SUMMER TRAINNING REPORT

(SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE OF B.TECH.)

UNDERTAKEN AT

DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

220 kV SUB-STATION
VASANT KUNJ

CH. DEVILAL MEMORIAL ENGG. COLLEGE

PANNIWALAMOTA(SIRSA)
(ESTABLISHED BY GOVT. OF HARYANA-2003)
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
CDLMEC PANNIWALAMOTA
(SIRSA)

SUBMITTED BY:
OMENDER SINGH
2606328
EE, FINAL YEAR

TABLE OF CONTENT
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22.
23.

Certificate
Acknowledgement
About DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
Electric power transmission
DTL 220 kV sub-station Vasant kunj
Sub-station single line diagram
Transformer
Circuit breaker
Current Transformer
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
Potential Transformer
Power Line Communication Carrier
Shunt Capacitor Bank
Reactor
Lightning Arrestor
220 kV Equipments
66 kV Equipments
11 kV Equipments
400 kVA Local Transformer
Battery and Battery Charger
Protection of Transformer
Protection of Feeder
Bibliography

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that OMENDER SINGH student of Batch 2006 Electrical

Engineering IIIrd Year; Ch.Devi Lal Memorial Engg. College, Panniwala
Mota (Sirsa) has successfully completed his summer training at Delhi
Transco Limited 220 kV Sub-Station C-9 Vasant Kunj New Delhi for six
week from 10th July to 20th August 2009
He has completed the whole training as per the training report
submitted by him.

Assistant Manager
DTL C-9 Vasant Kunj
New Delhi

Acknowledgement

With profound respect and gratitude, I take the opportunity to convey my

thanks to complete the training here.
I am extremely grateful to all the technical staff of the 220 kV
Substation Vasant Kunj for their co-operation and guidance that helped me a
lot during the course of training. I have learnt a lot working under them and I
will always be indebted of them for this value addition in me.
I would also like to thank the training incharge of Ch.Devi Lal
Memorial Engg. College, Panniwala Mota (Sirsa) and the entire faculty
members for their effort and constant co-operation which has been a
significant factor in the accomplishment of my summer training.

About DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

1.

Introduction: - Electricity plays a vital role in our day-to-day life. It powers our
houses, industries, hospitals and in fact our entire economy. Historically speaking the
modern electricity industry utility system was first introduced to the world on the
opening of Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Electricity Generating Station on September
4th , 1882 at New York (United States of America). Insofar as Delhi is concerned, the
position is that as per available records, the first diesel Power Station was established in
Delhi in the year 1905 when a private English Company by name M/s. John Fleming
was given permission to generate electricity under the provisions of the Indian
Electricity Act 1903. The above mentioned Company was given the responsibility both
of generation and distribution of power in a limited manner. That Company after
obtaining license under the provisions of Electricity Act 1903 had set up a small 2 MW
Diesel set at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later on, this very Company was converted as
Delhi Electricity Supply and Traction Company. In the Year 1911, the power
generation was augmented by Steam Generation Station. In the year 1932, the
management of Central Power House was handed over to New Delhi Municipal
Committee (NDMC). In the field of power generation and distribution, a major break
through was achieved in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power Authority
(DCEPA) was established. This Company was responsible for the supply of power to
the areas covered by Local Bodies, namely, the Municipal Committees of Delhi, West
Delhi and South Delhi, the Notified Area Committees of Red fort, Civil Lines,
Mehrauli, Najaf Garh, amd the District Board of Delhi. The supply of electricity to the
Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the Notified Area of Narela was done by
different private agencies. In 1947 DCEPA took over a Private Limited Company by
name Delhi electric Supply & traction Company Limited.

2.

Promulgation of Electricity (Supply)Act 1948:- In the year 1948, electricity

(Supply) Act 1948 came into force, which inter-alia provided for the constitution of an
electricity Board in the States that was to function as a vertically integrated electricity
utility in the entire State, undertaking all the functions of activities related to electricity,
which included electricity generation, transmission, distribution, supply, planning
coordination and also was to act as regulatory authority for carrying out other functions
incidental and ancillary thereto. In other words, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 was
entitled to become a monopolistic undertaking in the field of electricity control by an
instrument of the state and not by private sector. The principal objective behind the
above policy decision of the Government of India in providing for the constitution of
State electricity to all, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas because till then the
availability of electricity was confined to urban areas and was mainly served by private
electricity distribution licenses issued under the Indian electricity Act 1910.

