Learning Targets

Textbook
Ch. 8,9

Bonding Unit

Unit Vocabulary
Students must have a working knowledge of the following terms:
valence electron
ionic bond
covalent bond
metallic bond
Lewis structure
octet rule
lattice energy
Coulombs Law (equation)
cation
anion

single bond
double bond
triple bond
polar covalent bond
nonpolar covalent bond
polar molecule
dipole
dipole moment
electronegativity
resonance structure
formal charge
bond enthalpy
bond order

VSEPR Theory
electron domain
bonding domain
nonbonding domain
bond angle
valence bond theory
hybrid orbitals
hybridization
sigma bond
pi bond
molecular orbital
bonding molecular orbital
antibonding molecular orbital
sigma molecular orbitals
pi molecular orbitals

What students should know after studying this unit

Learning Target 1: Students will be able to compare and contrast ionic, covalent and
metallic bonding.
Know

Partially

Dont

Know

Know

Test
Questions

a. Students should be able to list properties of ionic, covalent and metallic

substances.
b. Students should be able to explain the attractive forces present in an ionic,
covalent and metallic bond (What is keeping the atoms close to each other
in each of these three types of bonds?)
c. Students should be able to use Lewis structures and apply the octet rule to
illustrate how atoms bond together ionically or covalently to form
compounds.
d. Students should be able to explain the factors that affect lattice energy for
a solid, ionic substance.

Learning Target 2: Students will be able to use Lewis structures to illustrate covalent
compounds.

a. Students should be able to draw and/or evaluate Lewis structures of

covalent compounds and polyatomic ions that include single, double and
triple bonds.
b. Students should be able to compare the length and strength of single,
double, and triple bonds.
c. Students should be able to draw Lewis structures for molecules that are
exceptions to the Lewis concept (less than octet, more than octet, odd
number of electrons).
d. Students should be able to use the concept of formal charge to justify why
one Lewis structure is more plausible than another.
e. Students should be able to explain the concept of resonance, delocalized
electrons and bond order and draw Lewis structures for molecules and
ions that exhibit resonance.
f. Students should be able to use Lewis structures and bond enthalpy values
to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction.

Learning Target 3: Students will be able to determine if a molecule is polar.

a. Students should be able to use electronegativity values to determine if a

bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent or ionic.
b. Students should be able to calculate the magnitude of a dipole (the dipole
moment).
c. Students should be able to apply the concepts of bond polarity with VSEPR
Theory to determine if a molecule is polar.

Study Hard!

Learning Target 4: Students will be able to use VSEPR Theory to determine the
geometry of a molecule.
Know

Partially

Dont

Know

Know

Test
Questions

a. Students should be able to explain the main premise of the VSEPR Theory.
b. Students should be able to apply the VSEPR Theory to covalent molecules
having from 2 to 6 electron domains to determine the electron geometry,
molecular geometry, and bond angles of the molecule.
c. Students should be able to represent molecular geometry with AXE
notation.

Learning Target 5: Students will be able to explain bonding using Valence Bond Theory
and Molecular Orbital Theory.

a. Students should be able to explain the main premise of the Valence Bond
Theory.
b. Students should be able to explain what a hybridized orbital is.
c. Students should be able to determine the hybridization of an atom based
on how many total electron domains are around it.
d. Students should be able to explain what sigma and pi bonds are and
identify how many of each are present in a molecule.
e. Students should be able to explain the main premise of the Molecular
Orbital Theory.
f. Students should be able to explain what bonding and antibonding
molecular orbitals are.