for absolute, gauge and differential pressures. The pressurised volumes
can be very small, allowing miniaturisation and fast response. Pressurised volumes
are usually equal, enabling transient differential pressures to be measured. The
diaphragm can also be readily protected from comparatively high overpressures.
b.
There are no major disadvantages and the performance differences between metal
and silicon types are not significant. The silicon types tend to be superior at constant
temperature because of their high resistance and sensitivity, but the higher
temperature coefficient of silicon is a disadvantage for measurements at varying
temperatures. Metal diaphragms tend to be large and often require to be mounted
with the diaphragm in the vertical plane.
Capsule
a.
A flexible capsule, usually of metal, is incorporated in a pressure chamber and

application of pressure distorts the capsule. The main advantage of this
arrangement is a relatively high sensitivity at low pressures.
b.
Disadvantages are that it is usually more expensive than a diaphragm and that for
measurement of differential pressure, two capsules are normally needed. These are
either located in separate pressure chambers or arranged as a nesting pair. This type
is difficult to protect against overpressure.
Bourdon Tube
a.
The elastic element consists of a flattened metal tube bent into a circular arc or helix
and closed at one end. Pressure is applied to the open end and the tube tends to
straighten. This type is relatively inexpensive and is often employed in dial gauges,
but is becoming rejected in sensors because it is relatively inaccurate, particularly at
low pressures. It is difficult to protect against overpressure and has a relatively
slow response.
5.3
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques
5.3.1
Magnet/Reed Switches
a.
Floats and displacers can be magnetically coupled to visual indicators and arrays of
electrical switches. In many designs the magnetic coupling provides a snapaction,
37

(NES 605 Part 1)
and a nonmagnetic diaphragm confines the liquid within the float chamber. The
rotary motion of a pivoted float may be magnetically coupled to a rotary
potentiometer or capacitor through such a diaphragm.
b.
5.3.2
Tape Float Transducers

a.
5.3.3
5.3.5
5.3.6
Tape float transducers are used for accurate level measurement in large tanks. The
sensing element is a displacer whose vertical position is controlled by a servo motor.
The control signal for the motor is derived from the tension in the support tape or
cable. An integrating circuit is provided to avoid oscillation of the displacer due to
turbulence at the surface. The servo motor also drives a transmitter which provides
the required level signal. A visual indication may also be provided by a counter.
Discrete high and low alarm signals can be generated.
Pressure Sensors
a.
5.3.4
A float level transmitter providing 4 mA to 20 mA output consists of a tube housing

a series of miniature reed relays, which control a chain of resistors, so forming a
potentiometer whose resistance depends on the height of a float carrying a magnet.
The tube may be attached to the outside of the float chamber, or it may be inserted
into the tank with the float riding on it. Multiple arrays are available for greater
depths.
Pressure sensors for level detection employ either a strain gauge, piezoresistance
device, linear variable differential transformer or capacitance technique for
conversion of diaphragm movement into electrical signal.
Capacitance Transducers
a.
The transducing circuitry is usually mounted within the head which carries the
sensing probe. Adjustments are provided for zero and full conditions.
A variable time delay may also be included.
b.
The probe head may also contain the power supply oscillator, amplifiers and
circuitry to produce the output signal, and set point switches to control other
equipment.
c.
Intrinsically safe transducer heads are available for use in areas where there is an
explosive hazard. They are connected via a zener barrier to a controller which is
located in a safe area and contains all the high power circuits.
Conductivity Transducers
a.
A small ac voltage is fed to the conductivity electrode probe, and if liquid is present
a current of a few mA flows through the liquid to the container wall. This operates a
relay which provides the required control signal.
b.
The relays and changeover contacts are usually housed in a separate enclosure,
which may also receive signals from a number of transducers arranged to trip at
different depths.
Ultrasonic Transducers
a.
The measuring head of an ultrasonic level transducer contains a combined

transmitter / receiver which generates a pulse train and detects echoes. High
38

(NES 605 Part 1)
frequency transmitters are relatively small, but their range is limited by the air
damping. For greater range lower frequency transmitters are employed.
Encapsulated transmitters are available for use in locations where there is an
explosion hazard, and where it may be difficult to generate sufficient acoustic
energy within permitted levels of electrical energy.
b.
c.
5.3.7
5.3.8
The circuits for evaluation of the echo signal are usually in a separate enclosure
which may be remote from the measuring head. They may provide the following
features to enhance the reliability and accuracy of measurement:
(1)
Automatic gain control to amplify weak signals;
(2)
Sensor and circuits to correct for variations in the temperature of the gas
which carries the pulse train;
(3)
As an alternative to (2), a reference loop at a fixed range against which

comparison measurements are made;
(4)
Circuits to eliminate multiple echoes and false echoes due to edges or struts;
(5)
Frequency comparison circuits to reject audible noise from other sources,

such as tank filling;
(6)
Variable integration time to prevent errors due to surface agitation.
Ultrasonic level transducers require to be protected against acoustic interference

from external sources, and from the possible injection of a spurious electrical signal
into a signal cable, from a high voltage cable feeding a pulse transmitter, possibly of
another transducer.
Optical Transducers
a.
The optical signal which is sensed by the phototransistor of an optical sensor is

converted by a low voltage solid state device providing an on or off electrical
signal. Such a device may be incorporated within the sensor housing and may be
classified as intrinsically safe.
b.
Optical sensors may also be provided with a separate control unit which contains the
power supply to the sensor and a switching relay or relays.
c.
Sensors are designed to include a builtin test facility for a manual check that the
sensor is performing correctly.
Temperature Transmitters
a.
RTDs and thermocouples are connected to temperature transmitters, which provide

the required output signal, generally in the range 4 mA to 20 mA. The transmitter
may be housed immediately adjacent to the sensor, within the connection head or
alternatively, the transmitter may be remote.
b.
Temperature transmitters derive their inputs from thermocouples or resistance

thermometers. The transmitters are intended for industrial rather than marine
applications. Reference is to be made to manufacturers literature to determine the
39

(NES 605 Part 1)
suitability of industrial grade transmitters for applications in HM Surface Ships and

Submarines.
5.3.9
5.3.10
c.
Transmitters that are used with thermocouples contain reference junction

compensation with which the reading from the measuring junction is compared.
The device determines the emf generated by the thermocouple and transmits a
standard voltage or current output to an indicating, monitoring or controlling
system. Such transmitters are to be so located that the operating ambient
temperature does not exceed the boundaries for adequate compensation.
d.
Transmitters which are used with RTDs contain a bridge circuit. The resistance of
the sensing element is measured by determining the resistance values required to
balance the circuit. Two, three or fourwire connections may be made between the
RTD and the bridge circuit. Twowire systems result in the lowest accuracy of
measurement since the effect of the connection wires is likely to be significant.
Threewire systems offer some improvement but fourwire systems are used where
accuracy is important since the circuit may then be constructed in such a way that
the connection wires have no effect. BS 1041 shows a number of bridge circuits.
Strain Gauge
a.
The most widely adopted techniques for use with diaphragms involve the use of
strain gauges, usually in the form of an electrical bridge network. They are either
bonded to the diaphragm directly or mounted on a lever connected to the diaphragm
and referred to as unbounded.
b.
Advantages of strain gauges include moderate cost and compact design.