3. Formation of Delhi State Electricity Board: - In pursuance of the provisions of the

Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, in Delhi, in the year 1951 the Delhi State Electricity
Board (DSEB) came into existence and the responsibility of generation and distribution
of electricity was taken over by DSEB from DCEPA. The entire staff of DCEPA and
other agencies was absorbed by DSEB under the existing terms & conditions of service.
4. Notification of Industrial Policy Resolution:- In the year 1952 the Government of
India notified the Industrial Policy Resolution under the Industries Development and
Regulation Act 1951 where under the electricity industry, which included all aspects of
generation, transmission, distribution, and supply of electricity, came to be reserved for
State sector. In other words, the private sector was not entitled to commence any
business of generation, transmission, distribution, and (or) supply of electricity.
5. Formation of Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking by promulgation of DMC Act
1957:- After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, the DSEB
was dissolved and the functions of DSEB were taken over by Delhi Electric Supply
Undertaking (DESU), which came into existence in 1958. After the formation DESU, the
generation and distribution of electricity to all the areas of Delhi came under DESU and
the employees of erstwhile DSEB were also absorbed by DESU.
6. Constitution of Delhi Vidyut Board: - The Government of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi vide notification No. F.11 (10)/92-LSG /PF (II) dated 24.02.1997,
issued under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, constituted a separate Electricity Board,
i.e. the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w.e.f. 24.02.1997 for the purpose
of generation and distribution of power to the entire area of NCT of Delhi except the
areas falling within the jurisdiction of NDMC and Delhi Cantonment Board.
7. Practical difficulties in the working of Delhi Vidyut Board:- The activities of
Delhi Vidyut Board from its inception, and as a matter of fact even prior thereto when the
activities were being undertaken by DESU, were not financially viable on account of
several factors affecting the electricity industry including the high level of losses in the
system and the revenues being not able to meet the cost with result that like other State
electricity Boards, Delhi vidyut Board suffered operating deficit in aggregate to the tune
of Rs.2,386.72 crore during the period from 1995-96 to 2000-01. In addition the Delhi
Vidyut Board was required to make adequate provision for bad and doubtful debts. The
cumulative effect of all these factors was that the Delhi Vidyut Board was not in a
position to meet its financial obligations and commitments including the payment for
power purchased from generation companies and suppliers, such NTPC Limited,
Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, national Hydroelectric Corporation Limited, etc.,
etc.
8. Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board in six entities: - In the recent for alleviating the
concerns of consumers in the power sector, some reforms started gaining momentum. In
that very direction with a view to safeguard the overall interests of the consumers
GNCTD took some policy initiatives as as a result of which DVB was split into six

Companies, viz., BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, BSES Yamuna Power Limited, North
Delhi Power Limited, Delhi Transco Limited, Indraprastha Power Generation Company
Limited, and Delhi Power Company Limited, as per the provisions contained in Delhi
electricity reform Act 2000 read with Delhi Electricity Reform (Transfer Scheme) Rules
2001.
9. Growth in demand of electricity:- Thus, starting the humble origin, i.e., Private
Limited Company having a few employees with primitive generation process, the
generation, transmission, and distribution of power to the citizens of Delhi has now come
in the hands of above mentioned six Companies with an employee strength which has
grown over the years from a meager figure of few hundred to about 20,000. Prior to
1951, the demand of power in Delhi was about 27 MW which now has grown to about
4,000 MW. Availability of reliable and cheap power is absolutely essential for economic
development of any developing society and consumption of electricity is an important
indicator of the stage of development of agriculture, industry and commerce. With the
growth of population, industries, importance of Delhi being the national Capital and with
the advancement of technology, life style and increased use of new electrical & electronic
gadgets, the demand of power has gone up enormously.
10. Present Scenario: - The role of Delhi Transco Limited is confined to arrange and
provide transmission network of 400 KV and 220 KV source from Northern Grig. The
present infrastructure for this purpose under 400 KV system is 4,725 MVA (2520 MVA
with DTL and 2205 with Power Grid Corporation). As against this, 220 KV sub Stations
have the capacity of 6,300 MVA is available for Delhi.
11. Future Plans :In the 11th Plan ending 2011-12 the transmission capacity is
proposed to be augmented to meet the future requirements. Under 400 KV system, it is
proposed to establish new Sub Stations at Mundka, South-East Delhi near Mandi village
and East Loni Road with a capacity of 630 MVA each by DTL and also increase the
capacity of existing sub-Station at Maharani Bagh by 630 MVA b Power Grid
Corporation of India Limited. Similarly, under 220 KV system, augmentation and new
addition in capacity to the tune of 1660 MVA under the existing Sub Stations is
proposed. Further, new Sub Station at DSIDC Bawana-II (320MVA), Chandrawal (200
MVA), Jhatikara More (320 MVA),. Ridge Valley (320 MVA), Rohini-II (480 MVA),
Sultanpuri (320 MVA), Electric lane (200 MVA), Trauma Centre (200 MVA), Wazirpur
Industrial Area (320 MVA) and IGI Airport (320 MVA ) are proposed to be established.
Thus, the capacity of 2520 MVA and 5940 MVA will be added in the 400 KV system and
220 KV system, respectively.

Electric Power Transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power (or more correctly
energy), a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission
network typically connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area.
The wiring from substations to customers is referred to as Electricity distribution,
following the historic business model separating the wholesale electricity transmission
business from distributors who deliver the electricity to the homes.[1] Electric power
transmission allows distant energy sources (such as hydroelectric power plants) to be
connected to consumers in population centers, and may allow exploitation of low-grade
fuel resources such as coal that would otherwise be too costly to transport to generating
facilities.
Usually transmission lines use three phase alternating current (AC). Single phase AC
current is sometimes used in a railway electrification system. High-voltage direct current
systems are used for long distance transmission, or some undersea cables, or for
connecting two different ac networks.
Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in
transmission. Power is usually transmitted as alternating current through overhead power
lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas because
of its higher cost of installation and maintenance when compared with overhead wires,
and the difficulty of voltage control on long cables.
Overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly
always an aluminum alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel
strands. Copper was sometimes used for overhead transmission but aluminum is lower in
weight for equivalent performance, and much lower in cost. Overhead conductors are a
commodity supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and
shapes are regularly used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission
circuits. Thicker wires would lead to a relatively small increase in capacity due to the
skin effect that causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the wire.
Today, transmission-level voltages are usually considered to be 220 kV and above. Lower
voltages such as 66 kV and 33 kV are usually considered sub-transmission voltages but
are occasionally used on long lines with light loads. Voltages less than 33 kV are usually
used for distribution. Voltages above 230 kV are considered extra high voltage and
require different designs compared to equipment used at lower voltages.

