Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
COMPACTED CONCRETE
By
VEKARIYA SANKETKUMAR M
(120070720006)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that research work embodied in this
dissertation entitled DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CURING
SELF COMPACTED CONCRETE was carried out by Mr.
VEKARIYA SANKETKUMAR M (120070720006) at Birla
Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (BVM) Engineering College for
Dissertation Phase-I (730003) of M.E Structural Engineering.
This research work has been carried out under our supervision
and is to our satisfaction.
Date:
Place:
Signature of Guide
of Co-Guide
Signature
(DR. DARSHANA R.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With great pleasure & deep sense gratitude I would like to extent out
sincere thanks to almighty GODfor his peace and blessings for granting
me the chance and the ability to successfully complete this study.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my guidesPROF. NANAK J
PAMNANI,princiapal, h.b.patelpolytehnic, limbodara, lunawada, (dist.
mahisagar). DR. DARSHANA R. BHATT,associate professor,department
of structural engineering, Birla VishvakarmaMahavidyalayaEngineering
College, VallabhVidyanagar, Whose timely and persistent guidance has
played a key role in making my dissertation a success.
I
express
sincere
thanks
to
DR.F.S.UMRIGAR,
VishvakarmaMahavidyalayaEngineering
andPROF.
A.K.VERMA,
Engineering,
Birla
Associate
College,
Professor
and
Principal,
Birla
VallabhVidyanagar
Head,
VishvakarmaMahavidyalayaEngineering
Structural
College,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
VI
LIST OF TABLES
VII
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.3 Objective
2.1
2.2
2.2.1 V-funnel Test
2.2.2 Slump Test
4
2.3
2.4
2.5
TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
10
Figure 2.5
12
Figure 2.6
12
Figure 2.7
17
LIST OF TABLE
Table-2.1
15
Table-2.2
16
Table-2.3
16
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Self-compacting concrete (SCC), which flows under its own weight and does not
require any external vibration for compaction, has revolutionized concrete placement.
Adequate curing is essential for concrete to obtain structural and durability properties
and therefore is one of the most important requirements for optimum concrete
performance in any environment or application. Curing of concrete is the process of
maintaining the proper moisture conditions to promote optimum cement hydration
immediately after placement
Enough water needs to be present in a concrete mix for the hydration of cement to
take place. However, even mix contains enough water, any loss of moisture from the
concrete will reduce the initial water cement ratio and result in incomplete hydration
of cement especially with the mixes having low water cement ratio. This results in
very poor quality of concrete. When the concrete is exposed, water evaporates from
its surface. Evaporation from the freshly placed concrete results in plastic shrinkage
cracking. The poor surface characteristics lead to high permeability on the surface of
concrete which increases the risk of carbonation and heightens the susceptibility of
corrosion to the steel.
Curing techniques and curing duration significantly affect curing efficiency.
According to Gowripalan (JUNE- 2012) , the mechanism of self curing can be
explained as follows:
Continuous evaporation of moisture takes place from an exposed surface due
to the difference in chemical potentials (free energy) between the vapour and liquid
phases. The polymer added in the mix mainly form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules and reduce the chemical potential of the molecules which in turn reduces
the vapour pressure. Physical moisture retention also occurs. This reduces the rate of
evaporation from the surface
Defination :
Self-curing or internal curing is a technique that can be used to provide
additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement and
reduced self-desiccation.
Currently, there are two major methods available for internal curing of concrete.
1. Saturated porous lightweight aggregate (LWA) in order to supply an internal
source of water, which can replace the water consumed by chemical shrinkage
during cement hydration.
2. Poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) which reduces the evaporation of water from
the surface of concrete and also helps in water retention.
molecules which in turn reduces the vapour pressure, thus reducing the rate of
evaporation from the surface.
a)
b)
c)
polyethylene-glycol)
Advantages of Internal Curing :
a) Internal curing (IC) is a method to provide the water to hydrate all the cement,
accomplishing what the mixing water alone cannot do.
b) Provides water to keep the relative humidity (RH) high.
c) Eliminates largely autogenous shrinkage.
Maintains the strengths of mortar/concrete at the early age (12 to 72 hrs.) above the
level where internally & externally induced strains can cause cracking.
Can make up for some of the deficiencies of external curing, both human related
(critical period when curing is required in the first 12 to 72 hours) and hydration.
Proper Curing for freshly placed concrete is required and in general practice
many times concrete does not get proper water for the process of hydration.
As same way proper vibration during placing of concrete in beam and in other
formwork can not done properly
Hence, if both self curing, self compacting properties if achieved than this
problem can be solved easily and its comes out very effective.
