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HowSatelliteTVWorks
byKarimNiceandTomHarris
BrowsethearticleHowSatelliteTVWorks
TVevolutionpictures

IntroductiontoHowSatelliteTVWorks
Whensatellitetelevisionfirsthitthemarketintheearly1990s,homedisheswereexpensivemetalunitsthattookupahuge
chunkofyardspace.Intheseearlyyears,onlythemostdiehardTVfanswouldgothroughallthehassleandexpenseof
puttingintheirowndish.SatelliteTVwasalothardertogetthanbroadcastandcableTV.
Today,youseecompactsatellitedishesperchedonrooftopsallovertheUnitedStates.Drivethroughruralareasbeyondthe
reachofthecablecompanies,andyou'llfinddishesonjustabouteveryhouse.ThemajorsatelliteTVcompaniesareluringin
moreconsumerseverydaywithmovies,sportingeventsandnewsfromaroundtheworldandthepromiseofmoviequality
pictureandsound.
SatelliteTVoffersmanysolutionstobroadcastandcableTVproblems.ThoughsatelliteTVtechnologyisstillevolving,ithas
alreadybecomeapopularchoiceformanyTVviewers.

PhotocourtesyDirecTVSatelliteTV
requiresasatellitedish.SeeTV
evolutionpictures.

Inthisarticle,we'llfindouthowsatelliteTVworks,fromTVstationtoTVset.We'llalsolearnaboutthechanginglandscapeof
TVviewingandsomebasicdifferencesthatdistinguishsatelliteTVfromcableandovertheairbroadcastTV.

ProblemswithBroadcastTV
Conceptually,satelliteTVisalotlikebroadcastTV.It'sawirelesssystemfordelivering
televisionprogrammingdirectlytoaviewer'shouse.Bothbroadcasttelevisionandsatellite
stationstransmitprogrammingviaaradiosignal(seeHowRadioWorksforinformationabout
radiobroadcasting).
Broadcaststationsuseapowerfulantennatotransmitradiowavestothesurroundingarea.
Viewerscanpickupthesignalwithamuchsmallerantenna.Themainlimitationofbroadcast
TVisrange.Theradiosignalsusedtobroadcasttelevisionshootoutfromthebroadcast
antennainastraightline.Inordertoreceivethesesignals,youhavetobeinthedirectline
ofsightoftheantenna.Smallobstaclesliketreesorsmallbuildingsaren'taproblembuta
bigobstacle,suchastheEarth,willreflecttheseradiowaves.
IftheEarthwereperfectlyflat,youcouldpickupbroadcastTVthousandsofmilesfromthe
source.Butbecausetheplanetiscurved,iteventuallybreaksthesignal'slineofsight.The
SatellitesarehigherintheskythanTVantennas,sotheyhaveamuch
largerlineofsightrange.

otherproblemwithbroadcastTVisthatthesignalisoftendistorted,evenintheviewing
area.Togetaperfectlyclearsignallikeyoufindoncable,youhavetobeprettyclosetothe
broadcastantennawithouttoomanyobstaclesintheway.

TheSatelliteTVSolution
SatelliteTVsolvestheproblemsofrangeanddistortionbytransmittingbroadcastsignalsfromsatellitesorbitingtheEarth.Sincesatellitesarehighinthesky,there
arealotmorecustomersinthelineofsight.SatelliteTVsystemstransmitandreceiveradiosignalsusingspecializedantennascalledsatellitedishes.