DTL 220 kV Sub-Station

Vasant Kunj
1. Vasant Kunj Sub-station receives electrical supply from the Mehrauli 220
kV grid by two 220 kV three phase lines
2. The voltage is stepped down from 220 kV to 66 kV by 100 MVA
Transformer.
The 66 kV transmission lines are for the following circuits
C-Block Vasant Kunj Ckt I
C-Block Vasant Kunj Ckt II
D-Block Vasant Kunj Ckt I
D-Block Vasant Kunj Ckt II
Palam
Ridge Valley Ckt I
Ridge Valley Ckt II
3. The voltage is further stepped down from 66 kV to 11 kV by 20 MVA
Transformer.
The 11 kV transmission lines are for the following circuits
Vasant Kunj C-8 s/s-1
Vasant Kunj C-9 s/s-5
Rang Puri
IAAI Colony
Vasant Kunj C-9 s/s-2
Spinal Injury Hospital
AV Hotel
Vasant Kunj C-9 s/s-9 feeder 2
Mahipalpur

Components of a Substation
1. Power transformer
2. Circuit Breaker
3. Current Transformer
4. Isolator w/o earth
5. Isolator with earth
6. Capacitive Voltage Transformer
7. Potential Transformer
8. Power Line Communication Carrier
9. Neutral Current Transformer
10.Shunt Capacitor Bank
11.Reactor
12.Lightning Assrestor

Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or
around separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the first or
"primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the
transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or
"voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer
to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is
in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns
in the secondary to the number of turns in the primary as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down"
by making NS less than NP.

Losses in a Transformer
Winding resistance
Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors.
At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding
resistance and losses.
Hysteresis losses
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to
hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the
frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.
Eddy currents
Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from
such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire
length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the
flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy
current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse
square of the material thickness.
Magnetostriction
Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically
expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect
known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly
associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in
susceptible cores.

Mechanical losses
In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating
electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite
vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming
a small amount of power.
Stray losses
Leakage inductance is by itself lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic
fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage
flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support
structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat.[30]

Components of a Transformer
Terminal Bushings - The bushing is a hollow insulator, allowing a conductor to pass
along its centre and connect at both ends to other equipment. Bushings are often made of
wet-process fired porcelain, and may be coated with a semi-conducting glaze to assist in
equalizing the electrical stress along the length of the bushing. The inside of the bushing
may contain paper insulation and the bushing is often filled with oil to provide additional
insulation. Bushings for medium-voltage and low-voltage apparatus may be made of
resins reinforced with paper.
Buchholz Relay - A Buchholz relay, also called a gas relay or a sudden pressure relay, is
a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped
with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used
as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment.
The relay has two different detection modes. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps
to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top
of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float operated switch in the relay is used to
initiate an alarm signal. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly
into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the
path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the
apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to
allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay
indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay
may only indicate low oil level or a leak.
Conservator It is cylindrical tank connected to the main shell of the transformer. When
transformer oil expands due to the heat generated in the windings, the oil travels to the

conservator tank via Buchholz Relay into the conservator tank. When oil cools down, it
travels back to the main shell from the conservator tank.
Breather The breather is connected to the conservator tank. It consists of a small
cylindrical chamber filled with silica gel. When the oil expands, oil rushes to the
conservator tank thus air is expelled out of it via the breather. When oil cools down, it
travels back to the tank creating vacuum in the tank and sucking in air from the
atmosphere. The air sucked in passes through the silica gel which absorbs the moisture
from the air, hence air entering the tank is devoid of any moisture which is essential in
maintaining the quality and insulation level of the oil. Transformer Breathers eliminate
oil thickening and deteriorating when air space above it expands and contracts with
climatic variations.
Marshalling Box It a box placed next to the transformer which displays real time
winding and oil temperature. It raises alarm and also issues tripping if the temperature
rises beyond safe limits.

Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow.
The most common insulating fluids used are :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Compressed Air
Oil which produces hydrogen for Arc extinction
Ultra-high Vaccum
Sulphur hexafluoride gas

Arc interruption
Mechanical low-voltage circuit breakers use air alone to extinguish the arc. Larger ratings
will have metal plates or non-metallic arc chutes to divide and cool the arc. Magnetic
blowout coils deflect the arc into the arc chute. In larger ratings, oil circuit breakers rely
upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil through the arc. [2]Gas (usually
sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field, and
then rely upon the dielectric strength of the sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) to quench the
stretched arc. Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize
other than the contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small
amount (<2-3 mm). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern mediumvoltage switchgear to 35,000 volts .Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow
out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber,

the escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc. Circuit breakers are usually
able to terminate all current very quickly: typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms
and 150 ms after the mechanism has been tripped, depending upon age and construction
of the device.

