HARVERD REFERENCING:

Why do I need to provide references in my work?

To show anyone who reads your work that you understand the topic and can
demonstrate your own thoughts on this.
To demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
To enable the reader to locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the
work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
How do I provide references in my work?
The rest of this guide will provide detailed information on how to provide
references in a variety of different circumstances. The most important thing to
remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Academic Honesty
If you understand the reasons for referencing it is evident why you should not
pass off the work of others as your own. Failing to reference appropriately could
result in your assessors thinking you are guilty of plagiarism - the act of using
somebody else's work or ideas as your own.
During the course of writing an essay, report or other assignment, it is usual to
support arguments by referring to, or citing, information produced by other
authors. This information could be presented in journal or newspaper articles,
government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations
or theses, material over the internet, etc. When you cite someone's work in the
text of your essay (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full
reference for it at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the
information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.

Books
The format for creating a Harvard reference for a book is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher

Examples:
Single author:
In text
Stevens (1996, p.2) pointed out that referencing is a skill all
students should develop.
Please note that you give a page number for a quotation or a shorter idea that can be taken
from a specific page (or perhaps crossing two pages). If you are summarising a general theory
across a book or a chapter, you would not give a page number in the text
Reference list
STEVENS, M., 1996. How to be better at giving presentations. London:
Kogan Page
Two or three authors:
In text
McCarthy and Hatcher (2002, p.78) suggested...
Reference list
Put an initial before the surname for the second and third author
McCARTHY, P. and C. HATCHER, 2002. Presentation skills: the essential
guide for students. London: Sage
More than three authors:
In text
Mares et al. (2002, p.105) proposed...
Reference list
Always give the first author, with or without the others - use et al. if not giving the other names
MARES, P. et al., 1995. Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge:
Health Education Council

Journal/magazine/newspaper article
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an article is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(part number),
pages

Examples:
Journal:
In text
Wilson and Till (2008, p.60) discovered that...
Reference list
WILSON, R.T. and B.D. TILL, 2008. Airport advertising effectiveness:
an exploratory field study. Journal of advertising, 37(1), 59-72
Newspaper: include the newspaper title and the date of publication
In text
Foreman (2005, p.1) described...
Reference list
FOREMAN, J., 2005. Olympic cities brought to their knees by the games.
Daily mail, 7 July, 1-2
Magazine: include the magazine title and the date of publication
In text
Whitfield (2008, p.35) stated...
Reference list
WHITFIELD, N., 2008. The evolution of broadband. Personal computer
world, June 2008, 30-7

Websites
The format for creating a Harvard reference for a website is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication or last update. Title of page [online] [viewed date]. Available
from: URL
Examples:
In text
Williams (2010) described how...
Note that no page number is given because this comes from an online
source.
Reference list
WILLIAMS, R., 2010. Universities and hit by industrial action
[online]. Available:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/may/06/cutsandclosuresmiddlesexuniversity [accessed 6 May 2010]

Some websites don't provide all the details you may need - include as
much information as you can. If no author is given, use the provider
of the website as the author (this may be the name of a University, a
company, a newspaper, or just the website name).
In text
Figures provided by Deakin University (2009)...
Reference list
DEAKIN UNIVERSITY, 2006. The literature review [online]. Available:
http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/findout/research/litrev.php [accessed
6 May 2008]
Often the date that the webpage was published is not available. You may
find at the bottom of the page a note of when it was last updated give
this as the date (as we have done in the Deakin University example above).
If no date is provided then you should put n.d.

Article from an online database

The format for creating a Harvard reference for an article from an online database is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication of article. Title of article. Title of journal [type of medium],
volume number(part number), pages (if known). Available: database supplier/database name
[accessed date]
Examples:
In text
Fitch and Butler (2006, p.331) attempted to prove...
Reference list
FITCH, R. and Z. BUTLER, 2008. Million module march: scalable
locomotion for large self-reconfiguring robots. International journal
of advanced robotics research [online], 27(3-4), pp.331-343.
Available: Gale/Academic OneFile [accessed 28 May 2008]
If the journal does not have a volume and part number, use the publication date instead.
MESSMER, M., 2003. Public speaking success strategies. The national
public accountant [online], Nov 2003, p.26. Available: ProQuest/ABI
Inform [accessed 6 May 2008]

ebook
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an ebook (electronic book) is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title [type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available: URL
[accessed date]

