5-1

Part II : Wireless Communication

Chapter 5

Cellular Telephone
This chapter contains some slides from chapter 17 of Data Communications and networking,
3rd ed. by B. Forouzan. The borrowed slides contain the copyright notice of McGraw-Hill at the
bottom of the slide. Most of these slides are either modified or supplemented by additional
information. Slides without any copyright notice were taken from the web.
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5-2

Cellular System

Also called Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

Coordinates communication between all base
stations and the telephone central office

This network contains

telephone central offices (COs)

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Base station
(each cell has one BS)

Size of cell
depends on
population
(1-12 miles
radius)

Mobile
station

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Cellular System (Cont.)

5-3

Frequency Reuse
The neighboring cells can not use the same set of frequencies in order to avoid
interference between MS close to cell boundaries. Since the available frequencies
are a limited resource, they have to be reused. Patterns below show various
frequency reuse factors (cells with same numbers can use the same set of frequencies.)

One cell separation

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Two cells separation

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5-4

AMPS
Cellular Bands for AMPS

Downlink

25 MHz

Uplink

25 MHz

25 MHz forward and reverse bands

832 full-duplex channels (42 for control, 790 for voice)
Frequency reuse factor = 7 ! 790/7 channels available per cell
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5-5

AMPS (Cont.)
Reverse Communication Band

Figure 17.4 AMPS reverse communication band

Uplink

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Second Generation Cellular Systems

Digital AMPS
1991

Global System for

Mobile Communication
.
824-849 MHz (upload) (European standard)
1990
869-894 MHz (download)
.
890-915 MHz (upload)
935-960 MHz (download)

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5-6

Code Division
Multiple Access
1993
.

824-849 MHz (upload)

869-894 MHz (download)

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5-7

Second Generation Cellular Systems

Total subscribers in 2002 = 249.1 million

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(Published by Lucent Technologies)

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5-8

D-AMPS
(Originally defined as IS-54, later revised by IS-136)
25 1944-bit frames per second
Frequency reuse factor = 7

64 bits

159 bits

101 bits

Control

Voice

FEC

D-AMPS uses the

same band and
channels as AMPS

Uplink

VSELP

Reverse
communication
band

Vector Sum Excited Linear

Predictive speech coding
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GSM

5-9

Frequency Bands
=

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GSM (Cont.)

5-10

24 traffic + 2 control frames

Uplink

RPE-LTP

260-bit samples
each 20ms = 13 kbps

Regular Pulse Excited Long

Term Prediction speech coding
(Excellent speech quality at high
complexity, noise immune)
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GMSK
Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying
(used in Europe)

890-915 MHz
(935-960 MHz
downlink)

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GSM (Cont.)

5-11

Multiframe Components
A lot of overhead in TDM frames
Because of complex error correction
GSM allows a r frequency reuse factor of 3

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5-12

IS-95 (Cont.)
Forward Transmission
For synchronization
of demodulator/CDMA
and for signal strength
monitoring for
handoff

64 chip Walsh code

(Orthogonal spreading)
Code assigned to MS
during the call setup
Channels 1-7 for paging
channel 32 for info to MS
about the system

Downlink
CELP
Code excited linear
predictive speech
coding (very complex,
very high quality)

1 bit of 64
(not DSSS,
for privacy)

869-894 MHz
64 CDMA channels
(9 control and sync, 55 voice)

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5-13

IS-95 (Cont.)
Electronic Serial Number (ESN)
.

The unique 32-bit identification number embedded in a wireless phone by the

manufacturer. Each time a call is placed, the ESN is automatically transmitted
to the base station so the wireless carrier's mobile switching office can check
the call's validity. The ESN cannot easily be altered in the field. The ESN
differs from the mobile identification number (MIN), which is the wireless
carrier's identifier for a phone in the network. MINs and ESNs can be
electronically checked to help prevent fraud.
31

24 23

MFR code

18

reserved

17

Serial Number

Mobile Identification Number (MIN)

.

10-digit number (which is represented by 34 bits) that uniquely identifies a

mobile unit within a wireless carrier's network. The MIN often can be dialed
from other wireless or wireline networks. The number differs from the
electronic serial number (ESN), which is the unit number assigned by a phone
manufacturer. MINs and ESNs can be checked electronically to help prevent
fraud (Example: 6195947898, meaning (619) 594-7898.)
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IS-95 (Cont.)

5-14

Reverse Transmission
Similar to CCK, only with Walsh codes
-each group of 6 bits from the 28.8 kbps stream
replaced by a 64-bit Walsh code from the lookup table
(28.8 ksps*64/6 = 307.2 kcps, 307.2/64 = 4.8 ksps)
Improves reception at BS since the Walsh codes are orthogonal.
( Form of block error-correcting code)

32-bit
Rates 4.8, 2.4
and 1.2 also
available

94 channels (32 access, 62 voice)

Control channels use for:
- call setup
- response to paging message
- location update

Uplink

242-1 period length

Long code mask
- unique to MS
(4 PN chips per
one Walsh chip)

824-849 MHz

The diagram for access channels is identical, only the data bit rate is fixed to 4.8 kbps
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IS-95 (Cont.)

