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MarineBiologyincl.optiontopublishopenaccess

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MarineBiology
InternationalJournalonLifeinOceansandCoastalWaters
EditorinChief:UlrichSommer
ISSN:00253162(printversion)
ISSN:14321793(electronicversion)
Journalno.227

RECOMMENDTOLIBRARIAN

TOPTITLES

ABOUTTHISJOURNAL

EDITORIALBOARD

ETHICS&DISCLOSURES

INSTRUCTIONSFORAUTHORS

InstructionsforAuthors
GENERALINFORMATION

Pleasenotethatthejournaldoesnotofferpreevaluation.Thereforepleasedirectlysubmit
yourmanuscripttoEditorialManageratthelinkbelow.TheEditorswillthencontactyou.

Importantnotes:
Formattingasperjournalinstructionsisessential,otherwisethemanuscriptwillbe
returnedwithoutreview.
Pleasefollowthe"InstructionsforAuthors"aswellasthe"Specificrequirements"
whenpreparingyourmanuscript,Therearesomeregulationswhichapply
specificallytoMarineBiology.Carefullypreparedmanuscriptswhichareconformto
theregulationsofthejournalhaveahigherchancetobeconsideredfor
publication.
ForquestionspleasecontacttheManagingEditoratmarinebiology@geomar.de

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TYPESOFPAPERS

Originalpapers:
ThesearethemostimportantcomponentsofMarineBiology.Theyreporton
originalresearchinallfieldsofmarinebiologyandconformtotheaccepted
standardsofscientificquality.Interimreportsandpaperswithinconclusiveresults
willusuallynotbepublished.Inthelattercase,exceptionscanbemadeifthe
inconclusivenessisarobustandimportantresultwithrelationtowidelydebated
theory.Originalresearcharticleshavealengthlimitof12printedpages.
Reviews,concepts,andsyntheses:
Articlesofthiscategorycaneithersummarizerecentlyterminatedresearchareasof
wideimportance,provideanuptodateaccountofthepresentstatusofactive
researchareas,orsettheperspectiveforfutureresearch.Veryhighqualityand
importancecriteriaareappliedtothiscategoryofarticles,withemphasisonthe
impactoffutureresearch.Articlesofthecategoryconceptsandsyntheseshavea
lengthlimitof6printedpages.Reviewshavenolengthlimitation.
Methods:
Methodarticlesmaydescribemethodsdevelopedbytheauthorsoracompendium
ofmethodsfromthegreyliterature,ifthesemethodsdeservetheattentionofa
widercommunity.Applicationexamplesdemonstratingtheusefulnessofthe
methodarewelcome.Methodpapershaveasizelimitof6printedpagesand
methodcompendiumsalimitof12printedpages.
Rapidcommunications:
Rapidcommunicationsarereportsofimportantnewresearchresultsordiscoveries
whichdeservetobepublishedmorerapidlythanusualarticles.Thereasonsforthe
specialurgencyhavetobegiveninthecoverletter.Thearticleshavetoconformto
thehighestprioritycriteriainrespecttooriginalityandimportance.Theycanonly
beaccepted,ifnomajorrevisionoftheoriginalmanuscriptisneeded.Rejected
rapidcommunicationscannotbesubmittedasregularmanuscripts.Thesizelimitis
6printedpages.
Shortnotes
Shortnotesarebriefpapersthatcontainsignificantobservationsthatdonot
warrantfulllengthpapersorimportantexperimentalresultsthatarenotsufficiently
elaboratedordevelopedastojustifyanoriginalpaper.Theymayalsopresent
opinionsornovelinterpretationofexistingideas.ShortNotesmustbeof
considerablepotentialsignificanceforawidereadership,preliminaryworkwillnot
beconsidered.Shortnotescouldcombinetheresultsanddiscussion,thesizelimit
is4printedpages.
Commentsandreplies:
CommentsrelatetoarticlesinMarineBiologynotolderthanoneyear.Their
intentionhaseithertobeasubstantialcritiqueoftheoriginalarticleorthe
clarificationofamajormisunderstandingthatcouldhavebeencausedbythe
originalarticle.Theauthorsofthecriticizedarticleshavetherighttowriteareply.
Commentandreplywillbepublishedtogether.Thecommentwillbereviewed
externally,whilethereplywillonlybeeditedforclarity.Thesizelimitforcomments
andrepliesis1printedpage.
Featurearticles:
Outstandingpapersofallcategoriesmaybeselectedasfeaturearticles.These
articlesmustbeexceptionalinrespecttotheoriginalityofthestudy,theimportance
toadiversegroupofmarinebiologistsandtotherobustnessofthemethods.The
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specificimportanceofthearticleisemphasizedbyanaccompanyingcommentof
theresponsibleEditor.
MANUSCRIPTSUBMISSION

