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Viscosity:

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atleft.
SHEAR
Whenforcesactparalleltothesurfaceareaofthematter,internalstress(force/surfacearea)
betweenadjacentlayersofsurfaceresisttherelativemovementoflayers.
SHEARandSHEARRATE:(Figure601)

Withtheapplicationofforce,ifalayermoveswithvelocityVatadistanceofrthen
Shearrate=V/r
VISCOSITY:
Viscosityisawaytodescribehowmuchresistanceafluidmeltedpolymer
exhibitswhenanattemptismadetomakeitflow.Highviscositymeansthe
meltisthickandresistancetoflowishigh.Lowviscositymeansresistance
flowisless.
Justassolidsurfacesincontactexertfrictionalforceoneachother,the
relativemotionoflayersofliquidisalsorestrictedbyfriction.Thisinternal
resistancetoflowexistingbetweentwoliquidlayerswhentheyaremoved
relativetoeachotheriscalledviscosity.
Considertheflowofliquidthroughapipeandimaginethatliquidmovesin
layers.Theliquidmoveswhenthereexiststhepressuredifferencebetween
thepipeends.Theliquidinthecenterofpipewouldbemovingwithhigher
velocitythantheliquidlayerattheinternalwallofthepipe.Thisisbecause
thefrictionalforcesactbetweenthelayersofliquid.Thereforethereexistsa
velocitygradientbetweenpipewallandcenterofpipe.Suchmotionofliquid
isknownaslaminarflow.Thevelocityofparticlesatagivendistancefromthe
centerofmotionisconstant.Ifthelayersintermixwegetturbulentflow.

Astreamlineisacurvewhosetangentalwaysliesalongthedirectionof
motionoffluidatthatpoint.Thestreamlinesnevercrossandinlaminarflow
theydonotchangewithtime.
Itisobservedthatfrictionalforceisdirectlyproportionaltotheproductof
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Viscosity:

velocitygradientandcrosssectionalarea.
F=Axvelocitygradient=Axdv/dr
=coefficientofviscisity.A=crosssectionalarea.dv/dr=velocitygradient.

TangentialstressesShearstress

==
VelocitygradientShearrate

Forcedistance
Unitsisx=Pascalsec.=Pas.
Areadistance/sec.

Viscosityvarieswithtemperature.
Fluid

Viscosity

Fluid

Pasat200C

Viscosity
Pasat200C

Air

1.8x105

Blood

34x103

Glycerol

8.3x101

Water

1x103

CastsorOil

2.42

Mercury

1.5x103

SHEARSTRESS/SHEARRATECURVE:(Figure602)

Fromtheaboveplasticflowcurveitisobservedthattheviscosityreducesastheshearrate
increases.Differentpolymerswillexhibitdifferentcurveofthesamenature.
SHEARTHININGatcompressionzoneofSCREW

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