Data collection
Data will be collected by for identifying appropriate admixtures for
self curing and self compacting concrete. And than by using different
proportion of different self curing compound and after that compressive
strength of different proportion will be calculated.
Data analysis
Based on the data collected during literature review and practical, we
will be able to find out optimum ratio of different chemical admixture used for
self curing in self compacting concrete.
Conclusions
Based on the analysis relevant conclusions will be made and scope for
the future work will be suggested.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. At the water/powder ratio of 1.180 to 1.215, slump flow test, V-funnel test and Lbox test results were found to be satisfactory, i.e. passing ability, filling ability and
segregation resistance are well within the limits.
2. SCC could be developed without using VMA as was done in this study.
3. The SCC1 to SCC5 mixes can be easily used as medium strength SCC mixes,
which are useful for most of the constructions; the proportions for SCC3 mix
satisfying all the properties of Self-Compacting Concrete can be easily used for the
development of medium strength self compacting and for further study.
4. By using the OPC 43 grade, normal strength of 25 MPa to 33 MPa at 28-days was
obtained,
keeping the cement content around 350 kg/m3 to 414 kg/m3. As SCC
technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in absence
of suitable standardized test methods
methods and identify or, when necessary to develop test methods suitable for
acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be
capable of a
rapid and reliable assessment of key properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At
the same time, testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive.
A single operator should carry out the test procedure and the test results have to be
interpreted with a minimum of training. In addition, the results have to be defined and
specify different SCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be
in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if selfcompacting concrete is to be manufactured in large quantities.
curing concrete is on par with conventional concrete. Self curing concrete is the
answer to many problems faced due to lack of proper curing.
investigations on self-
compacted self-curing concrete using limestone powder and clinkers and From the
experimental investigation, it was observed that both admixtures affected the
workability of SCC adversely. A maximum of 8% of lime stone powder with silica
fume, 30% of quarry dust and 14 % of clinkers was able to be used as a mineral
admixture without affecting the self compactability. Silica fume was observed to
improve the mechanical properties of SCC, while lime stone powder along with
quarry dust affected mechanical properties of SCC adversely.
(i) The internal cured specimens are proved to better than conventional cured
specimens
in all means.
(ii) The addition of internal curing agent increases the degree of hydration, producing
a
denser microstructure leading to better results.
(iii) Compressive strength results reveals that compressive strength of internal cured
specimens at 7days and 28 days are greater but at the age of 3 days the strength is
lower than
conventionally cured specimens. SAP specimens shows a significant improvement of
about
6.88 % increase in compressive strength and LWA specimens are found to be 12.35%
on 28
days compressive strength than the control concrete mix. Hence ,the incorporation of
Internal Curing components in high performance concrete by means of LWA has
proven to
be effective than internal cured HPC using SAP with respect to strength.
(vi) The durability studies have showed that internal curing by means of SAP has less
chloride penetration than internal cured specimens using LWA.
(vii) The RCPT value for the control mix was 783 coulombs which was greater than
both
the internal cured specimens, while the mix using SAP had lower RCPT value of 483
coulombs which proved to be the best.
(viii) The coefficient of permeability of mix M2 was 13.68 x10-12 m/sec which was
lesser than all the other mixes. Lesser the coefficient of permeability betters the
results.
10
Fareed Ahmed Memon, Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin (2011) [7] : studied Effect of
Curing Conditions on Strength of Fly ash-based Self-Compacting Geopolymer
Concrete
In this experimental work, the effect of curing conditions on the compressive strength
of fly ash-based self compacting geopolymer concrete was investigated. Test results
indicate that curing time and curing temperature significantly affect the compressive
strength of hardened concrete. Based on the test results reported here, the following
conclusions can be drawn.
1. Longer curing time improves the geopolymerisation process resulting in higher
compressive strength. Increase in compressive strength was observed with increase in
curing time. The compressive strength was highest when the specimens were cured
for a period of 96 hours; however, the increase in strength after 48 hours was not
significant.
2. Compressive strength of concrete increased with the increase in curing temperature
from 60C to 70C; however an increase in the curing temperature beyond 70C
decreased the compressive strength of selfcompacting geopolymer concrete.
A.M.M. Sheinn, C.T. Tam (August 2004)[8] : done comparative study on hardened
properties of selfcompacting concrete (scc) with normal slump concrete (nsc)
Through the investigations and comparisons between Self-compacting Concrete
(SCC) and
Normal Slump Concrete (NSC) in this study, the following observations and
concluding remarks can
be made.
a) With similar water/cement ratios and coarse aggregate content, SCC and NSC can
be
11
b) Incorporation of fine filler could reduce the porosity in the concrete through the
filling
effect and subsequently improve the interfacial zone properties. Thus the concrete of
similar compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength of SCC is possible to be
higher than that of normal concrete.
c) Drying shrinkage and creep deformations of SCC are similar to that of normal
slump
concrete if both types of concrete are of similar compressive strength level.
d) With similar mix proportions and strength level, there is no Significant difference
in
mechanical properties and long-term deformation between SCC and NC. Thus,
existing structural design code for normal slump concrete can be used to design the
structural applications of SCC.