Disadvantages are that only a moderate performance is obtained in terms of
linearity, signal output and, particularly, temperature effects.
Piezoresistance
a.
5.3.11
A particular form of strain gauge for use only with silicon diaphragms results from
diffusing the pattern of strain gauges directly into the diaphragm, utilising both its
mechanical and electrical properties. This technique is increasing in use and can
result in very compact designs with fast response at relatively low cost.
Temperature effects require compensation circuitry, but even so, zero stability can
be a problem after large temperature changes. At low pressures the degree of
non-linearity may be relatively high.
Variable Reluctance
a.
Variable reluctance is a technique often employed where high accuracy is required.

The technique can be applied only to sensors with ferrous metal diaphragms and
incorporates two coils connected in an ac halfbridge, with the diaphragms between
them. Movement of the diaphragm due to pressure causes the reluctance of one coil
to increase and the other to decrease. This gives a high output signal and any
temperature effects on the two symmetrical coils tend to cancel out.
b.
The design is inherently appropriate for differential pressure measurement, but

absolute pressures can be measured by sealing off one port during manufacture.
The diaphragm is mechanically stiff, so the resonant frequency is high and transient
measurements can be made.
40

(NES 605 Part 1)
c.
5.3.12
Capacitance
a.
5.3.13
5.3.17
This technique uses a double diaphragm cell with linkage connected to a coil
mounted in a permanent magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to
counter the pressure on the diaphragm and the current is measured. It is a relatively
expensive technique, rarely encountered.
Vibrating Wire
a.
5.3.16
The moving end of a Bourdon tube sensor can be linked to the moving contact of a
potentiometer and the change in resistance used to indicate pressure. This
technique has the advantage of being inexpensive, but the performance is relatively
poor in terms of hysteresis, linearity and temperature effects.
Force Balance
a.
5.3.15
The pressure sensing diaphragm is sandwiched between two capacitor plates and
the space filled with silicone oil retained by two isolating diaphragms. A change in
pressure or differential pressure results in a change in capacitance which is
measured, linearized and amplified. The main advantage is high reliability
resulting from no moving parts.
Potentiometer
a.
5.3.14
The advantages are high output, good linearity and low hysteresis. Effects of
environmental acceleration are small. However, it is relatively expensive and
requires an ac supply of 1 kHz to 10 kHz. Care is also to be taken to avoid
contamination of the small volumes each side of the diaphragm.
The technique consists of a wire under tension forming part of an oscillator circuit
and attached to a pressuresensing diaphragm. The wire is suspended in a magnetic
field and as pressure increases, so does the tension in the wire and its resonant
frequency. The resonant frequency thus gives a measure of pressure. The main
advantage claimed by this technique is a relatively low rate of drift.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

a.
This is a wellknown form of linear displacement transducer that can be applied to

all basic forms of pressure sensors, but is particularly used with capsules and
Bourdon tubes, where displacement is comparatively large. The core is moved in a
differential transformer with an oscillator fed primary and two opposed secondary
windings connected to a demodulator.
b.
Advantages are similar to those of the variable reluctance technique, with high
output signal and good linearity. The main drawbacks are the size, cost and
relatively slow response. In addition, the mass of the transformer core tends to
affect the readings when under environmental acceleration.
TDR Transducer
a.
Transducing circuitry is usually mounted within the sensing head, which is attached
to the probe assembly. Modern circuitry is also usually coupled to HART or
41

(NES 605 Part 1)
SMART transmitters, which allow for some complex signal conditioning.

Therefore, adjustments for zero and full conditions as well as time delay are
programmable into the transmitter.
b.
The head will contain the Micropulse generator, amplifiers and programmable
circuitry to produce the output signal. With the inclusion of the programmable
circuitry it is possible, via suitable communication software, to record and view
pulse analysis, trend data and error tracking functions.
c.
Intrinsically safe transducer heads are available for use in areas where there is an
explosive hazard..
5.4
Output of Sensors
5.4.1
Liquid Level
a.
The electrical output of a transducer for continuous measurements usually takes the
form of an analogue voltage or current, which varies linearly with the measured
level. The output of a point level detector is an electrical snap action switch which
may be a sealed reed switch, mercury switch or other mechanical device, or a solid
state device such as a transistor or Schmitt trigger. Detectors are available to
provide normally open or normally closed output in the presence of liquid.
Intrinsically safe designs are available for use in zones where flammable gasses are
likely to be present.
b.
Reference is to be made to manufacturers literature to ensure that the electrical

capacity of level sensor relays and switches is adequate for the loads to be
controlled.
c.
Level sensors for use in hazardous atmospheres or designated danger areas are often
connected to a remote controller sited in a safe area. There are then limitations on
the length of interconnecting cable, on its design, and on the methods of connection,
which are to be taken into account when selecting sensors for such applications.
5.4.2
Temperature
5.4.2.1
Resistance Temperature Detectors

a.
5.4.2.2
The sensing element of an RTD is a variable resistance, which forms one arm of a
Wheatstone bridge measuring circuit. The bridge forms the transduction element
and is contained within the resistance temperature transmitter. The output is
produced by the transmitter, not by the sensor directly.
Thermocouples
a.
Thermocouples generate an emf, which is proportional to the temperature

difference between the measuring and reference junctions. The emf output in
absolute milli-volts is tabulated in BS 4937 Part 30.
42