SatelliteTVSystem
EarlysatelliteTVviewerswereexplorersofsorts.Theyusedtheirexpensivedishesto
discoveruniqueprogrammingthatwasn'tnecessarilyintendedformassaudiences.Thedish
andreceivingequipmentgaveviewersthetoolstopickupforeignstations,livefeeds
betweendifferentbroadcaststations,NASAactivitiesandalotofotherstufftransmitted
usingsatellites.
Somesatelliteownersstillseekoutthissortofprogrammingontheirown,buttoday,most
satelliteTVcustomersgettheirprogrammingthroughadirectbroadcastsatellite(DBS)
provider,suchasDirecTVorDISHNetwork.Theproviderselectsprogramsandbroadcasts
themtosubscribersasasetpackage.Basically,theprovider'sgoalistobringdozensor
evenhundredsofchannelstoyourTVinaformthatapproximatesthecompetition,cableTV.
Unlikeearlierprogramming,theprovider'sbroadcastiscompletelydigital,whichmeansit
hasmuchbetterpictureandsoundquality(seeHowDigitalTelevisionWorksfordetails).
EarlysatellitetelevisionwasbroadcastinCbandradioradiointhe3.7gigahertz(GHz)to
6.4GHzfrequencyrange.DigitalbroadcastsatellitetransmitsprogrammingintheKu
frequencyrange(11.7GHzto14.5GHz).
TheComponents
Therearefivemajorcomponentsinvolvedinadirecttohome(DTH)ordirectbroadcasting(DBS)satellitesystem:theprogrammingsource,thebroadcastcenter,
thesatellite,thesatellitedishandthereceiver.
Programmingsourcesaresimplythechannelsthatprovideprogrammingforbroadcast.Theproviderdoesn'tcreateoriginalprogrammingitselfitpaysother
companies(HBO,forexample,orESPN)fortherighttobroadcasttheircontentviasatellite.Inthisway,theprovideriskindoflikeabrokerbetweenyouandthe
actualprogrammingsources.(CableTVcompaniesworkonthesameprinciple.)
Thebroadcastcenteristhecentralhubofthesystem.Atthebroadcastcenter,theTVproviderreceivessignalsfromvariousprogrammingsourcesandbeamsa
broadcastsignaltosatellitesingeosynchronousorbit.
ThesatellitesreceivethesignalsfromthebroadcaststationandrebroadcastthemtoEarth.
Theviewer'sdishpicksupthesignalfromthesatellite(ormultiplesatellitesinthesamepartofthesky)andpassesitontothereceiverintheviewer'shouse.
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ThereceiverprocessesthesignalandpassesitontoastandardTV.
THEWILDSIDE

EarlysatelliteTVviewerswhousedCbandradiofortheirbroadcastswereabletocatchwildfeedsofsyndicatedprograms,sportingeventsandnews.These
broadcastswerefree,butviewershadtohuntthemdowntheydidn'tgetpreviewedorlistedlikeregularbroadcastprogramming.Thesesignalsstillexist,and
SatelliteOrbitmagazinepublishesalistoftoday'swildfeeds.

CABLE:SATELLITE'SBIGGESTCONTENDER
Withemergingtechnologiesineachservice,the
hardestdecisioninTVviewingisnolongerjust
whatchanneltowatchit'swhatserviceto
choose.

SatelliteTVProgramming

Cableadvantages:Advancementsindigital
cableprovideimprovedaudioandpicturequality
withadditionalchannelsatalowercostthan
satellite.Youcanalsoaccesscablechannelsfrom
multipleroomsinyourhousefairlyeasily.

MostoftheturnaroundchannelsalsoprovideprogrammingforcableTV,andthelocalchannelstypically

Cabledisadvantages:Cablehaslimitedaccess
inruralareas,andyoushouldpreparefor
increasedservicecostsasyourproviderupdates
itsequipment.Yourservicecostsarealsosubject
tolocaltaxes.

satellite.Thebroadcastcenteruseslargesatellitedishestopickuptheseanaloganddigitalsignalsfrom

Satelliteadvantages:Satelliteoffersmovie
qualityaudioandpicturedisplaywithhundredsof
channels.Thisserviceisreadilyavailableinrural
andurbanareasandprovidesaccesstomore
digitalandhighdefinitionprogramming.

theproviderincludeslocalprogramminginaparticulararea,itwillhaveasmalllocalfacilityconsistingofafew

Satellitedisadvantages:Itisexpensiveto
purchasealltheequipmentattheoutset(andyou
can'ttypicallyrentit).Ifyouwanttoaccesssatellite
TVinmultiplerooms,bepreparedforextrafees.
Also,satelliteTVissubjecttoweatherrelated
malfunctions.

Thebroadcastcenterconvertsallofthisprogrammingintoahighquality,uncompresseddigitalstream.Atthis

MPEGSTANDARDS
AllMPEGstandardsexisttopromotesystem
interoperabilityamongyourcomputer,television
andhandheldvideoandaudiodevices.Theyare:

SatelliteTVSignal

MPEG1:theoriginalstandardforencodingand
decodingstreamingvideoandaudiofiles.

favoriteTVshow.Becausesatellitesignalscontainsuchhighqualitydigitaldata,itwouldbeimpossibleto

MPEG2:thestandardfordigitaltelevision,this
compressesfilesfortransmissionofhighquality
video.

removedfromthesignalbeforeitistransmitted.Thesignalisreconstructedaftertransmission.