ManuscriptSubmission
Submissionofamanuscriptimplies:thattheworkdescribedhasnotbeenpublishedbefore
thatitisnotunderconsiderationforpublicationanywhereelsethatitspublicationhasbeen
approvedbyallcoauthors,ifany,aswellasbytheresponsibleauthoritiestacitlyorexplicitly
attheinstitutewheretheworkhasbeencarriedout.Thepublisherwillnotbeheldlegally
responsibleshouldtherebeanyclaimsforcompensation.

Permissions
Authorswishingtoincludefigures,tables,ortextpassagesthathavealreadybeenpublished
elsewherearerequiredtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner(s)forboththeprintand
onlineformatandtoincludeevidencethatsuchpermissionhasbeengrantedwhensubmitting
theirpapers.Anymaterialreceivedwithoutsuchevidencewillbeassumedtooriginatefrom
theauthors.

OnlineSubmission
Authorsshouldsubmittheirmanuscriptsonline.Electronicsubmissionsubstantiallyreduces
theeditorialprocessingandreviewingtimesandshortensoverallpublicationtimes.Please
followthehyperlinkSubmitonlineontherightanduploadallofyourmanuscriptfiles
followingtheinstructionsgivenonthescreen.
TITLEPAGE

TitlePage
Thetitlepageshouldinclude:
Thename(s)oftheauthor(s)
Aconciseandinformativetitle
Theaffiliation(s)andaddress(es)oftheauthor(s)
Theemailaddress,telephoneandfaxnumbersofthecorrespondingauthor

Abstract
Pleaseprovideanabstractof150to250words.Theabstractshouldnotcontainany
undefinedabbreviationsorunspecifiedreferences.
TEXT

TextFormatting
ManuscriptsshouldbesubmittedinWord.
Useanormal,plainfont(e.g.,10pointTimesRoman)fortext.
Useitalicsforemphasis.
Usetheautomaticpagenumberingfunctiontonumberthepages.
Donotusefieldfunctions.
Usetabstopsorothercommandsforindents,notthespacebar.
Usethetablefunction,notspreadsheets,tomaketables.
UsetheequationeditororMathTypeforequations.
Saveyourfileindocxformat(Word2007orhigher)ordocformat(olderWord
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versions).
ManuscriptswithmathematicalcontentcanalsobesubmittedinLaTeX.
LaTeXmacropackage(zip,182kB)

Headings
Pleaseusenomorethanthreelevelsofdisplayedheadings.

Abbreviations
Abbreviationsshouldbedefinedatfirstmentionandusedconsistentlythereafter.

Footnotes
Footnotescanbeusedtogiveadditionalinformation,whichmayincludethecitationofa
referenceincludedinthereferencelist.Theyshouldnotconsistsolelyofareferencecitation,
andtheyshouldneverincludethebibliographicdetailsofareference.Theyshouldalsonot
containanyfiguresortables.
Footnotestothetextarenumberedconsecutivelythosetotablesshouldbeindicatedby
superscriptlowercaseletters(orasterisksforsignificancevaluesandotherstatisticaldata).
Footnotestothetitleortheauthorsofthearticlearenotgivenreferencesymbols.
Alwaysusefootnotesinsteadofendnotes.

Acknowledgments
Acknowledgmentsofpeople,grants,funds,etc.shouldbeplacedinaseparatesectionbefore
thereferencelist.Thenamesoffundingorganizationsshouldbewritteninfull.
SCIENTIFICSTYLE

Genusandspeciesnamesshouldbeinitalics.
REFERENCES

Citation
Citereferencesinthetextbynameandyearinparentheses.Someexamples:
Negotiationresearchspansmanydisciplines(Thompson1990).
ThisresultwaslatercontradictedbyBeckerandSeligman(1996).
Thiseffecthasbeenwidelystudied(Abbott1991Medvecetal.1993Barakatetal.
1995KelsoandSmith1998).