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.4.3
Pressure
a.
The electrical output of a pressure transducer is usually an analogue voltage or

current that vary linearly with measured pressure.
5.5
Calibration of Sensors
5.5.1
Liquid Level
a.
Magnetic float sensors are calibrated by adjusting the voltage applied to the
resistance chain until the required high level signal output is obtained when the float
is held at the appropriate level.
b.
The initial calibration of a displacer sensor depends on its dimensions, on the SG of

the displacer and of the liquid and on the stiffness of the force bar in its transmitter.
To recalibrate on site, weights are added to the force bar.
c.
Capacitance probes are not provided with calibration adjustment. Potentiometers

are fitted to the transducing circuitry so that the required high and low level signals
can be set when the liquid is at the appropriate level on the probe. Intermediate
values may be used if it is not possible to fill or empty the tank.
d.
The transducing circuit for an ultrasonic continuous level sensor is equipped with
adjustable settings for the highest and lowest levels to be measured. These may be
set to coincide with actual levels, if these are known. Alternatively, the minimum
signal (lowest level) is taken as 0% and the 100% output signal is adjusted to the
required signal value for the highest level.
e.
Float and displacer transducers sometimes include a visible scale, the graduations
of which will be appropriately marked. Means are also provided for adjusting the
span of the electrical output signal so that its extreme values coincide with the
lowest and highest levels which are sensed. Level sensor signals may also be
conditioned to compensate for errors due to changes in the ambient temperature or
pressure, and to convert level measurements into measurements of volume. Such
circuits form part of the transducer. They are accessible for adjustment on site,
usually by potentiometer or switch.
5.5.2
Temperature
5.5.2.1
RTDs
5.5.2.2
a.
RTDs exhibit good stability, they are unlikely to require recalibration in service due
to drift under normal thermal operating conditions, but their performance may be
altered by mechanical damage or over stress.
b.
Routine production tests to determine the resistance tolerance are carried out at two
or more temperatures for Class A devices and at one temperature, normally the ice
point, for Class B devices. Some manufacturers offer high accuracy devices
calibrated at around five temperature points.
Thermocouples
a.
The calibration of some types of thermocouple is affected by prolonged neutron

flux radiation, which induces changes in the composition of the thermocouple
materials.
43

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.5.3
b.
Noble and base metal thermocouples will operate within the tolerances stated in BS
EN 60584 Part 2 without individual calibration. If a greater accuracy is required,
individual devices are calibrated. Noble metal thermocouples only need individual
calibration if they are required to measure to a very high accuracy.
c.
Thermocouples are calibrated by immersion in a test medium at five or six points

distributed over the range. In special cases where more accuracy is required more
observations are made.
d.
As a general guide the calibration of a thermocouple operating in good conditions is

to be checked every six months. In poor conditions, the device may exhibit
significant drift after as little as six weeks.
Pressure
a.
Pressure calibration is usually carried out on a deadweight test rig, although

automatic testers are sometimes used. The fluid used for calibration depends on the
final application of the sensor. Dry nitrogen, water or oil are often used.
b.
Adjustable span sensors are supplied calibrated to the maximum span of the range.
c.
Unless otherwise specified, calibration is usually done with the diaphragm, capsule
or Bourdon tube in the vertical plane.
d.
The calibration cycle consists of a series of readings during ascending values of

pressure in order to determine the linearity, followed by equivalent readings during
decreasing pressure from which the hysteresis can be calculated. Repetition of the
calibration cycle for, typically three times, enables repeatability to be determined.
Unless specified by the customer, readings are taken typically at 0, 25%, 50%, 75%,
100% of span and the pressure is then increased to 110% of span before taking
readings during decreasing pressure.
5.6
Accuracy of Sensors
5.6.1
Liquid Level
a.
The principal causes of inaccuracy in level sensors are as follows:

(1)
Friction, mechanical damage, intrusion of foreign bodies and corrosion of

floats and displacers and their transducing mechanisms;
(2)
Build up of material deposited from the liquid;
(3)
Uncompensated effects of temperature change, density changes in

hydrostatic systems, change of dielectric constant in capacitive sensors,
change in velocity of an ultrasonic beam and variation in static pressure;
(4)
Defective wetleg system in a differential pressure system;
(5)
Vibration and shock effects on float and displacer sensors;
(6)
Acoustic noise effects on ultrasonics;
(7)
Electrical interference on capacitance and conductivity probes;

44

(NES 605 Part 1)
(8)
Leaks in pressure system pipework.
b.
For point level measurements, ultrasonic and optical sensors are suitable for many
RN applications. Both types are rugged, small, have good discrimination and are
largely unaffected by the liquid, its conditions and possible inclusions. Float and
displacer point level sensors are relatively bulky, less robust, and do not provide
such good discrimination. They are best suited to clean, low viscosity liquids.
Conductive sensors are restricted to the measurement of conductive liquids.
c.
For continuous level measurement, pressure sensors are suitable for many RN
applications, being compact, accurate devices with good discrimination, which
have been developed to achieve good stability and resistance to environmental
stresses. Totally immersed sensors are widely used for marine purposes.
d.
Float and displacer sensors are less accurate, and have inferior discrimination to
pressure sensors, but can provide adequate continuous measurements in many
applications. Where there is a need for a clearly visible indication of level, the
magnetic float type reed switch device can be considered for use but does not
provide fine discrimination.
e.
Capacitance probes have no moving parts and have been successful in ships, aircraft
and land vehicles. They can be rugged and accurate, but generally require a special
design for each application, dependent on the liquid measurement.
f.
Interfaces between liquids of adequately dissimilar properties can be detected by

differential pressure sensors, by an array of capacitance probes, by displacers and
ultrasonic sensors. Ultrasonic gap sensors are currently used to detect oil/water
interfaces for RN purposes, at fixed levels.
5.6.2
Temperature
5.6.2.1
Resistance Temperature Detectors
5.6.2.2
a.
Resistance accuracys quoted by manufacturers are often better than those quoted in
BS. The values usually include repeatability and hysteresis errors. The change of
resistance with temperature follows an approximately linear law, but the precise
relationship is as set out in the BS.
b.
The accuracy achieved with RTDs will depend on the number of wires forming the
connection between the element and the transmitter. Two and three wire systems
are suitable for some applications, but for higher accuracy a four wire system is used
since this allows the bridge network to be constructed in such a way that variations
in lead resistance are neglected. BS 1041 Part 3 contains detailed information.
c.
Inadequate resistance to earth or between connecting leads can give rise to errors
due to the introduction of stray currents or the effects of parasitic emfs.
Thermocouples
a.
Thermocouples generally respond more quickly than RTDs and will be subject to an
error if readings are taken within the thermal response time. The use of a pocket will
increase the response time and care is to be taken to ensure that values quoted by the
manufacturer apply to the sensor when housed in a suitable pocket.
45