Short Circuit Current

A circuit breaker must incorporate various features to divide and extinguish the arc. The
maximum short-circuit current that a breaker can interrupt is determined by testing.
Application of a breaker in a circuit with a prospective short-circuit current higher than
the breaker's interrupting capacity rating may result in failure of the breaker to safely
interrupt a fault. In a worst-case scenario the breaker may successfully interrupt the fault,
only to explode when reset. Miniature circuit breakers used to protect control circuits or
small appliances may not have sufficient interrupting capacity to use at a panel board;
these circuit breakers are called "supplemental circuit protectors" to distinguish them
from distribution-type circuit breakers.
Arc Voltage It is the voltage that appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker
during the arcing period.
Re-striking Voltage It is the transient voltage that appears across the contacts at or near
current zero during the arcing period. If the re-striking voltage rises more rapidly that the
di-electric strength of the medium, the arc will persist for another half cycle. On the other
hand, if the di-electric strength rises more rapidly, the arc fails to strike again and current
will be interrupted.
Recovery Voltage It is the normal frequency (50 Hz) rms voltage that appears across
the contacts of the circuit breaker after the final extinction. When the current is finally
interrupted after a current zero, the medium is strong enough to prevent arcing again.
Current Chopping The current chopping occurs in air-blast CB because the have the
same extinguishing power irrespective of the magnitude of the current to be interrupted.
When breaking low currents, the power de-ionizing effect of air-blast causes the current
to abruptly to fall to zero well before the natural zero. This phenomenon produces high
transients and is called current chopping.

Circuit Breaker ratings

1. Breaking Capacity It is the current rms that a circuit breaker is capable of breakingf
at a given recovery voltage and under specified conditions. The breaking capacity is
always stated in rms value of fault current at the instant of contact seperation. When a
fault occurs, there is considerable asymmetry in the fault current due to the presence of
DC component..
Symmetrical Breaking Current is the rms value of AC component

 Asymmetrical Breaking Current is the rms value of the total current, including both
AC and DC component.
2. Making Capacity There is always a possibility of closing or making the circuit
under short circuit conditions. The capacity of a breaker to make a circuit depends on the
ability to withstand and close successfully again. The peak value of the current, including
both AC and DC component during the first wave after the closure of the contacts.
3. Short Time Rating It is the period for which the circuit breaker is able to carry
fault current while remaining closed. The short time rating of the breaker depends on the
ability to withstand the electromagnetic force effects and the temperature rise.

Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformers are also known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the primary circuit.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.
A current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a secondary winding.
The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in the core,
which then induces current flow in the secondary winding circuit. A primary objective of
current transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are
efficiently coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the
primary current.
Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the
operation of the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the
electrical utility's watt-hour meter on virtually every building with three-phase service,
and every residence with greater than 200 amp service.
The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often,
multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses (for example, protection devices
and revenue metering may use separate CTs). Similarly potential transformers are used
for measuring voltage and monitoring the operation of the power grid.
The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:

Burden
Burden class/saturation class
Rating factor
Load
External electromagnetic fields
Temperature and
Physical configuration.
The selected tap, for multi-ratio CT's

Capacitive Voltage Transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to stepdown extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement
or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts:
two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune
the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further stepdown the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four
terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground
terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation
or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages
in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be
uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors
connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that
replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second
capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Potential Transformer
Potential transformers (PTs) are a type of instrument transformer, used for metering and
protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the
supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high
voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower
potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69 or 120 Volts at
rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protection relays.

Power Line Communication Carrier

Power line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for telecommunication, teleprotection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high
voltages, such as 110kV, 220kV, 400kV.
In a PLCC system the communication is established through the power line. The audio
frequency is carried by a carrier frequency and the range of carrier frequency is from 50
kHz to 500 kHz. The modulation generally used in these systems is amplitude
modulation. The carrier frequency range is allocated to include the audio signal,
protection and the pilot frequency. The pilot frequency is a signal in the audio range that
is transmitted continuously for failure detection. The voice signal is
converted/compressed into the 300Hz to 4000Hz range, and this audio frequency is
mixed with the carrier frequency. The carrier frequency is again filtered, amplified and
transmitted.

Wave Trap - It is also called "Wave trap". It is connected in series with the power
(transmission) line. It blocks the high frequency carrier waves (24 KHz to 500 KHz) and
let power waves (50Hz - 60Hz) to pass through. It is basically an inductor of rating in
mili henry.
Coupling Capacitor - The impedance offered by a capacitor is inversely proportional to
the frequency of the wave (current or voltage) and is directly proportional to the
frequency in the case of the inductor. C. C. or coupling capacitor is a number of
capacitors connected in series, and it acts as the potential divider in the power lines. It
offers a high impedance to the low frequency power wave (50 Hz or 60Hz) and very low

impedance to the high frequency carrier wave thus allowing the carrier wave to pass
through it and suppresses the power wave.
Line Matching Unit - LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil, Isolation
transformer with Lightning Arrester on its both the sides, a Tuning Device and an earth
switch. Tuning Device is the combination of R-L-C circuits which act as filter circuit.
LMU is also known as Coupling Device. Together with coupling capaitor, LMU serves
the purpose of connecting effectively the Audio/Radio frequency signals to either
transmission line or PLC terminal and protection of the PLCC unit from the overvoltages
caused due to transients on power system.

Shunt Capacitor Bank

In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such
capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the
values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in voltamperes reactive (VAr). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like
electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive.
Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger
sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load
center within a building or in a large utility substation.