ReferenceList
Thelistofreferencesshouldonlyincludeworksthatarecitedinthetextandthathavebeen
publishedoracceptedforpublication.Personalcommunicationsandunpublishedworks
shouldonlybementionedinthetext.Donotusefootnotesorendnotesasasubstitutefora
referencelist.
Referencelistentriesshouldbealphabetizedbythelastnamesofthefirstauthorofeach
work.
Journalarticle
GamelinFX,BaquetG,BerthoinS,ThevenetD,NourryC,NottinS,BosquetL
(2009)Effectofhighintensityintermittenttrainingonheartratevariabilityin
prepubescentchildren.EurJApplPhysiol105:731738.doi:10.1007/s00421008
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09558Ideally,thenamesofallauthorsshouldbeprovided,buttheusageofetal
inlongauthorlistswillalsobeaccepted:SmithJ,JonesMJr,HoughtonLetal
(1999)Futureofhealthinsurance.NEnglJMed965:325329
ArticlebyDOI
SlifkaMK,WhittonJL(2000)Clinicalimplicationsofdysregulatedcytokine
production.JMolMed.doi:10.1007/s001090000086
Book
SouthJ,BlassB(2001)Thefutureofmoderngenomics.Blackwell,London
Bookchapter
BrownB,AaronM(2001)Thepoliticsofnature.In:SmithJ(ed)Theriseofmodern
genomics,3rdedn.Wiley,NewYork,pp230257
Onlinedocument
CartwrightJ(2007)Bigstarshaveweathertoo.IOPPublishingPhysicsWeb.
http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6/16/1.Accessed26June2007
Dissertation
TrentJW(1975)Experimentalacuterenalfailure.Dissertation,Universityof
California
AlwaysusethestandardabbreviationofajournalsnameaccordingtotheISSNListofTitle
WordAbbreviations
ISSNListofTitleWordAbbreviations
ForauthorsusingEndNote,Springerprovidesanoutputstylethatsupportstheformattingofin
textcitationsandreferencelist.
EndNotestyle(zip,2kB)
TABLES

AlltablesaretobenumberedusingArabicnumerals.
Tablesshouldalwaysbecitedintextinconsecutivenumericalorder.
Foreachtable,pleasesupplyatablecaption(title)explainingthecomponentsof
thetable.
Identifyanypreviouslypublishedmaterialbygivingtheoriginalsourceintheform
ofareferenceattheendofthetablecaption.
Footnotestotablesshouldbeindicatedbysuperscriptlowercaseletters(or
asterisksforsignificancevaluesandotherstatisticaldata)andincludedbeneath
thetablebody.
ARTWORKANDILLUSTRATIONSGUIDELINES

ElectronicFigureSubmission
Supplyallfigureselectronically.
Indicatewhatgraphicsprogramwasusedtocreatetheartwork.
Forvectorgraphics,thepreferredformatisEPSforhalftones,pleaseuseTIFF
format.MSOfficefilesarealsoacceptable.
Vectorgraphicscontainingfontsmusthavethefontsembeddedinthefiles.
Nameyourfigurefileswith"Fig"andthefigurenumber,e.g.,Fig1.eps.
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LineArt

Definition:Blackandwhitegraphicwithnoshading.
Donotusefaintlinesand/orletteringandcheckthatalllinesandletteringwithin
thefiguresarelegibleatfinalsize.
Alllinesshouldbeatleast0.1mm(0.3pt)wide.
Scannedlinedrawingsandlinedrawingsinbitmapformatshouldhaveaminimum
resolutionof1200dpi.
Vectorgraphicscontainingfontsmusthavethefontsembeddedinthefiles.

HalftoneArt
Definition:Photographs,drawings,orpaintingswithfineshading,
etc.
Ifanymagnificationisusedinthephotographs,indicatethisby
usingscalebarswithinthefiguresthemselves.
Halftonesshouldhaveaminimumresolutionof300dpi.

CombinationArt

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Definition:acombinationofhalftoneandlineart,e.g.,halftonescontainingline
drawing,extensivelettering,colordiagrams,etc.
Combinationartworkshouldhaveaminimumresolutionof600dpi.

