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. INTRODUCTION
Fuel cells, as one of the most promising energy sources,
have attracted attention from automotive engineers as well as
power electronics engineers and have been used in a variety
of areas, such as domestic applications, utility applications
and traction applications [1-4]. Unlike batteries that have
fairly constant output voltage, the fuel cell has a unique V-I
characteristic and wide voltage change range as shown in Fig.
1.
. SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
As previously mentioned, three different inverter system
configurations are to be investigated: the conventional PWM
inverter, the dc/dc boosted PWM inverter, and the Z-source
inverter. Their system configurations for fuel cell vehicles
are shown in Fig. 2 (a), (b), and (c), respectively.
1.0
Voltage (V)
0.8
0.6
0.4
D1
0.2
i ( L. a)
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
Current Density (A/cm2)
Vi
_
fuel
cell
stack
1.5
IS
M
Vs
fuel
cell
stack
I sdc
i ( L. a)
S
Vsdc
I si nv
C
Vsi nv
D1
fuel
cell
stack
C1
+
VC
L1
IL
i(L.a)
Is
Vs
L2
Vp =
V I
i =1
i i _ average
Vi
2 2
M.
(1)
Po
.
3 cos V p
Po
V I
i =1
i i _ peak
4 Po
2
=
2 3 cos ViM
(3)
(4)
8Vmax Po
.
cos ViM
(5)
4 Po
.
3 cos Vi M
(6)
, and
, where N is the
2*
3 cos Vi /( 2 2 ) M
( SDP) pk = 6 * Vs * I pk =
(2)
8Vmax Po
.
cos Vi M
(7)
Po
.
Vi
(8)
Po
* VDC .
Vi
( SDP) DCav =
(9)
Po
* VDC .
Vi
(10)
VDC M
(11)
2 2
Po
3V p cos
(12)
Ip 2
4 Po
=
.
3 cos VDCM
(13)
(14)
P
8Po
+ o * VDC
cos M Vi
4 Po
.
3 cos VDC M
(15)
Po .
Vi
Id = IL =
(18)
T
T
2 Po
2
IL * 0 +
(1 0 )
Ts 3Vo cos
Ts ,
3
(19)
4 3M 1 Po
T
T
2
(1 0 )
= IL * 0 +
3
3Vi cos M
Ts
Ts
Vo =
(20)
Vi .
3M 1 2 2
M
(21)
Vs = BVi =
Vi
3M 1
(22)
( SDP) av = 6 I avsVs
(17)
2 ,
IL
3
3
To = 1
M Ts
I avss =
(16)
c. Z-source inverter
= 4 I LVi
=
T0
Ts ( 3M 1)
2 Po (2 3M )
( 3M 1)
+8
Po
cos M
T0
1
Ts
(23)
4 3 Po
cos
2IL
IS1
IS2
Ia
Ib
Ic
4
IL
3
(24)
I s1 I s 2 = I a .
(25)
I s1 =
(26)
2 Po
4 Po
.
=
3 cos Vo 3 cos MBVi
(27)
Vi
(28)
(29)
3
= (1 M )Ts
4
Total Average
SDP (kVA)
PWM inverter
238
747
225
528
Z source inverter
191
577
Po
.
Vi
(30)
T0 I DC PoTs
3
=
(1 M ) .
C
Vi C
4
(31)
Po
.
Vi
I c1 =
(32)
4 Po
.
3VDC M
(33)
We have
Po
3
1
M Ts
Vi
2
VC =
C
(39)
Vc
To ,
L
(40)
3
M )Ts , and amount of current Ic2 flows to the inverter
4
for the rest of the time. Therefore, the voltage ripple across
the capacitor is
T
3
Vc = ( I c1 (1 D) I c 2 ( M D)) s
4
C
.
PoTs
4 PoTs 3
=
(1 D) cos
( M D)
Vi C
3V DC MC 4
We have
(1
(34)
3
This equation works when M D only, which will be the
4
case in our comparison example.
Vi
V (V Vi )
DTs = i DC
Ts ,
L
LV DC
(35)
I T
VC = L 0 ,
C
(36)
where
3
To = 1
M Ts ,
(37)
and
IL =
Po .
Vi
(38)
Vc =
I =
Vi
V
(1 + B ) = i
2
2
3M
3M 1
1 3 M Ts .
2
2 L( 3M 1)
Vi 3M
(41)
(42)
Inverter Systems
Number of
inductors
conventional PWM
inverter
dc/dc boosted PWM
Z - source inverter
0
1
2 (1)
200
200
1
2
209.4
124
111
420
420
30 kW
38 kVA
305
158.5
20 kW
27 kVA
325
10 kW
14 kVA
340
107.8
117.9
120.2
148.5
148.5
148.5
148
152.1
155.2
115.9
77.3
39.7
124.7
105.6
84.2
59.9
32.1
129.5
105.3
81.1
56.2
29.6
conventional
PWM inverter
0.974
0.972
0.97
0.968
0.966
0.964
0.962
0.96
0.958
dc/dc boosted
PWM
Z-source inverter
Rc = 150;
20
40
60
conventional
PWM inverter
with input end
Power (kW)
Rs = 0.0117;
Rr = 0.082.
Rr
Lm
0.95
Efficiency
Rc
420
Z source inverter
Rs
106
Efficiency
Capacitor
voltage
rating (V)
556
405
Motor Phase
voltage
(V)
Capacitor
rms ripple
current (A)
0.9
Conventional
PWM inverter
0.85
dc/dc boosted
PWM inverter
0.8
Z-source
inverter
0.75
LL
0.7
1 S
Rr
S
20
40
60
Power (kW)
(b) Simulation results of dc/dc converter switch current (Isdc), voltage across
the switch (Vsdc), the voltage (Vsinv) across and current (Isinv) through the
inverter switch, and the output current (I(l.a)) and voltage after LC filter (Vlab)
of dc/dc boosted PWM inverter
. SIMULATION COMPARISON
To verify the validity of the above comparisons,
simulation models shown in Fig. 2 for the three inverters
have been developed. As examples, simulation results at 30
kW are given in Fig. 7.
(a ) Simulation results of voltage across the switch in the inverter (Vs), and
current through the switch (Is), output current I(L.a), and output voltage after
LC filter (VLab) of conventional PWM inverter
REFERENCES
[1] O'Sullivan, G.A.; Fuel cell inverters for utility
applications in Proc. IEEE PESC00, 2000, pp. 1191
1194.