MPEG4:thestandardforcompressinghigh
definitionvideointosmallerscalefilesthatstream
tocomputers,cellphonesandPDAs(personal
digitalassistants).
MPEG21:alsoreferredtoastheMultimedia
Framework.Thestandardthatinterpretswhat
digitalcontenttoprovidetowhichindividualuser
sothatmediaplaysflawlesslyunderany
language,machineoruserconditions.

SatelliteTVprovidersgetprogrammingfromtwomajorsources:nationalturnaroundchannels(suchasHBO,
ESPNandCNN)andvariouslocalchannels(theABC,CBS,Fox,NBCandPBSaffiliatesinaparticulararea).
broadcasttheirprogrammingovertheairwaves.
Turnaroundchannelsusuallyhaveadistributioncenterthatbeamstheirprogrammingtoageosynchronous
severalsources.
Mostlocalstationsdon'ttransmittheirprogrammingtosatellites,sotheproviderhastogetitanotherway.If
racksofcommunicationsequipment.Theequipmentreceiveslocalsignalsdirectlyfromthebroadcaster
throughfiberopticcableoranantennaandthentransmitsthemtothecentralbroadcastcenter.

point,thestreamcontainsavastquantityofdataabout270megabitspersecond(Mbps)foreachchannel.In
ordertotransmitthesignalfromthere,thebroadcastcenterhastocompressit.Otherwise,itwouldbetoobig
forthesatellitetohandle.Inthenextsection,we'llfindouthowthesignaliscompressed.

SatellitesignalshaveaprettylongpathtofollowbeforetheyappearonyourTVscreenintheformofyour
transmitthemwithoutcompression.Compressionsimplymeansthatunnecessaryorrepetitiveinformationis

StandardsofCompression
SatelliteTVusesaspecialtypeofvideofilecompressionstandardizedbytheMovingPictureExpertsGroup
(MPEG).WithMPEGcompression,theproviderisabletotransmitsignificantlymorechannels.Thereare
currentlyfiveoftheseMPEGstandards,eachservingadifferentpurpose.DirecTVandDISHNetwork,thetwo
majorsatelliteTVprovidersintheUnitedStates,onceusedMPEG2,whichisstillusedtostoremovieson
DVDsandfordigitalcabletelevision(DTV).WithMPEG2,theTVprovidercanreducethe270Mbpsstreamto
about5or10Mbps(dependingonthetypeofprogramming).
Now,DirecTVandDISHNetworkuseMPEG4compression.BecauseMPEG4wasoriginallydesignedfor

streamingvideoinsmallscreenmedialikecomputers,itcanencodemoreefficientlyandprovideagreaterbandwidththanMPEG2.MPEG2remainstheofficial
standardfordigitalTVcompression,butitisbetterequippedtoanalyzestaticimages,likethoseyouseeonatalkshowornewscast,thanmoving,dynamicimages.
MPEG4canproduceabetterpictureofdynamicimagesthroughuseofspatial(space)andtemporal(time)compression.ThisiswhysatelliteTVusingMPEG4
compressionprovideshighdefinitionofquicklymovingobjectsthatconstantlychangeplaceanddirectiononthescreen,likeinabasketballgame.
Inthenextsection,wewillseehowsatellitetvsignalsareencodedfortransmission.
PURPOSEFULPIXILATION
Whenispixilationnotjustanadverseeffectof
decoding?Whenit'semployedasameansof
censorship.Legislationpassedin2006licenses
theFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)
toimposea$325,000fineonTVstationsthat
violateitsstandardsofdecency.Inaneffortto
avoidfines,manyTVstationsnownotonlybleep
outormuffleexplicitlanguagebutalsodigitally
manipulateorpixilatethespeakers'mouthsto
safeguardagainsttheaudiencelipreadingthe
words.InTheNewYorkTimesarticle"Soldiers'
WordsMayTestPBSLanguageRules,"PBS
considershowtoprotectitselffromFCCfines
whilemaintainingtheauthenticityofits
documentaryprogramming.