ColorArt
Colorartisfreeofchargeforonlinepublication.
Ifblackandwhitewillbeshownintheprintversion,makesurethatthemain
informationwillstillbevisible.Manycolorsarenotdistinguishablefromone
anotherwhenconvertedtoblackandwhite.Asimplewaytocheckthisistomakea
xerographiccopytoseeifthenecessarydistinctionsbetweenthedifferentcolors
arestillapparent.
Ifthefigureswillbeprintedinblackandwhite,donotrefertocolorinthecaptions.
ColorillustrationsshouldbesubmittedasRGB(8bitsperchannel).

FigureLettering
Toaddlettering,itisbesttouseHelveticaorArial(sansseriffonts).
Keepletteringconsistentlysizedthroughoutyourfinalsizedartwork,usuallyabout
23mm(812pt).
Varianceoftypesizewithinanillustrationshouldbeminimal,e.g.,donotuse8pt
typeonanaxisand20pttypefortheaxislabel.
Avoideffectssuchasshading,outlineletters,etc.
Donotincludetitlesorcaptionswithinyourillustrations.

FigureNumbering
AllfiguresaretobenumberedusingArabicnumerals.
Figuresshouldalwaysbecitedintextinconsecutivenumericalorder.
Figurepartsshouldbedenotedbylowercaseletters(a,b,c,etc.).
Ifanappendixappearsinyourarticleanditcontainsoneormorefigures,continue
theconsecutivenumberingofthemaintext.Donotnumbertheappendixfigures,
"A1,A2,A3,etc."Figuresinonlineappendices(ElectronicSupplementaryMaterial)
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should,however,benumberedseparately.

FigureCaptions
Eachfigureshouldhaveaconcisecaptiondescribingaccuratelywhatthefigure
depicts.Includethecaptionsinthetextfileofthemanuscript,notinthefigurefile.
FigurecaptionsbeginwiththetermFig.inboldtype,followedbythefigurenumber,
alsoinboldtype.
Nopunctuationistobeincludedafterthenumber,norisanypunctuationtobe
placedattheendofthecaption.
Identifyallelementsfoundinthefigureinthefigurecaptionanduseboxes,circles,
etc.,ascoordinatepointsingraphs.
Identifypreviouslypublishedmaterialbygivingtheoriginalsourceintheformofa
referencecitationattheendofthefigurecaption.

FigurePlacementandSize
Whenpreparingyourfigures,sizefigurestofitinthecolumnwidth.
Formostjournalsthefiguresshouldbe39mm,84mm,129mm,or174mmwide
andnothigherthan234mm.
Forbooksandbooksizedjournals,thefiguresshouldbe80mmor122mmwide
andnothigherthan198mm.

Permissions
Ifyouincludefiguresthathavealreadybeenpublishedelsewhere,youmustobtain
permissionfromthecopyrightowner(s)forboththeprintandonlineformat.Pleasebeaware
thatsomepublishersdonotgrantelectronicrightsforfreeandthatSpringerwillnotbeableto
refundanycoststhatmayhaveoccurredtoreceivethesepermissions.Insuchcases,material
fromothersourcesshouldbeused.

Accessibility
Inordertogivepeopleofallabilitiesanddisabilitiesaccesstothecontentofyourfigures,
pleasemakesurethat
Allfigureshavedescriptivecaptions(blinduserscouldthenuseatexttospeech
softwareoratexttoBraillehardware)
Patternsareusedinsteadoforinadditiontocolorsforconveyinginformation
(colorblinduserswouldthenbeabletodistinguishthevisualelements)
Anyfigureletteringhasacontrastratioofatleast4.5:1
ELECTRONICSUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL

Springeracceptselectronicmultimediafiles(animations,movies,audio,etc.)andother
supplementaryfilestobepublishedonlinealongwithanarticleorabookchapter.Thisfeature
canadddimensiontotheauthor'sarticle,ascertaininformationcannotbeprintedorismore
convenientinelectronicform.