M. M. Rahman, M. H. Rashid, M. A. Hossain, F. S. Adrita (AUGUST 2011)[9] :
have done research on mixing time effects on properties of self compacting concrete
and This work gives attention to an effect, which affects the performance of SCC mix
adversely and hence, its hardened properties also. This effect is the time delay or the
time elapsed during the mixing process.
As soon as water applied to the cement, chemical reaction starts simultaneously
between them. During long mixing time of SCC, some portion of water are used in
the hydration of cement and some portion of water evaporate to the atmosphere and
thats why, amount of added water is increased with long mixing time for maintaining
constant workability.
12
After adding water for maintaining constant flowability, the amount of water/cement
ratio increases in SCC for prolonged mixing time, which affects the cohesion among
the constituents of concrete. So, compressive and tensile strength of SCC decreases
with this water quantity.
With long mixing time of concrete, the pores in concrete are increased. That is why
the water absorption and the chloride ion permeability increase with increase in
mixing time.
Martin Hunger; H.J.H. Brouwers [10] : give research on Development of SelfCompacting Eco-Concrete.
In this study a new design tool for SCC based on the controlled grading of the entire
solid mix was introduced. It has been shown that grading has a fundamental effect on
both fresh and hardened concrete properties. Here an improvement of various
parameters was found for mixes with low cement contents and decreasing values of
the distribution modulus q. Only viscosity was affected by too low q values. An
optimum in regard to the workability was found for 0.30 < q < 0.35. Furthermore the
mechanical and porosity parameters were strongly enhanced by optimized packing.
Dense packed granular blends showed good workability since less void fraction had to
be filled with water and on the other hand also high strength values due to a dense
packed granular skeleton. In this connection a raise of the compressive strength of
more than 60 % in average based on the introduced cement efficiency was registered.
Furthermore it was shown that broad grain size distributions with as many
overlapping fractions as possible (within the bounds of practical possibility) and
intermediate fractions (e.g. gravel 2-8) result in good packed mixes. The application
of a broadly graded unwashed sand 0-4 (so including the fines) of broken granite also
proved promising. On the basis of sound indirect parameters of durability as well as
on the compressive strength the minimum cement contents required by the standards
seem to be a little outdated. The same applies for the water cement ratio for which it is
recommended to replace it by a water/powder ratio. All these observations strongly
suggest a change from the present prescriptive.
13
a) The proportions for SCC mix satisfying all the properties of Self-Compacting
Concrete can be easily used for the development of medium strength selfcompacting.
b) There are many methods for self curing among that use of
chemical
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED IN
EXPERIMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter include information about materials used for development of
self curing, self compacting concrete
14
fly
ash
aggreg
ate
wat
er
15
PROPERTY
Specific Gravity
Consistency
Initial setting time
Final setting time
Compressive strength at 7 days N/mm2
Compressive strength at 28 days N/mm2
VALUE
3.15
28%
35min
178min
38.49 N/mm2
52.31 N/mm2
16
17
A
F
S
C
G
ig
a
o
r
g
n
iu
a
e
d
r
t
v
s
e
g
le
a
t
e
3.4.1 FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) (IS: 383-1970)
Sand
is
naturally
occurring
granular
material
composed
of
finely
divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly variable,
depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent
of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
TABLE 4.3 Properties of Sand or fine Aggregate
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulars
Source
Zone
Specific Gravity
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
Colour
Value of Sand
Bodeli, Gujarat
Zone II
2.55
2.87
1776.29 kg/m3
Yellowish White
3.4.1.1 USES
Concrete: Sand is often a principal component of this critical construction material.
Brick: Manufacturing plants add sand to a mixture of clay and other materials for
manufacturing brick.
Mortar: Sand is mixed with cement and sometimes lime to be used in masonry
construction.
Glass: Sand is the principal component in common glass.
Landscaping: Sand makes small hills and slopes (for example, in golf courses).
Paint: Mixing sand with paint produces a textured finish for walls and ceilings or nonslip floor surfaces.
Railroads: Train operators use sand to improve the traction of wheels on the rails.
Roads: Sand improves traction (and thus traffic safety) in icy or snowy conditions.