(NES 605 Part 1)
5.6.3
b.
The repeatability of a thermocouple is not referred to in standards and generally not

quoted in manufacturers literature. It will usually be a considerably less significant
source of error than the drift of the thermocouple.
c.
Thermocouples are generally less stable than RTDs. The drift that occurs will
depend upon the thermocouple combination, the operating conditions and the
degree of protection offered by the pocket. Reference is to be made to
manufacturers literature for the claimed stability of a given thermocouple
combination under specific operating conditions.
d.
An additional error will be introduced if the insulation resistance between

conductors and earth or between the two conductors is sufficient to cause a
reduction in the emf measured. The reduction will be more pronounced with
increasing temperature. However, this effect is unlikely to be significant unless
damage has occurred.
e.
Only the measuring junction of a thermocouple needs to be heated by the measured

material. Errors can result if there is excessive conduction of heat by the conductors
away from the junction. For this reason, small diameter conductors are used.
Similarly, conduction by the probe can cause an error. Manufacturers draw
attention to this source of error, and recommend appropriate immersion depths, but
there is no standard and the amount of error is not separately specified.
f.
There is no selfheating error in thermocouples, which generate their own emf, but
errors will arise if incompatible materials are used in the thermocouple system, via
junction boxes, plugs and sockets, etc.
Pressure
a.
Pressure sensors are individually calibrated, so variations between nominally

identical sensors are restricted to the calibration errors stated on the calibration
record supplied with them.
b.
The majority of sensors available are of the diaphragm type, with increasing
emphasis on silicon piezoresistive varieties. Different transduction elements used
in conjunction with metal diaphragms result in similar performances with little to
choose between them.
c.
Potential sources of error arise mainly from the sensing element itself. They
include the uniformity of the sensor over its active area, the deflection required to
yield an adequate signal, the stress pattern across the sensor and the design of its
supporting structure. Symmetrical designs are often devised in order to minimise
temperature errors and temperature compensation circuits are frequently provided.
46

(NES 605 Part 1)
ANNEX A.
A.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
A1. The following documents and publications are referred to in this Standard:
BS EN 50014
Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. General Requirements.
BS EN 50020
Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmospheres.

Intrinsic Safety i.
Environmental Testing Series.
Electrical Installations in Hazardous Areas (other than mines).
Specification for Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP
Code).
BS EN 60068
BS EN 60079-14
BS EN 60529
BS EN 60584
BS EN 60751
BS 21
BS 1041
BS 1560
Thermocouples:
Part 1: Reference Tables;
Part 2: Tolerances.
Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer Sensors.
Specification for Pipe Threads for Tubes and Fittings Where
PressureTight Joints are made on the Threads (Metric
Dimensions).
Temperature Measurement:
Part 3: Guide to Selection and use of Industrial Resistance
Thermometers;
Part 4: Guide to the Selection and use of Thermocouples.
Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves and Fittings (Class
Designated).
BS 2011
Environmental Testing:
Part 2: Tests.
BS 2765
Specification for Dimensions of Temperature Detecting Elements

and Corresponding Pockets.
Specification for Pipe Threads for Tubes and Fittings where
PressureTight Joints are not made on the Threads (Metric
Dimensions).
Circular flanges for pipes, valves and fittings (PN designated): Specification for copper alloy and composite flanges.
International Thermocouple Reference Tables:
Part 30: Extension and Compensating Cables. Tolerances and
Identification System.
Specification for Quantities, Units and Symbols:
Part 0: General Principles;
Part 1: Space and Time;
Part 3: Mechanics.
Analogue Signals for Process Control Systems:
Part 1: Specification for Direct Current Signals;
Part 2: Specification for Direct Voltage Signals.
BS 2779
BS 4504-3.3
BS 4937
BS 5775
BS 5863
47

(NES 605 Part 1)
BS 6174
Specification for Differential Pressure Transmitters with

Electrical Outputs.
BS 6447
Specification for Absolute and Gauge Pressure Transmitters with

Electrical Outputs.
Ship Safety Management System Handbook:
Volume 1: Policy and Guidance on MOD Ship and Equipment
Safety Management.
JSP 430
DEF STAN 00-35
DEF STAN 01-5

DEF STAN 02-512
(NES 512)
DEF STAN 02-775
(NES 775)
Environmental Handbook For Defence Material:

Part 1: Control and Management;
Part 3: Environmental Test Methods;
Part 4: Natural Environments;
Part 5: Induced Mechanical Environments;
Part 6: Induced Climatic, Chemical and Biological
Environments.
Fuels, Lubricants and Associated Products.
Guide to Cables, Electrical and Associated Items:
Part 7: Cables and Wires, Electrical, Miscellaneous for Special
Services.
Gasoline Systems and Stowages.
DEF STAN 02-797

(NES 797)
DEF STAN 07-219
(NES 319)
Pipework Engineering:
Part 1: General Requirements for Fluid Systems.
Requirements for Aviation Fuel System in HM Ships.
DEF STAN 07-220

(NES 320)
Requirements for Design and Installation of Fuel Systems for Gas

Turbines and Diesel Engines in Surface Ships.
DEF STAN 07-224

(NES 507)
Requirements for Materials for Electrotechnical and Naval Weapons

Equipment.
DEF STAN 07-228

(NES 519)
Requirements and Safety Regulations for Electrical Equipment and

Installations fitted to Magazines, Submarine Weapon Storage Compartments, Adjacent Compartments and Designated Areas.
General Requirements for the Design of Electrotechnical and Naval
Weapon Equipment.
Requirements for determining the Shock Strength of Equipment.
DEF STAN 08-107

(NES 501)
DEF STAN 08-120
(NES 814)
DEF STAN 08-123
(NES 1004)
Requirements for the Design and Testing of Equipment to meet

Environmental Conditions.
DEF STAN 21-5

(NES 1005)
Code of Practice for Protective Finishes.
DEF STAN 22-48

(NES 2048)
Specification for Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors for

Thermal Protection of Electric Motors.
DEF STAN 59-41
Electromagnetic Compatibility:
Part 1: Introduction;
Part 7: Code of Practice for HM Ships Installation Guidelines.
48

(NES 605 Part 1)
DEF STAN 61-5
Electrical Power Supply Systems below 650 Volts:

Part 4: Power Supplies in HM Warships.
SSP 25
BR 1326
BR 3013(2)
Quality Assurance for Safety in Submarines.

Air Purification in Submarines.
Admiralty Pipework Standards-Metric.
ANNEX B.
B.
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
B1. For the purpose of this Standard the following abbreviations apply.
BASEEFA
British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment for Flammable

Atmospheres
BR
BS
Book of Reference
British Standard
BS EN
BSI
British Standard European

British Standards Institution
BSPT
British Standard Pipe Thread
DEF STAN
EECS
Defence Standard
Electrical Equipment Certifying Service
EMC
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
emf
Electro Motive Force
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IP
Ingress Protection
IPT
LVDT
Integrated Project Team

Linear Variable Differential Transformer
MDMS
Marine Domestics Detection, Monitoring, Steering and

Stabilising Systems
MOD
NES
NPL
Ministry of Defence
Naval Engineering Standard
National Physical Laboratory
NPT
National Pipe Thread
PTFE
RTD
Polytetrafluoroethene
Resistance Temperature Detector
SG
Specific Gravity
SI
International System of Units
SRD
TDR
WSA
System Requirement Document

Time Domain Reflectrometry
Warship Support Agency
49

(NES 605 Part 1)
B2. For the purpose of this Standard the following definitions apply.
Absolute Pressure
Ambient Pressure
Analogue Output
Atmospheric Pressure
Base Metal
Burst Pressure
Calibration
Calibration Traceability
Connection Head
Dead Band
Dead Band Error