Submission
Supplyallsupplementarymaterialinstandardfileformats.
Pleaseincludeineachfilethefollowinginformation:articletitle,journalname,
authornamesaffiliationandemailaddressofthecorrespondingauthor.
Toaccommodateuserdownloads,pleasekeepinmindthatlargersizedfilesmay
requireverylongdownloadtimesandthatsomeusersmayexperienceother
problemsduringdownloading.
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Audio,Video,andAnimations
AlwaysuseMPEG1(.mpg)format.

TextandPresentations
SubmityourmaterialinPDFformat.docor.pptfilesarenotsuitableforlongterm
viability.
AcollectionoffiguresmayalsobecombinedinaPDFfile.

Spreadsheets
SpreadsheetsshouldbeconvertedtoPDFifnointeractionwiththedatais
intended.
Ifthereadersshouldbeencouragedtomaketheirowncalculations,spreadsheets
shouldbesubmittedas.xlsfiles(MSExcel).

SpecializedFormats
Specializedformatsuchas.pdb(chemical),.wrl(VRML),.nb(Mathematica
notebook),and.texcanalsobesupplied.

CollectingMultipleFiles
Itispossibletocollectmultiplefilesina.zipor.gzfile.

Numbering
Ifsupplyinganysupplementarymaterial,thetextmustmakespecificmentionofthe
materialasacitation,similartothatoffiguresandtables.
RefertothesupplementaryfilesasOnlineResource,e.g.,"...asshowninthe
animation(OnlineResource3)",...additionaldataaregiveninOnlineResource
4.
Namethefilesconsecutively,e.g.ESM_3.mpg,ESM_4.pdf.

Captions
Foreachsupplementarymaterial,pleasesupplyaconcisecaptiondescribingthe
contentofthefile.

Processingofsupplementaryfiles
Electronicsupplementarymaterialwillbepublishedasreceivedfromtheauthor
withoutanyconversion,editing,orreformatting.

Accessibility
Inordertogivepeopleofallabilitiesanddisabilitiesaccesstothecontentofyour
supplementaryfiles,pleasemakesurethat
Themanuscriptcontainsadescriptivecaptionforeachsupplementarymaterial
Videofilesdonotcontainanythingthatflashesmorethanthreetimespersecond
(sothatuserspronetoseizurescausedbysucheffectsarenotputatrisk)
ARCHIEVINGOFDATA

Electronicarchivingofdataenablesreaderstoreplicate,verifyandbuildupontheconclusions
publishedinthepaper.Datastorageinapubliclyaccessibledatalibraryishighly
recommendedbytheeditorsofMarineBiology,forDNAsequenceinformationitisobligatory,
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incertaincasesitcanberequestedalsoforotherdata.Formoredetailspleaseseethe
respectivesectionintheAuthorInstructionSpecificRequirements.
ETHICALRESPONSIBILITIESOFAUTHORS