5-15

Multiple Access

MS 1

Re
v
(DS erse
SS
)

Forward transmission uses CDMA (based

on Walsh codes) to resolve the contention.
This is possible because BS transmits to all
MSs simultaneously and therefore does
multiplexing of all channels. In addition,
BS transmits the pilot signal for all MS, so they
can synchronize their CDMA demultiplexers.

Forward
CDMA
BS
se
r
e
v
Re SSS)
(D

MS n

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Reverse transmission can not use CDMA for

contention resolution because there is difficult
to synchronize reverse receivers in BS
(the pilot signal must be transmitted from only
one device). Instead, MS transmitters use DSSS
based on spreading sequences that are unique
for each MS (ESN).

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5-16

Summary of 2G

Year introduced
Frequency reuse factor
Channel bandwidth
Number of duplex channels
Users per channel
Users per cell
Speech coding bit rate
Speech coder

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IS-136

GSM

IS-95

1991

1990

1993

30 kHz

200 kHz

1,228 kHz

790

124

20

55

338

330

1100

7.95 kbps

13 kbps

9.6 kbps

VSELP

RPE-LTP

CELP

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Connection Management in
Cellular Systems

5-17

Transmitting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

User enters the telephone number (MIN) for destination telephone.

MS scans the band for an analog channel that has the strongest signal.
MS sends the MIN to the closest BS.
BS relays MIN to MSC
MSC sends MIN to telephone CO. If the called party is available the
connection is made and CO relays the result back to MSC.
MSC assigns an unused voice channel to the call.
MS tunes to the new channel and communication can begin.

Receiving
1.
2.
3.
4.

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When a MS is called, the telephone CO sends MIN to MSC

MSC searches for the location of MS by sending query signal to each
cell (paging).
When MS is found, the MSC transmits the ringing signal to MS
When MS answers, MSC assigns a voice channel to the call, voice
communication begins
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Connection Management in
Cellular Systems (Cont.)

5-18

Handoff
MS can move (during conversation) from one cell to another, resulting in a
weaker signal. Therefore MSC monitors the level of the signal every few
seconds. If the level of the signal diminishes, the MSC seeks a new cell that
can better accommodate the communication. MSC then changes the
channel carrying the call.

Hard Handoff
In early systems a MS can communicate with only one BS. When MS moves
from one BS to another, the communication must first be broken, then
established with new BS. Rough transmission.

Soft Handoff
New systems. MS can communicate with two BS at the same time. MS can
continue communication via new BS before breaking with the old BS.

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5-19

Personal Communication Services

(PCS)
The term PCS refers to a wide variety of wireless access and personal
mobility services provided through a small terminal, with the goal of enabling
communications at any time, at any place and in any form. (PCS doesnt refer
to a single technology or standard such as IS-136, GSM, IS-95.)
Some services are short message service (SMS) and limited access to
Internet.

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Wireless Application protocol (WAP)

5-20

Wireless hand held devices (cell phones, pagers,

PDA,) have limitations:
Small display
Small keypad
Small CPU
Small memory
Short battery life
Limited data bit rate
Longer latency
Lower reliability (stability)
Browser must be simple (nave users)
WAP is designed to integrate lightweight WEB
browser into hand held devices which are bearer
independent (D-AMPS, GSM, IS-95, 3G,).
WAP was designed by WAP Forum, established by
Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and Phone.com in 1997.
Today, the forum has hundreds of members.
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5-21

WAP (Cont.)
WAP Programming Model
Requests in compact
(binary) format

Has micro
browser

Client

WAP Gateway

Encoded
Encoded requests
requests

Encoded
Encodedresponse
response

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Original Server

Requests
Requests
Encoders
decoders

WAE
user agent

WML content
in compact
(binary) format

Requests in text
format

CGI
Scripts
Response
Response(content)
(content)

HTTP content in
Proxy server for
text format
the wireless domain
(DNS, WAP-WWW protocol conversion,
HTML-WML translation, encoding, caching)
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5-22

WAP (Cont.)

Similar to HTML
but smaller,
less demanding

Similar to JavaScript
but smaller,
less demanding

WAP Protocol Stack

Wireless Markup Language
(WML)

Tools for
WAP application
development

WML Script

Based on HTTP
(Session
establishment/
termination)

Wireless Application Environment (WAE)

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
UDP

Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP)

Provides end-to-end security

between the client and
the WAP gateway
( data integrity, privacy,
authentication and
denial-of-service detection
- based on TLS)

IP
D-AMPS
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GSM

IS-95

3G

Bluetooth

Bearer

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5-23

WAP (Cont.)
WAP gateway Protocol Stack

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

SSL Secure Sockets Layer

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