SatelliteTVEncodingandEncryption
Atthebroadcastcenter,thehighqualitydigitalstreamofvideogoesthroughanMPEGencoder,which
convertstheprogrammingtoMPEG4videoofthecorrectsizeandformatforthesatellitereceiverinyour
house.
Encodingworksinconjunctionwithcompressiontoanalyzeeachvideoframeandeliminateredundantor
irrelevantdataandextrapolateinformationfromotherframes.Thisprocessreducestheoverallsizeofthefile.
Eachframecanbeencodedinoneofthreeways:
Asanintraframe,whichcontainsthecompleteimagedataforthatframe.Thismethodprovidestheleast
compression.
Asapredictedframe,whichcontainsjustenoughinformationtotellthesatellitereceiverhowtodisplaythe

framebasedonthemostrecentlydisplayedintraframeorpredictedframe.Apredictedframecontainsonlydatathatexplainshowthepicturehaschangedfromthe
previousframe.
Asabidirectionalframe,whichdisplaysinformationfromthesurroundingintraframeorpredictedframes.Usingdatafromtheclosestsurroundingframes,the
receiverinterpolatesthepositionandcolorofeachpixel.
Thisprocessoccasionallyproducesartifactsglitchesinthevideoimage.Oneartifactismacroblocking,inwhichthefluidpicturetemporarilydissolvesinto
blocks.Macroblockingisoftenmistakenlycalledpixilating,atechnicallyincorrecttermwhichhasbeenacceptedasslangforthisannoyingartifact.Graphicartists
andvideoeditorsuse"pixilating"moreaccuratelytorefertothedistortionofanimage.TherereallyarepixelsonyourTVscreen,butthey'retoosmallforyour
humaneyetoperceivethemindividuallythey'retinysquaresofvideodatathatmakeuptheimageyousee.(Formoreinformationaboutpixelsandperception,see
HowTVWorks.)
Therateofcompressiondependsonthenatureoftheprogramming.Iftheencoderisconvertinganewscast,itcanusealotmorepredictedframesbecausemostof
thescenestaysthesamefromoneframetothenext.Inmorefastpacedprogramming,thingschangeveryquicklyfromoneframetothenext,sotheencoderhas
tocreatemoreintraframes.Asaresult,anewscastgenerallycompressestoasmallersizethansomethinglikeacarrace.

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EncryptionandTransmission
Afterthevideoiscompressed,theproviderencryptsittokeeppeoplefromaccessingitforfree.Encryptionscramblesthedigitaldatainsuchawaythatitcanonly
bedecrypted(convertedbackintousabledata)ifthereceiverhasthecorrectdecryptionalgorithmandsecuritykeys.
Oncethesignaliscompressedandencrypted,thebroadcastcenterbeamsitdirectlytooneofitssatellites.Thesatellitepicksupthesignalwithanonboarddish,
amplifiesthesignalandusesanotherdishtobeamthesignalbacktoEarth,whereviewerscanpickitup.
Inthenextsection,we'llseewhathappenswhenthesignalreachesaviewer'shouse.

SatelliteDish
Whenthesignalreachestheviewer'shouse,itiscapturedbythesatellitedish.Asatellite
dishisjustaspecialkindofantennadesignedtofocusonaspecificbroadcastsource.The
standarddishconsistsofaparabolic(bowlshaped)surfaceandacentralfeedhorn.To
transmitasignal,acontrollersendsitthroughthehorn,andthedishfocusesthesignalintoa
relativelynarrowbeam.
Thedishonthereceivingendcan'ttransmitinformationitcanonlyreceiveit.Thereceiving
dishworksintheexactoppositewayofthetransmitter.Whenabeamhitsthecurveddish,
theparabolashapereflectstheradiosignalinwardontoaparticularpoint,justlikeaconcave
mirrorfocuseslightontoaparticularpoint.
Inthiscase,thepointisthedish'sfeedhorn,whichpassesthesignalontothereceiving
equipment.Inanidealsetup,therearen'tanymajorobstaclesbetweenthesatelliteandthe
dish,sothedishreceivesaclearsignal.
Thecurveddishreflectsenergyfromthefeedhorn,generatinganarrow
beam.