Thisjournaliscommittedtoupholdingtheintegrityofthescientificrecord.Asamemberofthe
CommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE)thejournalwillfollowtheCOPEguidelinesonhowto
dealwithpotentialactsofmisconduct.
Authorsshouldrefrainfrommisrepresentingresearchresultswhichcoulddamagethetrustin
thejournal,theprofessionalismofscientificauthorship,andultimatelytheentirescientific
endeavour.Maintainingintegrityoftheresearchanditspresentationcanbeachievedby
followingtherulesofgoodscientificpractice,whichinclude:
Themanuscripthasnotbeensubmittedtomorethanonejournalforsimultaneous
consideration.
Themanuscripthasnotbeenpublishedpreviously(partlyorinfull),unlessthenew
workconcernsanexpansionofpreviouswork(pleaseprovidetransparencyonthe
reuseofmaterialtoavoidthehintoftextrecycling(selfplagiarism)).
Asinglestudyisnotsplitupintoseveralpartstoincreasethequantityof
submissionsandsubmittedtovariousjournalsortoonejournalovertime(e.g.
salamipublishing).
Nodatahavebeenfabricatedormanipulated(includingimages)tosupportyour
conclusions
Nodata,text,ortheoriesbyothersarepresentedasiftheyweretheauthorsown
(plagiarism).Properacknowledgementstootherworksmustbegiven(this
includesmaterialthatiscloselycopied(nearverbatim),summarizedand/or
paraphrased),quotationmarksareusedforverbatimcopyingofmaterial,and
permissionsaresecuredformaterialthatiscopyrighted.
Importantnote:thejournalmayusesoftwaretoscreenforplagiarism.
Consenttosubmithasbeenreceivedexplicitlyfromallcoauthors,aswellasfrom
theresponsibleauthoritiestacitlyorexplicitlyattheinstitute/organizationwhere
theworkhasbeencarriedout,beforetheworkissubmitted.
Authorswhosenamesappearonthesubmissionhavecontributedsufficientlyto
thescientificworkandthereforesharecollectiveresponsibilityandaccountability
fortheresults.
Inaddition:
Changesofauthorshiporintheorderofauthorsarenotacceptedafteracceptance
ofamanuscript.
Requestingtoaddordeleteauthorsatrevisionstage,proofstage,orafter
publicationisaseriousmatterandmaybeconsideredwhenjustifiablywarranted.
Justificationforchangesinauthorshipmustbecompellingandmaybeconsidered
onlyafterreceiptofwrittenapprovalfromallauthorsandaconvincing,detailed
explanationabouttherole/deletionofthenew/deletedauthor.Incaseofchangesat
revisionstage,alettermustaccompanytherevisedmanuscript.Incaseofchanges
afteracceptanceorpublication,therequestanddocumentationmustbesentvia
thePublishertotheEditorinChief.Inallcases,furtherdocumentationmaybe
requiredtosupportyourrequest.Thedecisiononacceptingthechangerestswith
theEditorinChiefofthejournalandmaybeturneddown.Thereforeauthorsare
stronglyadvisedtoensurethecorrectauthorgroup,correspondingauthor,and
orderofauthorsatsubmission.
Uponrequestauthorsshouldbepreparedtosendrelevantdocumentationordata
inordertoverifythevalidityoftheresults.Thiscouldbeintheformofrawdata,
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samples,records,etc.
Ifthereisasuspicionofmisconduct,thejournalwillcarryoutaninvestigationfollowingthe
COPEguidelines.If,afterinvestigation,theallegationseemstoraisevalidconcerns,the
accusedauthorwillbecontactedandgivenanopportunitytoaddresstheissue.Ifmisconduct
hasbeenestablishedbeyondreasonabledoubt,thismayresultintheEditorinChiefs
implementationofthefollowingmeasures,including,butnotlimitedto:
Ifthearticleisstillunderconsideration,itmayberejectedandreturnedtothe
author.
Ifthearticlehasalreadybeenpublishedonline,dependingonthenatureand
severityoftheinfraction,eitheranerratumwillbeplacedwiththearticleorin
severecasescompleteretractionofthearticlewilloccur.Thereasonmustbegiven
inthepublishederratumorretractionnote.
Theauthorsinstitutionmaybeinformed.
COMPLIANCEWITHETHICALSTANDARDS

Toensureobjectivityandtransparencyinresearchandtoensurethatacceptedprinciplesof
ethicalandprofessionalconducthavebeenfollowed,authorsshouldincludeinformation
regardingsourcesoffunding,potentialconflictsofinterest(financialornonfinancial),informed
consentiftheresearchinvolvedhumanparticipants,andastatementonwelfareofanimalsif
theresearchinvolvedanimals.
Authorsshouldincludethefollowingstatements(ifapplicable)inaseparatesectionentitled
CompliancewithEthicalStandardsbeforetheReferenceswhensubmittingapaper:
Disclosureofpotentialconflictsofinterest
ResearchinvolvingHumanParticipantsand/orAnimals
Informedconsent
Pleasenotethatstandardscouldvaryslightlyperjournaldependentontheirpeerreview
policies(i.e.doubleblindpeerreview)aswellasperjournalsubjectdiscipline.Before
submittingyourarticlechecktheInstructionsforAuthorscarefully.
Thecorrespondingauthorshouldbepreparedtocollectdocumentationofcompliancewith
ethicalstandardsandsendifrequestedduringpeerrevieworafterpublication.
TheEditorsreservetherighttorejectmanuscriptsthatdonotcomplywiththeabove
mentionedguidelines.Theauthorwillbeheldresponsibleforfalsestatementsorfailureto
fulfilltheabovementionedguidelines.
DISCLOSUREOFPOTENTIALCONFLICTSOFINTEREST