3.4.2 COURSE AGGREGATE
18
Particulars
Source
Specific Gravity
Value of Sand
Sevalia, Gujarat
2.75
3
4
5
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
Colour
19
5.76
1764.14 kg/m3
Greyish Black
Particulars
Source
Specific Gravity
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
Colour
Value of Sand
Sevalia, Gujarat
2.65
7.73
1624.88 kg/m3
Greyish Black
20
Physical Properties
Colour
Specific Gravity
Source: SICART lab, V.V.N
Test Result
Grey
2.13
3.5.1 So what is so special in fly ash that makes our concrete so durable?
Fly ash has a high amount of silica and alumina in a reactive form.
These reactive elements complement hydration chemistry of cement. Let us
take a quick tour through this exciting world of hydration chemistry.
When cement reacts with water, we say that hydration of cement has
begun.
On hydration, cement produces C-S-H Gel.
This C-S-H Gel binds the aggregates together and strengthens our concrete!
However, one more compound is produced on hydration that is so
different in behaviour. It is non-other than the Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2.
In our construction industry, it is generally referred to as Free Lime.
Aggressive environmental agents like water, sulphates,CO2 attack this
free lime leading to deterioration of the concrete.
3.5.2 FROM MASS CONCRETE TO MASS APPLICATIONS
In the beginning of the twentieth century, fly ash was used only for the
mass concrete applicationsto delay the heat of hydration. However, in the
early 80s, with the advent of the high strength cements, the undesirable side
effects of free lime started surfacing.
TABLE 4.7Chemical Properties of fly ash CLASS C
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Constituents
Loss on ignition
Silica (SiO2)
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Calcium Oxide (CaO)
21
Weight % by
4.17
69.40
3.44
28.20
2.23
1.45
Magnesium Oxide
(MgO)
7
0.165
Total Sulphur (SO3)
Insoluble residue
9
ALKALIES
0.58
1.26
The analysis on fly ash production from coal based thermal power
stations indicates that 82 power stations, as of today, produce about 175
22
million tons per year by 2012 A.D. with 15% annual rise in the thermal power
generation slated for the decade.
In India, it is estimated that 125-145 million tons of fly ash is
generated by 70 major thermal power plants of which only 6-10 % is utilized
by cement, construction and road industries.
23
3.5.6 Fly ash makes concrete denser, and hence less permeable, mainly by:
Reducing water demand in concrete
Improving microstructure of concrete
At the same time, fly ash improves long term strength of concrete due
to the continued Pozzolanic reaction as discussed earlier.
3.6 ADMIXTURES
GENERAL: Admixture is defined as a material, other than cement, water and
aggregates, which is used as an ingredient of concrete and is added to the
batch immediately before or during mixing. Additive is a material which is
added at the time of grinding cement clinker at the cement factory.
Plasticizer
Superplasticizer
Retarders and Retarding Plasticizers
Accelerators and Accelerating Plasticizer
Air-entraining Admixtures
Damp-proofing and Waterproofing Admixtures
Gas forming Admixture
Workability Admixture
Grouting Admixture
Bonding Admixture
Colouring Admixture
24
3.6.1 PLASTICIZER
Requirement of right workability is the essence of good concrete.
Concrete in different situations require different degree of workability. A high
degree of workability is required in situations like deep beams, thin walls of
water retaining structures with high percentage of steel reinforcement, column
and beam junctions, tremie concreting,pumping of concrete, hot weather
concreting, for concrete to be conveyed for considerable distance and in ready
mixed concrete industries. The conventional methods followed for obtaining
high workability is by improving the gradation, or by the use of relatively
higher percentage of fine aggregate or by increasing the cement content. There
are difficulties and limitations to obtain high workability in the field for a
given set of conditions. The easy method generally followed at the site in most
of the conditions is to use extra water unmindful of the harm it can do to the
strength and durability of concrete.
The harmful effect of using extra water than necessary. It is an abuse, a
criminal act, and unengineering to use too much water than necessary in
concrete. At the same time, one must admit that getting required workability
for the job in hand with set conditions and available materials is essential and
is often difficult. Therefore, engineers at the site are generally placed in
conflicting situations. Often he follows the easiest path and that is adding extra
water to fluidise the mix. This addition of extra water to satisfy the need for
workable concrete is amounting to sowing the seed of cancer in concrete.
Today we have plasticizers and superplasticizers to help an engineer
placed in intriguing situations. These plasticizers can help the difficult
conditions for obtaining higher workability without using excess of water. One
must remember that addition of excess water, will only improve the fluidity or
the consistency but not the workability of concrete.