Discrimination Threshold
Drift
Electromotive Force
Elevatedzero Range
Environmental Error
Error
Pressure measured with respect to zero pressure, in units of

force per unit of area. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge
pressure and atmospheric pressure.
The absolute pressure of the medium surrounding a device.
Transducer output which is a continuous function of the
measurand, except as modified by the resolution of the transducer.
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the surface of the
earth due to the weight of the air.
In electrometallurgy, the metals at the end of the electrochemical series remote from the noble metals.
The maximum pressure that can safely be applied to an absolute transducer and still ensure no leakage of the
pressurised fluid to the surroundings.
The set of operations, which establish relationship under specified conditions between the quantities measured and corresponding values of the output of the device.
The ability to relate the known value used in calibrating a device to an actual value, which conforms with the
universally recognised and accepted value of that quantity.
A protecting housing commonly used with electrical thermometers arranged to contain a terminal block. Attachment to a
thermometer is usually made through an extension piece.
Finite range of values within which variation of the input variable does not produce any noticeable change in the
output variable.
The maximum value of the span of the dead band.
The smallest change in the value of the input of a device,
which causes a perceptible response in its output.
An undesired gradual change in the inputoutput
relationship of a device over a period, not caused by external
influences on the device.
Differential of potential produced by sources of electrical
energy which can be used to drive currents through external
circuits.
A range for which the zero value of the measured variable is
greater than the actual lower measuring range value.
The maximum change of the inaccuracy due to influence of the
change of one parameter (temperature, power supply, etc) of
the environmental conditions while others are
maintained at the reference values.
The algebraic difference between the measured value and the
true value of the measured variable.
50

(NES 605 Part 1)
Error Band
The band of maximum deviations of output values from a

specified reference line or curve due to those causes attributable to the transducer.
The band of allowable deviations is usually expressed as
per cent of fullscale output, whereas in test and
calibration reports the band of maximum actual deviations is
expressed as + per cent, per cent of fullscale output.
The error band should be specified as applicable over at least
two calibration cycles, so as to include repeatability, and verified accordingly.
Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapour under stated conditions, using a closed or open vessel, to
ignite momentarily when a flame is applied.
Frequency, Natural
The frequency of free (not forced) oscillations of the sensing

element of a fully assembled transducer.
It is also defined as the frequency of a sinusoidally applied
measurand at which the transducer output lags the
measurand by 90 degrees.
Applicable at room temperature unless otherwise specified.
Gauge Pressure
The amount by which the pressure in a fluid exceeds the

atmospheric pressure; the pressure as shown by a pressure
gauge.
Hysteresis
The property of a device or instrument whereby it gives

different output values in relation to its input values
depending on the directional sequence in which the input values have been applied.
Hysteresis Error
The maximum deviation between the two calibration curves of

the measured variable as obtained by an upscale going traverse and a downscale going traverse over the full range and
subtracting the value of dead band.
Insulation Resistance
The resistance between two conductors, or between a

conductor and earth, when they are separated only by
insulating material.
Intrinsically Safe Circuit or A circuit or equipment in which any electrical arcing or sparkEquipment
ing that may occur in normal operation, during maintenance or
credible fault conditions, is incapable of causing an ignition of
the enveloping environment.
Linearity
The closeness with which a calibration curve approximates to a

specified straight line.
Noble Metal
Metals such as gold, silver, platinum etc which have a

relatively positive electrode potential and which do not enter
readily into chemical combination with nonmetals. They have
high resistance to corrosive attack by acids and
corrosive agents, and resist atmospheric oxidation.
51

(NES 605 Part 1)
Output
The electrical quantity, produced by a transducer which is a

function of the applied measurand.
Output Noise
The rms, peak, or peaktopeak (as specified) ac component of

a transducers dc output in the absence of measurand variations.
Output Regulation
The change in output due to a change in excitation.

Unless otherwise specified, output regulation is measured at
room conditions and with the measurand applied at its upper
range limit.
Overpressure, Maximum
The maximum normal mode (measured) pressure that can be

applied without changing the transducers performance or
accuracy beyond the specified limits. This would be
applied to either port of a differential transducer.
This is also called PROOF PRESSURE.
Overrange
The value of the input signal is outside the measuring range to

which the system or element is adjusted.
Overrange Limit
The maximum input that can be applied to a device without

causing damage or permanent change in performance.
Pulsation Damper
A device placed at the inlet to a pressure sensor so as to

protect the sensor from damage due to pressure pulses.
Range
The region of the values between the lower and upper limits of
the quantity under consideration.
Rangeability
The ratio of the maximum span to the minimum span to which

an device can be calibrated within the specified
accuracy rating.
Reference Pressure
The pressure relative to which a differential pressure

transducer measures pressure.
Repeatability
The ability of a transducer to reproduce output readings when

the same measurand value is applied to it
consecutively, under the same conditions, and in the same
direction.
Repeatability Error
The algebraic difference between the extreme values

obtained by a number of consecutive measurements of the
output over a short period of time for the same value of the
input under the same operating conditions, approaching from
the same direction, for full range traverses.
Resistance Class
BS EN 60751 specifies two resistance tolerance classes, often

referred to as resistance classes, Class A and Class B. Class A
represents the most accurate devices.
Resolution
The least interval between two adjacent discrete details that can
be distinguished one from the other. In the case of a digital output, the term resolution is the smallest change in the output
display.
52

(NES 605 Part 1)
SelfHeating
Sensitivity
The current flowing through an RTD causes power

dissipation which heats the detector and causes an error in reading.
Change in the response of a measuring instrument divided by
the corresponding change in the stimulus.
Sensitivity Shift
A change in the slope of the calibration curve due to a change

in sensitivity.
Span
The algebraic difference between the upper and lower limit values of a given range.
Stability
The ability of a transducer to retain its performance

characteristics for a relatively long period of time.
Standard Atmosphere
Unit of pressure defined as 101 325N/m2, equivalent to that

exerted by a column of mercury 760 mm high at 0C.
Suppressed Zero Range
A range for which the zero value of the measured variable is

less than actual lower range measuring value (zero does not
appear on the scale).
The time required for a thermometer to react to a step change
of temperature with a change in output
corresponding to a specified percentage of the step change.
The smallest change in the measurand that will result in a
measurable change in transducer output.
Thermal Response Time
Threshold
Time Constant
The time required to complete 63.2% of the total rise or decay

of the output of a first order linear system, initiated by a step or
an impulse to the input.
Ullage
In ships, the spare capacity of a partially full container, e.g. a

tank for liquid cargo or fuel.
The time required after energising a device before its rated performance characteristics apply.
Warmup Period
Wheatstone Bridge
Zero Elevation
An apparatus for measuring electrical resistance using a null

indicator, comprising two parallel resistance branches, each
branch consisting of two resistances in series.
For an elevated zero range, the amount that the zero of the
measured variable is above the actual lower measuring range
value.
NOTE 1. The definitions used in this Standard have largely been drawn from
IEC Report 902 Industrialprocess measurement and control. Terms and
definitions. Other sources include technical dictionaries and glossaries prepared by
transducer manufacturers. The scope has been limited to terms applicable to the
subject of this Standard.
2. When specifying performance of a sensor, it is necessary to use a consistent
terminology against which performance parameters may be expressed quantitatively
and without ambiguity. The terminology used in this Standard is to be used in
procurement documentation.
53