Insomesystems,thedishneedstopickupsignalsfromtwoormoresatellitesatthesame
time.Thesatellitesmaybecloseenoughtogetherthataregulardishwithasinglehorncan
pickupsignalsfromboth.Thiscompromisesqualitysomewhat,becausethedishisn'taimed
directlyatoneormoreofthesatellites.Anewdishdesignusestwoormorehornstopickup
differentsatellitesignals.Asthebeamsfromdifferentsatelliteshitthecurveddish,they
reflectatdifferentanglessothatonebeamhitsoneofthehornsandanotherbeamhitsa
differenthorn.
Thecentralelementinthefeedhornisthelownoiseblockdownconverter,orLNB.The
LNBamplifiestheradiosignalbouncingoffthedishandfiltersoutthenoise(radiosignals
notcarryingprogramming).TheLNBpassestheamplified,filteredsignaltothesatellite
receiverinsidetheviewer'shouse.

Thecurveddishfocusesincomingradiowavesontothefeedhorn.

SatelliteReceiver
TheendcomponentintheentiresatelliteTVsystemisthereceiver.Thereceiverhasfouressentialjobs:
Itdescramblestheencryptedsignal.Inordertounlockthesignal,thereceiverneedstheproperdecoderchipforthat
programmingpackage.Theprovidercancommunicatewiththechip,viathesatellitesignal,tomakenecessaryadjustmentsto
itsdecodingprograms.Theprovidermayoccasionallysendsignalsthatdisruptillegaldescramblersasanelectroniccounter
measure(ECM)againstillegalusers.
IttakesthedigitalMPEG2orMPEG4signalandconvertsitintoananalogformatthatastandardtelevisioncan
recognize.IntheUnitedStates,receiversconvertthedigitalsignaltotheanalogNationalTelevisionSystemsCommittee
(NTSC)format.SomedishandreceiversetupscanalsooutputanHDTVsignal.
PhotocourtesyDirecTV

Itextractstheindividualchannelsfromthelargersatellitesignal.Whenyouchangethechannelonthereceiver,itsends
justthesignalforthatchanneltoyourTV.Sincethereceiverspitsoutonlyonechannelatatime,youcan'ttapeoneprogram
andwatchanother.Youalsocan'twatchtwodifferentprogramsontwoTVshookeduptothesamereceiver.Inordertodo
thesethings,whicharestandardonconventionalcable,youneedtobuyanadditionalreceiver.

Itkeepstrackofpayperviewprogramsandperiodicallyphonesacomputerattheprovider'sheadquarterstocommunicatebillinginformation.
Receivershaveanumberofotherfeaturesaswell.Theypickupaprogrammingschedulesignalfromtheproviderandpresentthisinformationinanonscreen
programmingguide.Manyreceivershaveparentallockoutoptions,andsomehavebuiltindigitalvideorecorders(DVRs),whichletyoupauselivetelevisionor
recorditonaharddrive.
ThesereceiverfeaturesarejustaddedbonusestothetechnologyofsatelliteTV.Withitsmoviequalitypictureandsound,satelliteTVisbecomingapopular
investmentforconsumers.Digitalcable,whichalsohasimprovedpicturequalityandextendedchannelselection,hasproventobethefiercestcompetitorto
satelliteproviders.TheTVwarisragingstrongbetweensatelliteanddigitalcabletechnologiesaswellasbetweentheproviderswhooffertheseservices.Once
consideredluxuriesinmosthouseholds,satelliteanddigitalcablearebecomingquitecommonasprovidersbundleTVwithInternetandphoneservicestooffer
competitivedealsandwinovercustomers.
Formoreinformationonsatellitetelevisionandotherbroadcastsystems,seethelinksonthenextpage.
THANKYOU

DanLandrethistheVicePresidentofEngineeringatEchoStarSatelliteL.L.C.SpecialthankstoDanforhishelpwithportionsofthisarticle.

LotsMoreInformation
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RelatedHowStuffWorksArticles
HowTelevisionWorks
HowSatellitesWork
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HowDigitalTelevisionWorks
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HowSatelliteRadioWorks
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HowHomeTheaterWorks
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WhatdoesaVchipreallydo,andhowdoesitwork?
MoreGreatLinks
DISHNetwork
SoYouWannaGetSatelliteTelevision?
SatNews.com
SatelliteRetailers
LNBMysteriesExplained
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BroadcastLawBlog."WhatisaBroadcastertoDo?"Davis,Wright,Tremaine,LLP.7/23/2006(9/27/2006).http://www.broadcastlawblog.com/archives/indecency
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