The excess water will not improve the inherent good qualities such as
homogeneity and cohesiveness of the mix which reduces the tendency for
segregation and bleeding. Whereas the plasticized concrete will improve the
desirable qualities demanded of plastic concrete. The practice all over the
world now is to use plasticizer or superplasticizer for almost all the reinforced
25
concrete and even for mass concrete to reduce the water requirement for
making concrete of higher workability or flowing concrete. The use of
superplasticizer has become almost an universal practice to reduce
water/cement ratio for the given workability, which naturally increases the
strength. Moreover, the reduction in water/cement ratio improves the
durability of concrete. Sometimes the use of plasticizers is employed to reduce
the cement content and heat of hydration in mass concrete.
The organic substances or combinations of organic and inorganic
substances, which allow a reduction in water content for the given workability,
or give a higher workability at the same water content, are termed as
plasticizing admixtures. The advantages are considerable in both cases : in the
former, concretes are stronger, and in the latter they are more workable.
and
derivatives, salts of sulphonates hydrocarbons.
(ii)
carboxylic
acids and their modifications and derivatives.
(iii)
the most used. Plasticizers are used in the amount of 0.1% to 0.4% by weight
of cement. At these doses, at constant workability the reduction in mixing
water is expected to be of the order of 5% to 15%. This naturally increases the
strength. The increase in workability that can be expected, at the same w/c
ratio, may be anything from 30 mm to 150 mm slump, depending on the
dosage, initial slump of concrete, cement content and type.
A good plasticizer fluidizes the mortar or concrete in a different
manner than that of the air-entraining agents. Some of the plasticizers, while
26
improving the workability, entrains air also. As the entrainment of air reduces
the mechanical strength, a good plasticizer is one which does not cause airentrainment in concrete more than 1 or 2%.
One of the common chemicals generally used, as mentioned above is
Lignosulphonic acid in the form of either its calcium or sodium salt. This
material is a natural product derived from wood processing industries.
Admixtures based on lignosulphonate are formulated from purified product
from which the bulk of the sugars and other interfering impurities are removed
to low levels. Such a product would allow adsorption into cement particles
without any significant interference with the hydration process or hydrated
products. Normal water reducing admixtures may also be formulated from
wholly synthetic raw materials. It is also observed that at a recommended
dose, it does not affect the setting time significantly. However, at higher
dosages than prescribed, it may cause excessive retardation. It must be noted
that if unrefined and not properly processed lignosulphonate is used as raw
material, the behavior of plasticizer would be unpredictable. It is sometimes
seen that this type of admixture has resulted in some increase in airentrainment. It is advised that users should follow the instructions of wellestablished standard manufacturers of plasticizers regarding dosage
When plasticizers are used, they get adsorbed on the cement particles.
The adsorption of charged polymer on the particles of cement creates particleto-particle repulsive forces which overcome the attractive forces. This
27
repulsive force is called Zeta Potential, which depends on the base, solid
content, quantity of plasticizer used. The overall result is that the cement
particles are deflocculated and dispersed. When cement particles are
deflocculated, the water trapped inside the flocs gets released and now
available to fluidify the mix. Fig. 4.1 explains the mechanism.
4.4.2
HRWR
Superplasticizers constitute a relatively new category and improved
version of plasticizer, the use of which was developed in Japan and Germany
during 1960 and 1970 respectively. They are chemically different from normal
plasticizers. Use of Superplasticizers permits the reduction of water to the
28
at the same w/c ratio much more workable concrete than the plain
ones,
for the same workability, it permits the use of lower w/c ratio,
As a consequence of increased strength with lower w/c ratio, it also
permits a reduction of cement content.
The superplasticizers also produce a homogeneous, cohesive concrete
generally without any tendency for segregation and bleeding.
4.4.2.2CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERPLASTICIZER
29
Following are a few polymers which are commonly used as base for
superplasticizers.
Sulphonatedmalanie-formaldehyde condensates (SMF)
Sulphonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNF)
Modified lignosulphonates (MLS)
Acrylic polymer based (AP)
Copolymer of carboxylic acrylic acid with acrylic ester (CAE)
Cross linked acrylic polymer (CLAP)
Polycarboxylateethers (PCE)
Multicarboxylatethers (MCE)
Combinations of above.
Out of the above new generation superplasticizersbased on carboxylic
acrylic ester (CAE) andmulticarboxylatether (MCE).
As far as our country is concerned, at present (2000 AD), we
manufacture and use the first four types of superplasticizers. The new
generation superplasticizers have been tried in recent projects, but it was not
found feasible for general usage on account of
high cost. The first four categories of products differ from one another
because of the base component or on account of different molecular weight.
As a consequence each commercial product will have different action on
cements. Whilst the dosage of conventional plasticizers do not exceed 0.25%
by weight of cement in case of lignosulphonates, or 0.1 % in case of
carboxylic acids, the products of type SMF or NSF are used considerably
high dosages (0.5% to 3.00%), since they do not entrain air.