(NES 605 Part 1)
ANNEX C.
C.
PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST
Notes:
C.1
This Check List is to ensure that certain aspects of this Defence Standard are
consulted when preparing a procurement specification for a particular
application.
application
C.2
Clauses where a preference for an option is to be used or where specific data is
to be added are included in the Check List.
C.3
Each item is to be marked either:
= included
NA = not applicable
CHECK
No
CHECK
CLAUSE No
1.
Is DEF STAN 02-605 Part 1 to be invoked in the

SRD?
List any documents or drawings necessary not

already stated in the Standard.
Are commercial applications available?
Does manufacturers data sheet provide sufficient
information to determine the sensors performance?
1.1
5.
Are there related applications where a common design is appropriate?
4.3
6.
Ensure SI units are quoted, unless C for temperature.
1.6
2.
3.
4.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.1
State the variable to be measured.

Are the operating conditions defined?
Has the supplier provided performance data under
various environmental stress conditions?
Has the SRD stated the required accuracy
rating?
1.2.2
1.2.3
Has a discrimination threshold been defined?

Is the range specified and required adjustments
stated?
Is an overrange limit required?
State the maximum acceptance drift with time.
State the maximum acceptance zero and span
shifts.
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
3.1
3.1
16.
Does the safety or efficiency of the vessel or personnel depend on this sensor?
3.2
17.
Is SSP 25 referenced for submarine applications?
3.4
54
or NA

(NES 605 Part 1)
Check
No.
Check
Clause No.
18.
Is a Policy Statement required?
3.4
19.
What format of sensor output signal is

required?
3.5
20.
What electrical supplies are available for the sensor?
3.5
21.
Have wiring configurations, coding, screening

connections and earthing details been identified?
3.6
22.
What is the total power consumption of the

application?
3.6
23.
Has the siting of the sensor been stipulated?
3.6
24.
What materials, finishes and protection is

required?
3.6
25.
Are limitations on installations referenced?
3.7
26.
Has the Installation Region Reference been stated?
3.7.1
27.
Has the Ship

stipulated?
3.7.2
28.
Has EMC environment been stated?
3.7.3
29.
Are EMC tests required?

Have any temporary changes to the nominal condition of the variable been identified and stipulated?
3.7.4
30.
Shock
Specification
been
3.7c.
31.
Is there a risk of error or failure due to acoustic

noise?
3.8
32.
Is the sensor or associated equipment to be fitted in

a hazardous area?
3.8
33.
Have the hazards been identified in sufficient detail?
3.8.1
34.
Define the performance characteristics of the variable precisely without ambiguities.
4.2
35.
Is the requirement for a sensing element, a probe assembly, a transducer, a transmitter, or a complete
measuring system?
4.3
36.
Have
any
interfaces
with
platform
management or platform surveillance systems been
identified and detailed in the SRD?
4.4c.
37.
Has the location(s), type of display and the unit

measurements to be employed in each
application been clearly stated without
ambiguity?
4.3b.
38.
Have restrictions on size, weight, ease of access and

maintenance burdens been stipulated?
4.9
55
or NA

(NES 605 Part 1)
Check
No.
39.
40.
Check
Clause No.
Has the electrical and mechanical connections and

mounting arrangements of the sensor,
probes and transmitters been stated?
Have details of in-service calibration and
maintenance procedures been requested
4.9
4.6
41.
Has the calibration conditions to be utilised been

stated?
4.6
42.
Are calibration records required and in what format?
4.6
43.
Has any degree of damping or frequency

response required been specified?
4.8
44.
Will the variable be subject to oscillating values or

pulsations?
4.9
45.
What degree of protection is required?
4.11
56
or NA
D.1
ANNEX D.
D.
SENSOR PERFORMANCE
Performance of Typical Liquid Level Sensors
Sensor Type
Pressure capsules + LVDTs
Characteristics
Displacer
Float with Magnetic

Transmitter
Capacitance
Ultrasonic
Nuclear
Nominal Range
0-75mbar H20
0-225mbar H20
0-750mbar H20
0-3.5bar H20
Buoyant force span must

be between 6.5 and
26.7N
30 to 457cm for one

transmitter. Can be put
in series for greater
range
0-300cms
0-7m
Probe ordered to suit
tank size
150cm up to 150mm or
50mm with beam
deflector
0-3m using standard

detector
Range adjustment
Any input between nominal and down to 25%

of nominal
None depends on
displacer
Scale adjustment on
indicating meter only
None
Switch selects
0-50 cms
0-100 cms
0-200 dms ranges
Push button referencing

and calibration on site
Zero adjustment
-150% to +50% of output span
Rearrange force bar

weight
Zero set on indicating

meter
Zero set on indicating

meter
15 mm offset, adjustable
12 to 21 mm
Operating temperature range
-10C to 85C
-45C to +80C with

remote ampfr.
0C to +100C
0C to +15C (for water

industry)
-50C to +70C
-29C to +80C
Accuracy: maximum error including

transmitter
0.5% of nominal range
0.5% of span
0.8% over 150cms

0.4% over 300cms or
13mm true level
0.1% of span
Better than 0.3%
See below
Repeatability error
0.05% of nominal range
0.2% of span
0.1% of float travel

range
Disseminate 3mm or
0.1% of span
1mm
1% of span
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
0.01% of nominal span per C averaged over

-5C to +60C
0.08% of span per C
Accuracy 0.5% of
maximum range between
0 and 50C
+0.2% per C between

0C and 15C
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
range
0.02% of output span per C
Not Applicable
See above
-0.065% per C between

0C and 15C
Better than 0.4%

between -15C and
+50C
Not Applicable
zero
0.015% of nominal input range per 1 MPa
0.18% of span per 1MPa
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Sensor is outside tank:

No pressure effects
0.015% per 1 MPa static variation
Ref. conditions are 25C

60% of RH
range
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Supply voltage
115V ac 15% 60Hz or 20-28V dc
13-50V ac
115V ac 9% 60Hz
(8-10V dc at bridge)
12-34V dc 115V/240V ac
at 50/60Hz
19.2-30V dc less than