Authorsmustdiscloseallrelationshipsorintereststhatcouldhavedirectorpotentialinfluence
orimpartbiasonthework.Althoughanauthormaynotfeelthereisanyconflict,disclosureof
relationshipsandinterestsprovidesamorecompleteandtransparentprocess,leadingtoan
accurateandobjectiveassessmentofthework.Awarenessofarealorperceivedconflictsof
interestisaperspectivetowhichthereadersareentitled.Thisisnotmeanttoimplythata
financialrelationshipwithanorganizationthatsponsoredtheresearchorcompensation
receivedforconsultancyworkisinappropriate.Examplesofpotentialconflictsofintereststhat
aredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtotheresearchmayincludebutarenotlimitedtothe
following:
Researchgrantsfromfundingagencies(pleasegivetheresearchfunderandthe
grantnumber)
Honorariaforspeakingatsymposia
Financialsupportforattendingsymposia
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Financialsupportforeducationalprograms
Employmentorconsultation
Supportfromaprojectsponsor
Positiononadvisoryboardorboardofdirectorsorothertypeofmanagement
relationships
Multipleaffiliations
Financialrelationships,forexampleequityownershiporinvestmentinterest
Intellectualpropertyrights(e.g.patents,copyrightsandroyaltiesfromsuchrights)
Holdingsofspouseand/orchildrenthatmayhavefinancialinterestinthework
Inaddition,intereststhatgobeyondfinancialinterestsandcompensation(nonfinancial
interests)thatmaybeimportanttoreadersshouldbedisclosed.Thesemayincludebutarenot
limitedtopersonalrelationshipsorcompetinginterestsdirectlyorindirectlytiedtothis
research,orprofessionalinterestsorpersonalbeliefsthatmayinfluenceyourresearch.
Thecorrespondingauthorcollectstheconflictofinterestdisclosureformsfromallauthors.In
authorcollaborationswhereformalagreementsforrepresentationallowit,itissufficientforthe
correspondingauthortosignthedisclosureformonbehalfofallauthors.Examplesofforms
canbefound
here:
Thecorrespondingauthorwillincludeasummarystatementinthetextofthemanuscriptina
separatesectionbeforethereferencelist,thatreflectswhatisrecordedinthepotentialconflict
ofinterestdisclosureform(s).
Seebelowexamplesofdisclosures:
Funding:ThisstudywasfundedbyX(grantnumberX).
ConflictofInterest:AuthorAhasreceivedresearchgrantsfromCompanyA.AuthorBhas
receivedaspeakerhonorariumfromCompanyXandownsstockinCompanyY.AuthorCisa
memberofcommitteeZ.
Ifnoconflictexists,theauthorsshouldstate:
ConflictofInterest:Theauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenoconflictofinterest.
RESEARCHINVOLVINGHUMANPARTICIPANTSAND/ORANIMALS

1)Statementofhumanrights
Whenreportingstudiesthatinvolvehumanparticipants,authorsshouldincludeastatement
thatthestudieshavebeenapprovedbytheappropriateinstitutionaland/ornationalresearch
ethicscommitteeandhavebeenperformedinaccordancewiththeethicalstandardsaslaid
downinthe1964DeclarationofHelsinkianditslateramendmentsorcomparableethical
standards.
Ifdoubtexistswhethertheresearchwasconductedinaccordancewiththe1964Helsinki
Declarationorcomparablestandards,theauthorsmustexplainthereasonsfortheirapproach,
anddemonstratethattheindependentethicscommitteeorinstitutionalreviewboardexplicitly
approvedthedoubtfulaspectsofthestudy.
ThefollowingstatementsshouldbeincludedinthetextbeforetheReferencessection:
Ethicalapproval:Allproceduresperformedinstudiesinvolvinghumanparticipantswerein
accordancewiththeethicalstandardsoftheinstitutionaland/ornationalresearchcommittee
andwiththe1964Helsinkideclarationanditslateramendmentsorcomparableethical
standards.
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Forretrospectivestudies,pleaseaddthefollowingsentence:
Forthistypeofstudyformalconsentisnotrequired.

2)Statementonthewelfareofanimals
Thewelfareofanimalsusedforresearchmustberespected.Whenreportingexperimentson
animals,authorsshouldindicatewhethertheinternational,national,and/orinstitutional
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