Reactor
An reactor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field
created by the electric current passing through it. Inductors are one of the basic electrical
components used where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of
inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents.
Inductance (L) (measured in henries) is an effect resulting from the magnetic field that
forms around a current-carrying conductor that tends to resist changes in the current.
Electric current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the current.
A change in this current creates a change in magnetic flux that, in turn, by Faraday's law
generates an electromotive force (EMF) that acts to oppose this change in current.

Electric current can be modeled by the hydraulic analogy. An inductor can be modeled by
the flywheel effect of a heavy turbine rotated by the flow. When water first starts to flow
(current), the stationary turbine will cause an obstruction in the flow and high pressure
(voltage) opposing the flow until it gets turning. Once it is turning, if there is a sudden
interruption of water flow the turbine will continue to turn by inertia, generating a high
pressure to keep the flow moving.

Lightning Arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation
on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have
been used for power system protection since the mid 1970s. The typical lightning arrester
also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.
The MOV Disk is a Semiconductor that is sensitive to Voltage. At normal Voltages the
MOV disk is an insulator and will not conduct current. But at higher voltages caused by
lightning it becomes a conductor. The MOV Disk is a very fast acting electronic switch. It
is an open switch to standard system AC voltages and a closed switch to lightning
voltages. The MOV Grains and their Junctions are the Electronic Switches that turn on
and off in unison to divert the lightning around the equipment. The Switches are at the
junctions between the grains. A lightning arrester is essentially a collection of billions of
microscopic junctions of Metal Oxide Grains that turn on and off in microseconds to
form a current path from the top terminal to the ground terminal of the arrester.

220 kV Equipments
Equipment

Make

Qty

100 MVA Transformer

SF6 Circuit Breaker
Current Transformer
Isolator w/o earth
Isolator with earth
CVT / PT
Wave Trap
NCT

BHEL
NGEF
BHEL
HLM
HLM
WS
AE
AE

2
7
21
16
6
18
2
2

Equipment Specifications:1. 100 MVA Transformer

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.

Make - BHEL
Type of cooling ONAN / ONAF / ODAF
Rating HV and IV 50 / 70 / 100 MVA
Rating LV 16.67 / 23.33 / 33.33 MVA
No load voltage HV 220 kV
No load voltage IV 66 kV
No load voltage HV 11 kV
Line current HV 262 Amp
Line current 875.81 Amp
Line current 1751 Amp
Temperature rise oil - 50 C
Temperature rise in winding - 50 C
Phase - 3
Frequency 50 Hz
Connection Symbol YNynod 11
% Impedance IV LV 11.41
% Impedence HV LV (NT) 24.92
Insulation level
HV 650 kVp 460 kV rms
LV 170 kVp 70 kV rms
IV 325 kVp 14 kV rms
Core an winding weight 87780 kg
Weight of oil 36150 kg
Total weight 157830 kg
Oil Quantity 41550 Litre

2. SF6 Circuit Breaker

1. Type ELF SL 4-1
2. Make ABB
3. Voltage 245 kV
4. Current 2500 amp
5. Lightning impulse withstand voltage 1050 kV
6. Switching impulse withstand voltage - 1050 kV
7. Short ckt breaking current 40 kA
8. Line charging breaking current 125 A
9. Short time withstand duration 40 kA for 3 sec
10. Operating sequence O 0.3s CO 3 min- CO
11. First pole to pole clear factor 1.3
12. Gas pressure SF6 7 bar (20 C)

13. Closing and opening device voltage 220V DC

14. Aux ckt supply voltage -240V AC
15. Air pressure 21.5 bar
16. Frequency 50 Hz
17. Mass 3800 Kg
18. We power frequency withstand voltage 240V AC
19. IEC 62271 100
20. Breaking time 55 ms

1. Make Alstom
2. Type FK 3-2
3. Rated Voltage 245 kV
4. Normal current 3150 A
5. Frequency 50 Hz
6. Power frequency withstand voltage 460 kV rms
7. Lightning withstand voltage 1505 kV rms
8. First pole to pole clear factor 1.3
9. Short time withstand current 40 kA for 3 sec
10. Short circuit breaking current
Symmetrical 40 kA
Asymmetrical 49 kA
11. Line charging breaking current 125 A
12. Out of phase breaking current 10 kA
13. SC making current 100 kAp
14. Operating sequence O 0.3 s CO 3 min CO
15. Gas pressure SF6 7.5 bar (20 C)

3. Current Transformer
1. Make BHEL
2. Standard IS 20705
3. Highest system voltage 245 kV
4. Frequency 50 Hz
5. Insulation level 460/1050 kV
6. Short time current 31.5 kA for 3 sec
7. Rated Primary current 800 Amp
8. DRG no. 247750339
9. Elect. Specification no. 638717
10. Ratio 800/400/1/1/1/1/1 A (connected at 800/1-1-1-1 A)
11. VA 60
12. Close 0.5