30
31
Giving
maximum
fluidizing
effect
for
particular
32
33
34
Resin and wax based curing compounds seals the concrete surface
effectively. With time their efficiency will get reduced and at about 28 days
they get disintegrated and peel off. Plastering can be done after about 28 days.
If plastering is required to be done earlier, the surface can be washed off with
hot water. As per one set of experiments it has been revealed that the typical
curing efficiency was 96% for 24 hours, 84% for 72 hours 74% for 7 days and
65% for 14 days and the average efficiency of resin and wax based membrane
forming curing compound can be taken as about 80%.
Curing Compound has been procured from FAIR MATE chemical Pvt.
Ltd. With the brand name FAIRCURE WX WHITE (wax based). The
properties are given in TABLE 4.8.
TABLE 4.10FAIRCURE WX White Properties
Water retention
Reflectance
Drying time
Water retention efficiency
Curing efficiency
4.5.4.2 ACRYLICBASED
Acrylic based membrane forming curing compound has the additional
advantage of having better adhesion of subsequent plaster. The membrane
does not get crumbled down or it need not be washed with hot water. In fact
on account of inherent characteristics of acrylic emulsion the bonding for the
plaster is better.
4.5.4.3CHLORINATED RUBBERBASED
Chlorinated rubber curing compounds not only form a thin film that
protects the concrete from drying out but also fill the minute pores in the
surface of concrete. The surface film will wear out eventually.
4.5.5APPLICATION PROCEDURE
The curing compound is applied by brush or by spraying while the
concrete is wet. In case of columns and beams the application is done after
removal of formwork. On the horizontal surface, the curing compound is
35
applied upon the complete disappearance of all bleeding water. In case of road
and Air field pavements where texturing is required, the curing compound is
applied after texturing. In case of Pune-Mumbai express highway, the
pavement is cast by slip form paver. In this process concrete is finished,
texturing is done and curing compound is sprayed all by mechanical means.
The young concrete is covered by tents to protect green concrete from hot sun
and drying winds. In the above express highway it is specified that the
concrete is also water cured after one day using wet hessian cloth. Water
curing over membrane curing is seemingly superfluous, but it may be helpful
in keeping the temperature down.
In case the concrete surface has dried, the surface should be sprayed
with water and thoroughly wetted and made fully damp before curing
compound is applied. The container of curing compound should be well stirred
before use.
At present we do not have Bureau of Indian Standard Specification and
Code of Practice for membrane forming curing compounds. It is under
preparation. Since curing compounds are used very commonly in our country
in many of the major projects, such as SardarSarovar dam projects, express
highway projects, etc., a brief description in respect of ASTM: C 309 of 81,
for "Liquid Membrane-forming Compounds for Curing concrete" and ASTM
C 156 of 80 a for "Water Retention by concrete Curing Materials"
SCOPE: The specification covers liquid membrane forming compounds
suitable for retarding the loss of water during the early period of hardening of
concrete. The white pigmented curing compound also reduces the temperature
rise in concrete exposed to radiation from sun.
4.6SELF-CURING
Today concrete is most widely used construction material due to its
good compressive strength and durability. Depending upon the nature of work
the cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water are mixed in specific
proportions to produce plain concrete. Plain concrete needs congenial
36
37
Liquid
Appearance
Odor & Taste
Molecular Weight
Ph (1% Soln/Water)
Specific Gravity
Dispersion Properties
Solubility
Not Available
1000 G/Mole
6
1.12
See Solubility In Water, Methanol, Diethyl Ether
Easily Soluble In Cold Water, Hot Water. Soluble In Methanol,
Diethyl Ether
38
39
CHAPTER4
METHEDOLOGY
5.1 MIX DESIGN AND TRIAL MIXES
The proposed study is being carriedout to develop self-compacting
concrete using fly ash andcement in varying combinations for use in the Indian
conditions.Following guidelines of European Federation of National
Associations Representing producers and applicators of specialist building
products for Concrete EFNARC. To identify the property of fresh selfcompacted concrete by mix design & trial mixes.
5.1.1 GENERAL
Mix design selection and adjustment can be made according to the procedure
show:
Set required performance
Select materials
Design and adjust mix composition
Verify or Adjust performance in laboratory
Verify performance in concrete
5.1.2 TRIAL MIXES
There is no standard method for SCC mix design and many academic
institutions, admixture, ready-mixed, pre cast and contracting companies have
developed their own mix proportioning methods.Based on European
Federation of National Associations Representing producers and applicators
of specialist building products for Concrete EFNARC specifications, was
adopted for mixed design. Different mixes were prepared by varying the
amount of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water powder ratio &
superplasticizers. After several trials, SCC mix satisfying the test criteria was
obtained.