10% ripple
None to sensor
Transmitter 24V dc or
115V ac 60Hz
Supply voltage shift
Below 0.015% change in system output

within above V ac, 47 to 63Hz
Zero shift below 0.1% of

span for 10% change
0.5% max over 109 to

121V ac
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not relevant to sensor
Output
0 to 5V dc and/or
0 to 10mA dc
0 to 100mV dc with transmitter
4 to 20mA dc or 10 to
50mA dc
0-5V dc
0-10V dc
4-20mA dc with output
0-10mA dc
0-10V ac
Also BCD or hexadecimal
Transmitter 4-20mA dc
Effect of load resistance
0-10mA dc signal not affected by load up to

max. impedance 1200
Not Applicable
None between load limits

100 to 1200
None up to 750
None up to 750
None up to 600
Vibration effect
Max. error <2% of nominal range when

vibrated in any plane 5-300Hz pk accel 1 g
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Transmitter
3 G up to 33Hz
2 G up to 70Hz
1 G up to 200Hz all axes
Shock
Meets MOD(N) specifications
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Overrange limit
7 MPa
183MPa
13.7MPa
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Mass
8.6Kg incl. brackets and guard
13-21Kg approx
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
1.1Kg
Not Applicable
Liquid connections
3/4 16 UNF
3/8 and 1/2in BSP
2in or 4in standard

flange
Mounted within tank 5in

flange or 1 7/8in 12
UN-2A threaded boss
Flange mount for inside

tank. Tee for external
mount
None. Mount above

surface. Clearance hole
for M18 thread
None. Mount source and

sensor either side of tank
57
Temperature shifts:
Static pressure shifts:
No air movement

(NES 605 Part 1)
0.25% of nominal output span per annum

zero
Drift
Performance of Typical Temperature Sensors
Sensing Equipment
Characteristic
Platinum Resistance
Temperature Detector
Thermocouple
Temperature range C (for

accurate measurement)
-200 to 600C
Type T
-40 to 350
Type E
-40 to 900
Type J
-40 to 750
Type K
-40 to 1200
Type R
0 to 1600
Type S
0 to 1600
Type B
600 to 1700
Accuracy
Class A: 0.15 + 0.002

(t)*
Class 1: 0.5C or
0.004 (t)
Class 1: 1.5C or 0.004 (t)
Class 1: 1or (1 + 0.003 (t-1100))C (t>100C)
Class B: 0.3 +0.005 (t)
Class 2: 1C or
0.0075 (t)
Class 2: 2.5C or 0.0075 (t)
Class 2: 1.5C or 0.0025 (t)
Class 3: 1C or
0.0075 (t)
Class 3: 2.5C or 0.015 (t)
Class 3: 4C or 0.005 (t)
Type N
-40 to 1200
As Type K
58
Drift
0.2% of operating range,

per annum
Depends greatly on the operating conditions. Types R, S and B may be used for up to 1 year without failure. Base metal types when working within about 100C of the
normal maximum temperature may have a continuous working life of 1000-2000 hours.
Time constant
0.25 to 1.5 seconds (bare

element)
Varies greatly depending on type of probe. Generally faster than RTDs. Minimum time quoted may typically be 0.05 seconds.
Self Heating
A current of 3mA will

not raise the
temperature by more
than 0.05C during the
first 30 seconds.
Not applicable to thermocouple elements.
Operating temperature
limits (survive undamaged)
Depends on probe
construction but may be
-200 to +800C
Depends on probe construction but is generally the same as given temperature range above.
Other limiting conditions
Damage by high levels of

vibration
Requires
protection from
acid fumes.
Affected by
prolonged neutron
flux radiation.
Calibration
affected by carbon
bearing gases and
cyanide fumes.
Sulphur bearing
gases can cause
embrittlement.
Affected by
prolonged neutron
flux radiation.
*(t) = modulus of temperature in C without regard to sign
Should be
protected from
moisture, oxygen
and sulphur
bearing gases.
Poor resistance to
reducing
atmospheres.
Affected by
carbon bearing
gases, sulphur
bearing gases and
cyanide fumes.
Affected by reducing atmospheres, metallic vapours or contact

with metallic oxides in reducing atmospheres. Seriously
affected by prolonged neutron flux radiation.
Similar effects to
Types R, S and K

(NES 605 Part 1)
D.2
Sensor
Type
59
% span
% span/Year
Reapeatability error,
Drift,
% span/C
combined
Zero
% span
Hysteresis error,
Temperature shifts,
% span
Linearity error,
Temperature range, C
(in operation)
Zero elevation,
0.018-0.063
0.009-0.054
0.5
0.25
-30 to 90
6:1
500
% span
Zero suppresion,
% span
0-69
(0-6.9)
Range adjustment (Maximum)
(MPa)
(kPa)
bar
0-370
(0-37)
lower,
mbar
Capacitive
0.02
1.5
-20 to 80
(0-34.5)
0-345
(0-34.5)
0-345
0.02-0.07
0.01-0.06
0.3
0.05
0.15 0.3
0.2
-25 to 85
84
6:1
(0-7.2)
0-72
(0-40)
0-400
Variable Reluctance
Metal Diaphragms
Performance of Typical Pressure Sensors
(at maxm settings) to upper,
Pressure range
Characteristic
D.3
0.03
0.25
-10 to 85
10
10
1.1:1
(0-40)
0-400
(0-100)
0-1000
Strain
0.02
0.01
0.25
0.15
-40 to 120
(0-70)
0-700
(0-700)
0-7000
Gauge
0.008
0.5
0.2 or
choice,
-40 to 90
15
100
3 to 10:1
(0-69)
0-690
(0-60)
0.01
0.1-0.2
-20 to 80
20
(0-13.5)
0-135
(0-7.5)
0-75
Piezoresistive
Silicon Diaphragms
0-600
Absolute and Gauge Pressures
0.05
0.03
2.0
-25 to 70
3:1
(0-0.35)
0-3.5
(0-0.3)
0-3
LVDT
Capsule
0.03
0.01
0.1
0.2-0.5
-25 to 70
8:1
(0-42)
0-420
(0-210)
0-2100
LVDT
Bourdon
(Contd)
0.01
0.06-0.1
-20 to 80
1.1:1
(0-3.5)
0-35
(0-17.5)
0-175
Differential
Pressure
Silicon
Diaphragm