13. Rated current 800 A

14. Year of Mfg - 1990
Terminal
1S1 1S2
2S1 2S3

Ratio
400/1
800/1

2S1 2S2
2S1 2S3

400/1
800/1

3S1 3S2
3S1 3S3

VA Class
60 0.5
SF<5

kVp / Ex Amps / Sec ohm at 79 C

Purpose of sec
Metering

PS

400V / 300 MA at 200V / 2.0

800V / 15 MA at 400V / 4.0

Protection

400/1
800/1

PS

400V / 300 MA at 200V / 2.0

800V / 15 MA at 400V / 4.0

Protection

4S1 4S2
4S1 4S3

400/1
800/1

PS

400V / 300 MA at 200V / 2.0

800V / 15 MA at 400V / 4.0

Protection

5S1 5S2
5S1 5S3

400/1
800/1

PS

400V / 300 MA at 200V / 2.0

800V / 15 MA at 400V / 4.0

Protection

4. Lightning Arrestor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Type Zodiner Surge Arrestor (METOVAR METAL OXIDE)

MCOV 168 kV RMS
Rated Voltage 198 kV rms
Nominal discharge current 10 kA
Long duration discharge class 0.3
Pressure relief current rms 40 kA
Frequency 50 Hz
Type SRM 03
Make WS Industries Ltd.

5. Isolator
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Make HLM
Rated voltage 220 kV
Rated current 1250 amp
Type HPS
Motor HP 1.5
Control circuit voltage 230V AC
Rated motor voltage 415V AC
Heater voltage 230V AC
Aux control contact 10 NO + 10 NC

6. Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Make Crompton Greaves
Type CVE 245 / 1050 / 50
WO 83000 410000
Mfg Year 1990
Voltage (220000 / 3) / (110 / 3)
A

1a 1n

2a 2n

3a 3n

110 / 3

110 / 3

110 / 3

VA

150

150

150

Class

3P

0.5

3P

Volts

220000 / 3

Total outputs 450 VA / class 3P

HV cap C1 4840 10 %
- 5% PF
Int V cap C2 51865 10%
-5% PF
Equivalent capacity 4400 + 10%
-5% PF
Oil 50 kg 10%
EMV Oil 65 10% kV
Thermal oil 750 VA
HSV 250 kV
IL 460/1050 kV
VF 1.2 Cont / 1.5 30 sec
Total weight 515 + 10%

66 kV Equipments
Equipment

Make

Qty

20 MVA Transformer
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
Gas Circuit Breaker
CT for I/C and B/C
CT for Feeder
CT for Transformer
Isolator without earth
Isolator with earth
CVT

BHEL
BHEL
CGL
AE
AE
AE
HLM
HLM
CGL

2
10
4
9
18
6
10
1
6

PT
NCT
Shunt Capacitor Bank
Lightning Arrestor

Equipment Specifications:1. 20 MVA Transformer

1. Make - BHEL
2. Type of cooling ONAF / ONAN
3. Rated HV MVA 20 / 16
4. Rated LV MVA 20/16
5. No load HV voltage 66 kV
6. No load LV voltage 11 kV
7. Line current HV 174.96 / 139.97 Amp
8. Line current LV 1049.8 / 839.8 Amp
9. Temperature rise in oil 50 C
10. Temperature rise in winding 55 C
11. Phase 3
12. Frequency 50 Hz
13. Core and winding weight 19000 kg
14. Weight of oil 8400 kg.
15. Oil quantity 9450 Litre
16. Insulation level
HV 140 kV rms 325 kVp
LV 20 kV rms 75 kVp
17. Connection Symbol Dyn 11

2. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Minimum oil circuit breaker

Type HLC 72.5 / 1600
Make BHEL
Rated voltage 72.5 kV
Insulation level 140 kV / 325 kVp
Frequency 50 Hz
Normal Current -1600 A
Breaking capacity
Symmetrical 20 kA
Equivalent 2500 MVA
Asymmetrical 21.3 kA
9. First pole to pole clear factor 1.5

AE
AE
BHEL
WS

6
2
2
10

10. Making current (peak) 50 kA

11. Short time current 20 kA for 3 sec
12. Opening time 55 ms
13. closing time 180 ms
14. total weight with oil 1180 kg
15. Weight of oil in each pole- 60 kg
16. Type of operating mechanism BLS 104
17. Specification of oil IS 335 or BS 148 or IEC 296
18. Closing coil 220V
19. Tripping coil 220V

3. Gas Circuit Breaker (SF6)

1. Make CGL
2. Makers serial no.- 20517 C
3. Type 70-SFM-32B
4. Date of Mfg March 2005
5. Date of commissioning 16-03-2006
6. Rated Voltage 72.5 kV
7. Rated normal current 2000A
8. Rated short breaking current 31.5 kA
9. Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 350 kVp
10. Rated making capacity 80 kAp
11. First pole to pole clear factor 1.5
12. Rated gas pressure 5 kg/cm2 at 20 C
13. Wet power frequency withstand voltage 160 kV

4. Current Transformer
1) CT for I/C No. 1 & 2 and Bus Coupler
1. Make - AE Current Transformer
2. Made to 185 / 2705 / 1981
3. IL 140 / 325 kV
4. HSV 72.5 kV
5. Short time current 71.9 kA for 3 sec
6. Ratio 1000 500/1-1-1-1
Connected at 1000 / 1-1-1-1
Core

1
1S1-2S1

1
2S1-2S2

1
3S1-3S2

1
4S1-4S2

Burden
Class

30 VA
0.5

PS

PS

PS

2) CT for Transformer 20 MVA I & II

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Make AE
IL 140/325 kV
HVS 72.5 kV
Serial No. OCA 1866
Ratio 400-200/1-1-1-1 connected at 200/1-1-1-1