To develop self-compacting concrete using cement with various
quantity of fly ash from partially replacing fine and coarse aggregate.
Following steps are followed to achieve the SCC.
40
by EFNARC.
Fixing optimum dosage of Superplasticizer by Marsh cone test on
cement slurry.
After fixing W/P ratio and optimum dosage of Superplasticizer with
given content and fly ash, aggregate quantities are found out and mix is
41
and the form of the structure, the dimension and density of reinforcement and
cover should be taken in consideration.
Due to the high content of powder, SCC may show more plastic
shrinkage or creep than ordinary concrete mixes. These aspects should
therefore be considered during designing and specifying SCC. Current
knowledge of these aspects is limited and this is an area requiring further
research. Special care should also be taken to begin curing the concrete as
early as possible.
The workability of SCC can be characterized by the following properties:
1) Filling ability
2) Passing ability
3) Segregation resistance
A concrete mix can only be classified as Self-compacting Concrete if
the requirements for all three characteristics are fulfilled.
5.2.1 TEST METHOD
Many different test methods have been developed in attempts to
characterize the properties of SCC. So far no single method or combination of
methods has achieved universal approval and most of them have their
adherents. Similarly no single method has been found which characterizes all
the relevant workability aspects so each mix design should be tested by more
than one test method for the different workability parameters.
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Method
Property
Slump-flow by Abrams cone
Filling ability
T50cmslumpflow
Filling ability
J-ring
Passing ability
V-funnel
Filling ability
V-funnel at T5minutes
Segregation resistance
L-box
Passing ability
U-box
Passing ability
Fill-box
Passing ability
GTM screen
Segregation resistance
Orimet
Filling ability
Table 5.1List of test methods for workability properties of SCC
For site quality control, two test methods are generally sufficient to
monitor production quality. Typical combinations are Slump-flow and V-
42
funnel or Slump-flow and J-ring. With consistent raw material quality, a single
test method operated by a trained and experienced technician may be
sufficient.
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Method
Unit
43
of 300 mm.
Base plate of a stiff non absorbing material, at least 700mm square,
marked with a circle marking thecentral location for the slump cone,
Procedure
About 6 litre of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally. Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone, Place base plate on
level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and hold
down firmly. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the
concrete level with the top of the cone with the trowel. Remove any surplus
44
concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise the cone vertically and allow
the concrete to flow out freely. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record
the time taken for the concrete to reach the 500mm spread circle. (This is the
T50 time). Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular
directions. Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is the
slump flow in mm). Note any border of mortar or cement paste without coarse
aggregate at the edge of the pool of concrete.
Interpretation of result
The higher the slump flow (SF) value, the greater its ability to fill
formwork under its own weight. A value of at least 650mm is required for
SCC. There is no generally accepted advice on what are reasonable tolerances
about a specified value, though 50mm, as with the related flow table test,
might be appropriate.
The T50 time is a secondary indication of flow. A lower time indicates
greater flow ability. The research suggested 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil
engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications.
In case of severe segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in the
centre of the pool of concrete and mortar and cement paste at the concrete
periphery. In case of minor segregation a border of mortar without coarse
aggregate can occur at the edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these
phenomena appear it is no assurance that segregation will not occur since this
is a time related aspect that can occur after a longer period.
5.2.1.2V-funnel TEST:
Introduction
The V-funnel test was developed in Japan and used by Ozawa, et al 5.
The equipment consists of a V-shaped funnel, shown in Figure 5.2. The funnel
is filled with concrete and the time taken by it to flow through the apparatus
measured. This test gives account of the filling capacity (flowability). The
inverted cone shape shows any possibility of the concrete to block is reflected
in the result.
45
Assessment of test
Though the test is designed to measure flowability, the result is
affected by concrete properties otherthan flow. The inverted cone shape will
cause any liability of the concrete to block to be reflected in theresult if, for
example there is too much coarse aggregate. High flow time can also be
associated withlow deformability due to a high paste viscosity, and with high
inter-particle friction.While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of
the funnel and the wall effect on the flow ofconcrete is not clear.