(NES 605 Part 1)
Sensor
Type
Absolute and Gauge Pressures
Metal Diaphragms
Characteristic
Capacitive
Supply voltage,
Supply voltage shift, % span/V
Variable Reluctance
Strain
Gauge
Silicon Diaphragms
Capsule
Bourdon
Piezoresistive
LVDT
LVDT
Differential
Pressure
Silicon
Diaphragm
12-45
20-28
11-42
12-46
9-30
14-40
14-40
9-30
0.005
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.005
Effect of load
resistance
% span
0.1
0.1
Noise
% span
0.1
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
negligible
1.0
1.0
0.044
0.3 kPa/90
0.15
0.0025
0.1
5.5
1.6
5.8
0.42
2.7
0.3
6.8
5.5
0.3
138
310
2 range
3 range to
860 bar
2 range
4-10 range
10 range
1.15-1.25
range
2-10 range
1/8 BSP
or
NPT
BSP
BSP
(BS2779)
(BS2779)
(BS2779)
Taper
Taper
Min resonant frequency,
60
Vibration effect,
kHz
% span/g
Mounting position effect
Volumetric displacement,
cm3
Mass,
Overrange limit,
Pressure connections
kg
bar
or NPT
NPT
All selected types offer an output of 4-20mA into 300 ohm load
n = not available
(BS2779)

(NES 605 Part 1)
(Contd)

(NES 605 Part 1)
ANNEX E.
E.1
DOCUMENTS PROVIDING BACKGROUND INFORMATION

BS 1523
BS 1780
BS 1986
Glossary of terms used in automatic controlling and regulating

systems.
Specification for Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges.
Design and dimensional features of measuring and control instruments for industrial processes.
BS 2643
Glossary of terms relating to the performance of measuring instruments.
BS 4462
Guide for the preparation of technical sales literature for

measuring instruments and process control equipment.
BS 4889
Method for specifying the performance of electrical and electronic measuring equipment.
BS 5233
BS 5260
Glossary of terms used in metrology.

Code of practice for radio interference suppression on marine
installations.
BS 5555
Specification for SI units and recommendations for the use of

their multiples and of certain other units.
Measurement and calibration systems.
Code of practice for instrumentation in process control
systems; installation design and practice.
BS 5781 Parts 1 & 2

BS 6739
61

(NES 605 Part 1)
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
(Note: Page numbers are given)
Installation, 16
Accuracy, 24
Accuracy Limits, 10
Accuracy Rating, 11
Limits, 10
Calibration, 11
Manufacturers Information, 10
Certifying Authority, 14
Chemical Attack, 27
Cost Reduction, 10
Operating Conditions, 10
Operating Limits, 10
Damping, 25
Data Sheets, 10
Performance, 10
Dielectric Constant, 29
Pockets, 20
Drift, 13
Policy Statement, 14
Dry Leg, 29
Power Consumption, 16
Duplex Probe, 26
Power Supplies, 15
Pressure, 19
Procurement, 14
Procurement Documentation, 11
Electrical Connections, 26
Pulsation Dampers, 25
Explosive Risk Areas, 17
Quality Assurance Procedures, 14
Factory Calibration, 24
Fit for Purpose, 11

Fixed Spans, 23
Range Limit, 13
Floats, 32
Recalibration Intervals, 24
Hydrostatic Pressure, 28
Sensor Output, 15
62

(NES 605 Part 1)
Terms, 28
Sheaths, 26
Shock, 17
Specific Gravity, 32
Specified Accuracy, 13
WarmUp Period, 13
Temperature Sensing, 15
Wet Leg, 29
63

(NES 605 Part 1)
intentionally blank
64
Inside Rear Cover
Crown Copyright 2003

Copying Only as Agreed with DStan
Defence Standards are Published by and Obtainable from:

Defence Procurement Agency
An Executive Agency of The Ministry of Defence
UK Defence Standardization
Kentigern House
65 Brown Street
GLASGOW G2 8EX
DStan Helpdesk
Tel 0141 224 2531/2
Fax 0141 224 2503
Internet e-mail enquiries@dstan.mod.uk
File Reference
The DStan file reference relating to work on this standard is D/DStan/69/02/605/1.
Contract Requirements
When Defence Standards are incorporated into contracts users are responsible for their correct
application and for complying with contractual and statutory requirements. Compliance with
a Defence Standard does not in itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Revision of Defence Standards
Defence Standards are revised as necessary by up issue or amendment. It is important that
users of Defence Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest issue or
amendment. Information on all Defence Standards is contained in Def Stan 00-00 Standards
for Defence Part 3 , Index of Standards for Defence Procurement Section 4 Index of Defence
Standards and Defence Specifications published annually and supplemented regularly by
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Standard encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity is requested to notify the Directorate of
Standardization (DStan) without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and
appropriate action taken.

NES 605 Part 1 Guide To Selection of Sensors For The Measurement of System Parameters

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Ministry of Defence

Defence Standard 02-605 Part 1

Guide to Selection of Sensors for

AMENDMENTS ISSUED SINCE PUBLICATION

NES 605 Part 1 Issue 3

NES 605 Part 2 Issue 4

NES 605 Part 1 Issue 3

DEFENCE STANDARD 02605

GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF SENSORS FOR THE

SELECTION OF LIQUID LEVEL, TEMPERATURE AND

This Defence Standard is

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

The following components are outside the scope of this Standard:

Sensors and transducers, such as pneumatic components, mercury thermometers or

Dipsticks and other portable liquid level sensors;

Indicators and thermometers which only produce a local indication of temperature;

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

The complete Standard 02-605 comprises:

Selection of Liquid Level, Temperature and Pressure Sensors;

Selection of Flow Sensors;

Selection of Torsionmeter Systems.

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Category 1. If not applied may have a Critical affect on the following:

Category 2. If not applied may have a Significant affect on the following:

Category 3. If not applied may have a Minor affect on the following:

British Standards Institution,

Defence Procurement Agency,

Tender or Contract Sponsor to advise.

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Health and Safety

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

CORPORATE EXPERIENCE & KNOWLEDGE .

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . .

PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Documents Providing Background Information . . .

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Manufacturers data sheets shall be examined to determine whether the claimed

Sensors must be capable of continuous operation with unimpaired performance and

Manufacturers provide information about the performance of their products under

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

It is the responsibility of the procurement authority to ensure that sensors procured

It is the responsibility of Marine Domestics Detection, Monitoring, Steering and

Calibration and Accuracy

Manufacturers refer to errors in a variety of ways; definitions and terminology

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Figure 1.1 Accuracy Rating

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Range and Span Covered by the Various Types of Sensor

Sensors are designed to withstand inputs in excess of their range, up to the

In many applications, stability is more important than accuracy. Sensors,

Some means of zero adjustment shall be considered, as an alternative to imposing

Symbols and Units

Temperature is commonly measured in C, and is equal in magnitude to the SI unit

DEF STAN 02605 PART 1 / ISSUE 2

Standards Relating to Sensors and Measurement

Calibration and Accuracy

The Certifying Authority for Britishmade electrical equipment for use in

The SRD shall draw attention to applications whose satisfactory performance is

Rationalisation of sensors throughout vessels or systems, taking account of benefits

Where procurement of sensors is the responsibility of a Main Shipbuilder or Prime