6. Core

1
1S1-2S1
VA
30
Class
0.5

1
2S1-2S2
PS

1
3S1-3S2
PS

1
4S1-4S2
PS

3) CT for 66 kV Feeder
Make Automatic Electric Co. Ltd. Bombay
ISS 2705
Frequency 50 Hz
Insulation Level 140/325 kV
Ratio 800-400
Core 1S1-1S2, 2S1-2S2, 3S1-3S2, 4S1-4S2
HSV 72.5 kV
Burden 30 VA VA VA VA
Class - 0.5 - PS - PS - PS
Short time current 21.9 kA for 3 sec

5. Isolator (with and without earth)

1. Make HLM
2. Rated voltage 72.5 kV
3. Rated current 1250 AMP
4. Type HPPR
5. Motor HP 1.5
6. Contraol Circuit 220V DC
7. Rating of motor 415V AC
8. Heater voltage 230V AC
9. Auxiliary contact 4NO + 4NC
10. Rated short time current 30 kA
11. Short circuit current 75 kAp for 3 sec
12. Motor operated mechanism

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Make - Krugg Engineering Limited Calcutta

Type KDR
Rated Voltage 66 kV
Rated current 800 amp
rated short time current 30 kA for 3 sec
Year of Mfg 1996

1. Make Switch Gear Manufacturing Company Limited

2. Type DBR
3. Year of Mfg 1996
4. Voltage 66 kV
5. LMax 140 kVp
6. US 325 kV
7. Rated normal current 800 amp
8. Ith 30/3
9. Motor Voltage 415V AC
10. Auxiliary voltage 220V DC

6. Capacitive Voltage Transformer

1. Make Crompton Greaves Ltd.
(CVT under license EMILE HAEFELY & CO, Switzerland)
2. Type CVE 7205 / 325 / 50 WO W 8300 910000
3. Year of Mfg 1989
4. Total output 100 VA / Class 3P
5. Thermal output 500 VA
6. HV Cap C1 12480 + 10% -5% PF
7. INT V Cap C2 31045 + 10% -5% PF
8. Equivalent cap C 8800 + 10% -5% PF
9. HSV 72.5 kV
10. IL 140 / 325 kVp
11. VF 1.2 Continuous / 1.5 for 3 sec
12. Capacity of Oil 10 10% kg

13. EMU Oil 65 10% kg

14. Total weight 315 10% kg
15. Is 3156
16. Rolls A-66000 / N-3 / 110/3

7. Potential Transformer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Make Automatic Electric Co. Ltd.

ISSS 3156 / 1978
Phase - 1
Voltage 72.5 kV
Frequency 50 Hz
Insulation level 140 / 325 kVp
Class 1
3P
Ratio

Type
Burden
Class

110 / 3 kV
Earthed
300 VA
1

1. VF 1.2 Continuous
2.
1.5 for 3 sec

8. Shunt Capacitor Bank

1. Make BHEL
2. kVA Reactive 20 MVAr
3. Voltage 7.33 kV
4. Current 27.29 A
5. Frequency 50 Hz
6. Weight 60 kg
7. Temperature 50 C
8. Insulation level 28.75 kV
9. IS 2834
1986
10. Capacitance 11.84 m-farad

9. Reactor

66 / 3 Kv
110 / 3 kV
150 VA
3P

1. Make PS Electrical (P) Ltd

2. Year Mfg - 1991
3. Insulation level (to earth 325 kVp) 75 kVp
4. Rated continuous current 109.1 A
5. Frequency 50 Hz
6. Measure impedance at rated current 0.806
7. Temperature rise in oil over ambient of 50 C 40 C
8. Rated short time current 2728 A for 2 sec
9. No. of Phases 1
10. Type of cooling ONAN
11. Total weight 300 kg
12. Oil weight 117 kg
13. Weight of coil assembly 55 kg
14. kVA Reactive 96
15. Choke voltage/phase 88
16. Input U1
Output U2
17. Serial no. G-213/3

10. Lightning Arrestor

Make - Oblum Electrical Industries Private Ltd
Rated Voltage 60 kV
Rated Discharge current 10 kA
Frequency 50 Hz
Pressure Relief class 40 kA rms
LD Discharge class 3
Year of Mfg Nov 2003
Model 2 QA 60 SM
Type MET OVAR

11. Neutral Current Transformer

1. Make Electrical Equipment Pvt Ltd

2. Type EL-66 NCT 0-91
3. Ratio 4/1-1
4. Standard IS -2705 1981
5. Serial No 2191 / 5
6. Burden
15
15
7. Accuracy SP
1.0
8. ISF/ALF 10
5
9. Spcl IM Voltage 210 V
10. Min CRPG 1812 kV rms
11. BIL 140 kV / 325 kVp
12. OCF 10 times rated primary current
13. Rated voltage 66 / 72.5 kV
14. Qty of Oil 70 L
15. Total weight 230 kg
16. GA DRG No. 1856
17. Type of cooling ON
18. Installation - OD

11 kV Equipments
1. 11 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Type 10 VRR
(Vacuum Circuit Breaker)
Make ECE Calcutta
Sr. No. 251
Normal current 630 amp
Service voltage 11 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Breaking capacity
Symmetrical 18.4 kA
Equivalent MVA 350 MVA at 11 kV
Making capacity 46 kA