Examples:
ebook on the internet:
In text
Docking and Tuffin (2005, p.8) observed...
Reference list
DOCKING, M. and R. TUFFIN, 2005. Racist incidents: progress since the
Lawrence Inquiry [online]. London: Home Office. Available:
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr4205.pdf [accessed 9 May
2008]
ebook from an online database - include the database provider and database name instead of the
URL:
In text
Raisinghani (2002, p.235) gave the example of...
Reference list
RAISINGHANI, Mahesh S., 2002. Cases on worldwide e-commerce: theory in
action [online]. Hershey: Idea Group. Available: OCLC/NetLibrary
[accessed 9 May 2008]

ejournal
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an ejournal article (electronic journal) is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal [type of medium], volume number(issue
or part number), page(s) if available. Available: URL [accessed date]
Examples:
ejournal article available on the internet:
In text
Poole (2007, p.45) described how...
Reference list
POOLE, N., 2007. Activating laboratories using Visual Basic for
Applications. Engineering education [online], 2(2), pp.44-53.
Available: http://www.engsc.ac.uk/journal/index.php/ee/issue/view/22
[accessed 9 May 2008]
ejournal article available from a database - give the database provider and database name instead
of the URL:
In text

In Williamson (2007, p.9) there is a description of...

Reference list
WILLIAMSON, H., 2007. Disconnected youth?: Growing up in Britain's
poor neighbourhoods. Journal of social policy [online], 36(2), pp.3567. Available: ProQuest/ABI Inform [accessed 9 May 2008]

Theses and dissertations

The format for creating a Harvard reference for a thesis or dissertation is:
AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Type of qualification, Academic institution
Example:
In text
Davis (2006, p.24) explained that...
Reference list
DAVIS, L., 2006. British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily:
16th-19th century. PhD Thesis, Southampton Solent University

Interviews
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an interview is:
INTERVIEWEE., Year. Interview. In: Programme title. Medium, Channel. Date. Time
Example:
In text
Blair (1997) made the claim that
Reference list
BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview. In: Six o'clock news. TV, BBC1. 15 August.
1800hrs

Television and radio programmes

The format for creating a Harvard reference for a television or radio programme is:
Programme title, Year. Medium, channel. Date. Time
Examples:
In text
This event was reported on television the same day (News at Ten,
2008).

Reference list
News at ten, 2008. TV, ITV1. 16 June. 2200hrs
Woman's hour, 1998. Radio, BBC Radio 4. 4 June. 1900hrs

Images
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an artistic image is:
ARTIST(S)., Year. Title of work. Material designation. At: Location
Examples:
In text
As can be seen in the painting Dancing lesson (Degas 1880).
Reference list
DEGAS, E., 1880. Dancing lesson. Oil on canvas. At: Williamstown,
Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute (no.562)
The format for creating a Harvard reference for an electronic image is:
ARTIST(S)., Year. Title of image or a description [online image]. Available: URL Filename
including extension [accessed date]
Example:
In text
In Iman and Bowie (Malafronte 1999), the photographer captured...
Reference list
MALAFRONTE, V., 1999. Iman and Bowie [online image]. Available:
http://edina.ac.uk/eig/ jk8490-001.jpg [accessed 23 June 2005]

Secondary references
If you have not read an original source but have read about it through another source and want to discuss it, you
must reference the source you have actually viewed.
If possible, try and locate the original source yourself so you can refer to it directly. If not, the format for
creating a Harvard reference for secondary references is:
In your assignment text:
As Smith (cited in Jones 2007, p.4) has suggested...
(Smith cited in Jones 2007, p.4)

In your reference list:

Fully reference the source you have actually read (e.g. Jones in this example)
'Cited' is another term for 'referenced' - when you refer to another's work, you are citing them.

Examples:
In text
Shuell (cited in Biggs and Tang 2007) puts forward the idea that
Reference list
BIGGS, J and C. TANG, 2007. Teaching for Quality Learning at University. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open
University Press