Equipment
The apparatus is shown in figure 5.1
V-funnel
Bucket ( 12 litre )
Trowel
Scoop
Stopwatch
46
47
This test, based on a Japanese design for underwater concrete, has been
described by Petersson. The test assesses the flow of the concrete, and also the
extent to which it is subject to blocking byreinforcement. The apparatus is
shown in figure 5.3
The apparatus consists of a rectangular-section box in the shape of an L, with
a vertical and horizontalsection, separated by a moveable gate, in front of
which vertical lengths of reinforcement bar are fitted.The vertical section is
filled with concrete, then the gate lifted to let the concrete flow into the
horizontalsection. When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete at the
end of the horizontal section isexpressed as a proportion of that remaining in
the vertical section (H2/H1in the diagram). It indicates theslope of the
concrete when at rest. This is an indication passing ability, or the degree to
which thepassage of concrete through the bars is restricted.The horizontal
section of the box can be marked at 200mm and 400mm from the gate and the
times taken to reach these points measured. These are known as the T20 and
T40 times and are an indicationfor the filling ability.The sections of bar can be
of different diameters and spaced at different intervals: in accordance
withnormal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum aggregate size
might be appropriate.The bars can principally be set at any spacing to impose
a more or less severe test of the passing abilityof the concrete.
Assessment of test
This is a widely used test, suitable for laboratory, and perhaps site use.
It assesses filling and passingability of SCC, and serious lack of stability
(segregation) can be detected visually. Segregation may alsobe detected by
subsequently sawing and inspecting sections of the concrete in the horizontal
section.Unfortunately there is no agreement on materials, dimensions, or
reinforcing bar arrangement, so it isdifficult to compare test results. There is
no evidence of what effect the wall of the apparatus and theconsequent wall
effect might have on the concrete flow, but this arrangement does, to some
extent,replicate what happens to concrete on site when it is confined within
formwork.
Two operators are required if times are measured, and a degree of
operator error is inevitable.
48
Equipment
L box
Procedure
About 14 litre of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate
can open freely and then close it.Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus,
remove any surplus waterFill the vertical section of the apparatus with the
concrete sample.Leave it to stand for 1 minute.Lift the sliding gate and allow
the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section.Simultaneously, start the
stopwatch and record the times taken for the concrete to reach the 200 and
400mm marks.When the concrete stops flowing, the distances H1 and H2
are measured.Calculate H2/H1, the blocking ratio.The whole test has to be
performed within 5 minutes.
49
Interpretation of result
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so
H2/H1 = 1. Therefore the nearerthis test value, the blocking ratio, is to unity,
the better the flow of the concrete. The EU research teamsuggested a
minimum acceptable value of 0.8. T20 and T40 times can give some
indication of ease offlow, but no suitable values have been generally agreed.
Obvious blocking of coarse aggregate behindthe reinforcing bars can be
detected visually.
PROCEDURE:
The 3 days, 14 days, 28 days& 90 days compressive strength of cube
were tested in the following manner.
The load was applied without shock and increased gradually at the rate
of kg/cm2/min until the specimen was crushed.
50
CHAPTER 5
51
SCHEDULING OF WORK
S
T
E
P
1
2
S
T
E
P
3
4
S
T
E
P
5
STEP6
52
0
3
0.3
3
0.4
3
0.5
3
0.6
3
0.7
3
0.8
3
1
3
0
3
0.3
3
0.4
3
0.5
3
0.6
3
0.7
3
1
3
0
3
0.3
3
0.4
3
0.5
3
0.6
3
0.7
3
24
Tot
al
0.8
3
1
3
24
Tot
al
Tot
al
24
Tot
al
0.8
3
1
3
24
53
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
M36(24)
M315(24)
M36N(24)
M315N(24)
compression test
7
28
M36(8)
M315(8)
M36N(8)
M315N(8)
M36(8)
M315(8)
M36N(8)
M315N(8)
M36(8)
M315(8)
M36N(8)
M315N(8)
CHAPTER 6
REFRENCES
54
Rozario
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
ON
EFFECTS
OF
CURING CONCRETE , M.V. JAGANNADHA KUMAR* et al ISSN: 2319 1163 Volume: 1 Issue: 1
7. A.M.M.Sheinn, C.T. Tam, F.L. Rodrigo "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
HARDENED PROPERTIES OF SELFCOMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC)
WITH NORMAL SLUMP CONCRETE (NSC)" 29th Conference on OUR
WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES, Singapore (2004)
8. C. Selvamony, M. S. Ravikumar, S. U. Kanna& S. Basil Gnanappa
"INVESTIGATIONS ON SELF-COMPACTED SELF-CURING CONCRETE
USING LIMESTONE POWDER & CLINKERS"ARPN Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences VOL. 5, NO. 3, ISSN 1819-6608, (2010)
55
Ahmed
Memon,
MuhdFadhilNuruddin,
Samuel
Demie
and
METHODS
ON
THE
PROPERTIES
OF
MICROSILICA
Kumar,
M.Srikanth,
Dr.K.JagannadhaRao
STRENGTH
56
IN
on
OUR
WORLD
IN
CONCRETE
&
24.
57