8. Short time current in 3 sec 18.4 kA

9. Trip coil rated voltage 220V DC
10. Closing coil rated voltage 220V DC
11. Auxiliary supply voltage 230V AC

2. Current Transformer
1. Incomer - Make ECE
Incomer
Ratio
Burden
Class

Core - 1
1200 600/5 A
15 VA
1.0 / 0.5

Core 2
1200 600/5 A
15 VA
10 P 10

Core 3
1200 600/5 A
15 VA
PS

Core 1
1200 600/5 A
15 VA
0.5

Core 2
1200 600/5 A
15 VA
10 P 10

Core 3
1200 600/5 A
15 VA

Core 1

Core 2

Ratio

400/5 A

400/5 A

Burden

15 VA

15 VA

Class

0.5

10 P 10

2. Bus Coupler

Ratio
Burden
Class
3. Feeders

4. Potential Transformer
1.
2.
3.
4.

Make ECE
ratio 11 kV / 110 V
VA 100
Class 1

5. Shunt Capacitor Bank Cell

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Make Powercap Capacitor (Manohar Brothers Capacitor Pvt Ltd)

Frequency 50 Hz
Voltage 7300
Current 27.3 A
kVA Reactive 200

6. Temperature 50 C
7. Insulation level 28 / 75 kV
8. Discharge Device Internal
9. Type of Dielectric PP
10. Type of Impregnation NPCB
11. Year of Mfg 1996

6. Reactor
1. Make Western Hivolts Equipments Pvt Ltd
2. kVA Reactive 7.2
3. Highest system voltage 12 kV
4. Rated current 164.3 A
5. Choke volts/phase 14.62
6. Reactance Ohms/Phase 0.089
7. Max permissible current - 130%
8. Insulation level 28.75
9. No. of phases 3
10. Short time current 2629 A
11. Type of cooling ONAN
12. Frequency 50 Hz
13. Weight of coil assembly 90 kg
14. Weight of coil 129 kg
15. Oil quantity 150 Liter
16. Year of Mfg 1998
17. Sec 3
18. Max temperature rise in oil 50 C
19. Max temperature in wdg 55 C

400 kVA Local Transformer

(For local supply)
The sub-station receives its supply by a 400 kVA transformer fed by an 11 kV
feeder. The transformer has the following specification:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Make Marsons Electrical Industry (Agra)

Phase 3
Sr. No. 25963
Frequency 50 Hz
Type of cooling ONAN
Vector Diagram Dyn 11
Mass of oil 330 kg

8. Total mass 1550 kg

9. Volume of oil 180 Liter
10. Year of Mfg 1989
11. Loss load 5500 W
12. Standard 1180/2026
13. Rated kVA 400
14. No load Voltage 433V
15. Rated current HV 21 A
16. Rated current LV 533.3 A
17. Impedance voltage 5012%
18. No load loss 980W
19. Temperatuer 45 C

Battery 230V
The panel housing various types of relays and switches works on the power
drawn by the batteries in the battery room. The specifications of the batteries
are:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Make Standard
No. of cells 110
Rating 180 AH
Voltage of each cell 2.1 Volt
Voltage station battery 2.1 x 110 = 231 volt
Date of Mfg 1993

Battery Chargers
Boost Charger
1. Quote Serial no. CB-0190/02
2. Style Boost
3. Specification B3C 110/36
4. A/C Voltage 415 10%
5. Voltage DC 189-292V
6. Phase 3
7. Current 36 A
8. Cycle 50 Hz
9. Ambient Temperature 50 C

Float Charger
1. Quote serial no. CB0 190/02
2. Style Float
3. Specification CP 220/18
4. A/C voltage 415 10%
5. Voltage 240V
6. Phase 3
7. Current 18 A
8. Cycle 50 Hz
9. Ambient Temperature 50 C

Protection of Transformer
The following relays are employed to for the protection of transformer:1. 96-Bus Bar relay Protection
2. Protection supply supervision relay
3. Time for LBB protection
4. IMDT O/C relay A phase
5. IMDT O/C relay C phase
6. IMDT O/C earth fault relay
7. Buchholz relay trip
8. Winding temperature trip
9. Oil temperature trip
10. Sudden Pressure trip

11. Low oil level trip

12. Overflux trip
13. Restricted earth fault relay HV side
14. Restricted earth fault relay LV side
15. Differential Protection A phase
16. Differential Protection B phase
17. Differential Protection C phase

Analysis of trapped gases in case of Buchholz Relay tripping

Type of Gas

Diagnosis

H2 and C2H2

Arcing in oil between constructional parts

H2, C2H2 and CH4

Arcing with some deterioration of phenolic insulation

H2, CH4 and C2H4

Hot spot in core joint

H2, CH4, CO2 and C3H6

Hot spot in winding

Protection of Feeders
The following relays are employed to for the protection of feeders:1. 96-Bus Bar protection
2. 2XY Auto reclousre relay
3. Protection supply supervision relay
4. Time for LBB protection
5. Directional over-current relay A phase
6. Directional over-current relay C phase
7. Directional over-current relay Earth Fault
8. 86A Trip relay
9. 86B Trip relay
10. 86C Trip relay

11. 21 Distance protection Qudra Mho type relay

12. Dead line charge relay

Bibliography
1. 220 kV Equipment Specifications Manual
2. Fundamental of Power System Protection Y. G. Paithankar
3. Electrical Power Systems C. L. Wadhwa